APARNA A
APARNA A
+ 2 COMMERCIAL BUILDING
USING ETABS
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
APARNA A
(UKP20CE017)
to
of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
I undersigned hereby declare that the project report “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G + 2
COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING ETABS” submitted for degree of Bachelor of
Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala is a bonafide work
done by me under supervision of Mrs. SUJA S NAIR. This submission represents our ideas in
our own words and where ideas or words of others have been included, I have adequately and
accurately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to ethics
of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated any data or idea
or fact or source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be a cause
for disciplinary action by the institute and/or the University and can also evoke penal action
from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission
has not been obtained. This report has not been previously formed the basis for the award of
any degree, diploma or similar title of any other University.
Place: Parippally
APARNA A
Date: 03-05-2024
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UKF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PARIPPALLY,
KOLLAM
CERTIFICATE
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the project co-ordinator and staff advisor in charge
MR ROHITH S Assistant Professor, and all faculties in department of Civil Engineering, UKF
College of Engineering and Technology, for their valuable support and advice, constant
encouragement and creative suggestions offered during the project and in preparing the report.
I express my sincere thanks to our guide MRS SUJA S NAIR, Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, UKF College of Engineering and Technology, for his valuable support and
advice.
I would like to express my whole hearted thanks to the invisible, the indomitable God for his
blessings showed upon us in enabling to complete the project on time.
APARNA A
i
ABSTRACT
ii
CONTENTS
Contents Page No
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 5
3:1 Developing The Plan 5
3.2 Column Layout 5
3.3 Properties of Skeletal Plan in Section 6
3.4 Incorporating of Skelton Planning Section 6
3.5 Define Material Property 6
3.6 Define Section Property 6
3.7 Defining of Load 7
3.8 Assign of Loads 7
3.9 Define A Load Combination 7
3:10 Analysed Design 7
3.11 Detecting 7
3:12 Footing Design 7
CHAPTER 4: PERMIT PLAN OF A BUILDING 9
4.1 Area of Study 9
4.2 Building Bye-Law 9
4.3 Fire and Safety Requirement 9
CHAPTER 5 STAGES IN STRUCTURAL PLANNING 14
5.1 Column Positioning 14
5.2 Orientation Of Columns 14
5.3 Position Of Beams 15
5.4 Spanning Of Slabs 15
5.5 Choice Of Footing Type 15
5.6 Layout Of Stairs 15
CHAPTER 6: MODELING 16
6.1 Grid Spacing 16
6.2 Column Orientation 19
6.3 Beam Layout 22
6.4 Slab Orientation 26
6.5 Stair Modelling 29
6.6 Diaphram 30
CHAPTER 7: LOAD COMBINATION 32
7.1 Dead Load 32
7.2 Live Load 32
7.3 Seismic Load 33
CHAPTER 8: ANALYSIS 38
8.1 Storey Drift 39
CHAPTER 9: MANUAL DESIGN 41
9.1 Trial And Error Calculation Sheet For Initial Footing Dimension
41
Setting
9.2 One Way Slab 44
CHAPTER 10 : BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE 47
10.1 Bending Moment 47
10.2 Shear Force 47
CHAPTER 11 REINFOCEMENT DETAILS 50
11.1 Detailing of Beam 51
11.2 Detailing of Column 53
REFERENCES 56
LIST OF FIGURES
9.1 Footing 41
% : PERCENTAGE
mm : Millimeter
cm : Centimeter
m : Meter
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
ETABS is a powerful software tool that enables engineers and architects to model, analyze, and
design complex structures with precision. In this introduction, we will explore the key
considerations and benefits associated with utilizing ETABS for the design of a G+2 commercial
building. The first step in the design process is to understand the project requirements and
constraints. A G+2 commercial building implies a structure with a ground floor and two additional
stories above. This type of building is often used for a variety of purposes, such as retail spaces,
offices, or mixed-use developments. The architectural and functional aspects of the building play
a crucial role in shaping the structural design. ETABS excels in handling three-dimensional
analysis and provides engineers with a dynamic platform to simulate real-world conditions. The
software considers various factors such as live loads, dead loads, seismic loads, and wind loads to
evaluate the performance of the structure. The ability to model the building accurately in three
dimensions allows for a more realistic representation of the actual behavior of the structure under
different loading scenarios. One of the key advantages of using ETABS is its integrated design
approach. The software not only analyzes the structure but also assists in the design of various
structural components such as columns, beams, slabs, and shear walls. Engineers can input
material properties, code requirements, and design preferences to generate efficient and code-
compliant structural designs. This integrated approach streamlines the design process and ensures
a cohesive and coordinated structural system. In the context of a G+2 commercial building, the
vertical load-carrying elements like columns and beams must be designed to support the imposed
loads from upper floors and roof. Additionally, lateral load-resisting elements, such as shear walls,
are crucial to providing stability and resisting forces generated by wind or seismic events. ETABS
allows engineers to optimize the placement and design of these elements, considering both vertical
and lateral load effects. Seismic design is of paramount importance, especially in regions prone to
seismic activity. ETABS incorporates advanced seismic analysis methods, such as response
spectrum and time history analysis, to assess the building's behavior under seismic forces.
Engineers can fine-tune the design to meet the seismic design requirements specified by building
codes. The design of a G+2 commercial building using ETABS involves a sophisticated and
comprehensive process that integrates architectural, structural, and functional considerations. The
software's capabilities in three-dimensional analysis, integrated design, seismic analysis, and
nonlinear analysis make it a valuable tool for engineers striving to create safe, efficient, and code-
compliant structures. As we delve deeper into the specific aspects of the design and analysis
process, the role of ETABS in ensuring the success of the project becomes even more apparent.
1
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Melvin Ronaldo Dsouza (2019): The analysis of multi storey building, reductive of deflection
using bracing system and optimization of beams and columns. Their exposure condition is taken
to be moderate. They discussed about the types of plan in detail, also about the ETAB software to
be used. They also described about AutoCAD. Introduction to bracing system were also discussed.
The types of bracing systems; X bracing, V bracing, inverted V, diagonal were explained in detail.
From the project they concluded that in RCC frame building the displacement and storey drift
decreases for different types of bracing system used to compared to RCC frame building without
bracings and the base shear increases for different types of bracing system used compared to
unbraced frame structure. Different load cases and their calculations are explained supporting
ground, without significantly disturbing the geometry, integrity and serviceability of the structure.
A creative sense, imagination, understanding and keen observation of structures in nature,
scientific knowledge of various aspects of structures, understanding of the various structural
phenomenon on basis of statistical and experimental data, and finally, the backing of vast
experience from the past, are some of the qualities, required for a structural engineer.
Dhanashree Tayde (2022) the analysis and design of residential building. Their objective was to
generate structural framing plan and to apply various load combinations on member. They
analysed the structure using STAAD PRO. They concluded that the elements of the building are
safe in flexure and shear, also quantity of steel provided for steel is economical and adequate storey
building structure, they concluded that their structure is safe in loading in terms of dead load, live
load, wind load and seismic load. Dimensional members (beams, columns and slabs) were
assigned by calculating the load type and quantity applied on it. They had done modelling and
analysis of building with the help of ETABS software and in that four different models were
studied.
Chandrashekar (2019) the analyzed and designed the multi-storeyed building by using ETABS
software. Storey building under the lateral loading effect of wind and earthquake was considered
for this study and analysis is done by using ETABS. They have also considered the chances of
occurrence of spread of fire and the importance of use of fire proof material up to highest possible
standards of performance as well as reliability. They suggested that the wide chances of ETABS
software which is very innovative and easier for high rise buildings so that time incurred for
designing is reduced. They assumed that material property to be linear, static and dynamic analyses
were performed. The non-linear analysis was carried out by considering severe seismic zones and
the behaviour was assessed by considering type II soil condition. The planning was made in
accordance with the national building code and drafted using Auto CAD software. They concluded
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that while comparing both software results, ETABS software shows higher values of bending
moment and axial force.
Ravindra Nagar (2021): The necessary strengthening methods should, therefore, be adapted to
reduce the occurrence of progressive collapse. In this paper, the progressive collapse behaviour of
five- storey R.C flat slab building is assessed by removing columns from the first-storey and
dynamic analysis is conducted in compliance with GSA guidelines (2016). The results are
analyzed in terms of vertical displacement and chord rotation at the location of removed columns
and compared with the allowable limits as specified in DoD guidelines (2009). Different sized
perimeter beams are used as strengthening methods to increase the progressive collapse resistance
of the studied flat slab building. Since building strengthening uses structural elements that
consume natural resources, sustainability criteria should be explicitly included in the strengthening
requirements. These performance enhancement methods are then evaluated from structural, cost
and environmental aspects and the results are examined. A strengthening alternative is then
proposed which not only satisfy the progressive collapse code requirements but also requires less
cost and emits less Co2 gas.
3
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objectives of the study that is to analyze and design commercial building using
ETABS and by manual method, which meets the basic requirements such as safety, durability,
economy, aesthetic appearance, feasibility, practicability and acceptability.
3.1 DEVELOPING THE PLAN
Create a 3D model of the building using e-tabs software. This can be done by inputting the
building dimensions and specifications into the software. Analyze the structure under different
loads and conditions using e-tabs. The software will simulate the behavior of the building and
provide detailed information on its strength, stiffness, and stability. Identify any design flaws
or potential issues using e-tabs. The software will highlight any areas of concern and allow for
necessary adjustments to be made before construction begins. Optimize the design using e-tabs
to ensure that the structure is both safe and efficient. This can involve adjusting the time. This
can involve adjusting the dimensions and specifications of the building to minimize material
and labor costs while still meeting required standards. Generate detailed drawings and
calculations using e-tabs. The software will automatically produce accurate and detailed
drawings and calculations, reducing the time and effort required for manual calculations. By
using e-tabs in the design and construction of a G+2 commercial building, engineers can ensure
that the structure is safe, efficient, and cost-effective. The software allows for efficient design
modifications, accurate analysis, optimization of the design, and automatic generation of
detailed drawings and calculations.
3.2 COLUMN LAYOUT
Input the building dimensions and specifications into e-tabs software. Determine the load
requirements for each floor of the building, including the weight of the structure, occupants,
and any equipment or furnishings. Use e-tabs to analyze the structure under different loads and
conditions, including earthquake and wind loads. Based on the analysis, determine the required
number and size of columns for each floor of the building. Create a column layout using e-tabs,
column layout as necessary to optimize the design for cost-effectiveness and safety. By using
e- tabs in the design and construction of a G+2 commercial building, engineers can ensure that
the structure is safe, efficient, and cost-effective. The software allows for efficient design
modifications, accurate analysis, optimization of the design, and automatic generation of
detailed drawings and calculations, minimizing material and labor costs. The software allows
for accurate analysis and optimization of the design, as well as automatic generation of detailed
drawings and calculations
4
3.3 PROPERTIES OF SKELTAL PLAN IN SECTION
As an AI language model, I understand that you are referring to the software ETABS, which is
commonly used in structural engineering for designing and analyzing buildings. A skeletal
plan in section refers to a simplified representation of a building's structural system, typically
shown in a cross-sectional view. Properties of the skeletal plan in section using ETABS could
include information such as the size and location of columns, beams, and other structural
elements, as well as their material properties and connections. ETABS can be used to model
and analyze the behavior of these elements under various loads and conditions, allowing
engineers to optimize the design for safety and efficiency.
3.4 INCORPORATING OF SKELTON PLAN ON SECTION
Incorporating a skeletal plan in surface in ETABS involves creating a 3D model of the
building's structural system, which includes the columns, beams, and other elements. The
model can then be displayed in a surface view, which shows the building's exterior and
interior surfaces. To incorporate the skeletal plan in surface, the engineer can use ETABS'
tools to assign material properties and connections to the structural elements, and then run
simulations to analyze the behavior of the building under various loads and conditions. The
resulting data can be used to optimize the design for safety and efficiency. Overall,
incorporating a skeletal plan in surface in ETABS allows engineers to create more accurate and
effective structural designs for buildings.
3.5 DEFINE MATERIAL PROPERTY
Material properties in ETABS refer to the physical characteristics of the materials used in the
structural system of a commercial building. These properties include the modulus of elasticity,
Poisson's ratio, yield strength, ultimate strength, density, and thermal expansion coefficient
.when modeling a reinforced concrete column in ETABS, the engineer can assign material
properties such as the compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the
concrete as well as the yield strength and ultimate strength of the reinforcing material.
Similarly when modelling a steel beam.
3.6 DEFINE SECTION PROPERTY
Section properties in ETABS refer to the geometric characteristics of the structural members used in
a commercial building. These properties include the cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, section
modulus, and radius of gyration. When modeling a steel beam in ETABS, the engineer can input the
dimensions of the beam such as its depth, width, and thickness to calculate its section properties.
Similarly, when modeling a reinforced concrete column, the engineer can input the dimensions of the
column to calculate its section properties. By accurately defining section properties in ETABS,
engineers can analyze the behavior of the building under various loads and conditions and optimize the
design for safety and efficiency. These properties are essential for calculating the deflection, stress, and
strain of the structural members and ensuring that they meet the design requirements.
5
3.7 DEFINNING OF LOAD
In the context of G+2 commercial buildings, the use of ETABS for structural analysis and
design involves defining various loads that act on the structure. These loads include dead loads
(the weight of the structure itself and permanent fixtures), live loads (temporary or movable
loads such as occupants, furniture, and equipment), snow loads, wind loads, and seismic loads.
The ETABS software allows for the accurate modeling and analysis of these loads, taking into
account factors such as building codes, material properties, and structural configurations. By
utilizing ETABS, engineers can ensure that g+2 commercial buildings are designed to
withstand these loads and meet safety and performance requirements.
3.8ASSIGN OF LOADS
In the context of g+2 commercial buildings, the use of ETABS for structural analysis and
design involves assigning various loads that act on the structure. These loads include dead loads
(the weight of the structure itself and permanent fixtures), live loads (temporary or movable
loads such as occupants, furniture, and equipment), snow loads, wind loads, and seismic loads.
The ETABS software allows for the accurate modeling and analysis of these loads, taking into
account factors such as building codes, material properties, and structural configurations.
By utilizing ETABS, engineers can ensure that g+2 commercial buildings are designed to
withstand these loads and meet safety and performance requirements.
3.9 DEFINE A LOAD COMBINATION
Load combination in ETABS refers to the different combinations of loads that act on a
structure at the same time. These combinations are determined based on building codes and
standards, and they take into account the various possible load scenarios that a structure may
experience. In the case of g+2 commercial buildings, load combinations may include
combinations of dead loads, live loads, snow loads, wind loads, and seismic loads. ETABS
allows engineers to define these load combinations and analyze their effects on the structure to
ensure that the building is designed to withstand all possible loading conditions .By defining
and analyzing load combinations in ETABS, engineers can ensure that g+2 commercial
buildings are structurally sound and meet safety requirements, ultimately providing a safe and
reliable structure for occupants and users.
3.10 ANALYSED DESIGN
In ETABS, engineers can input the various load combinations such as dead loads (permanent
loads from the building's structure and fixtures), live loads (temporary loads from occupants,
furniture, and equipment), snow loads (loads from accumulated snow on the roof), wind loads
(loads from wind pressure on the building), and seismic loads (loads from seismic
activity).Once these load combinations are defined, ETABS performs a structural analysis to
determine the effects of these loads on the building. This analysis helps engineers ensure
6
that the building's design is capable of withstanding all possible loading conditions and meets
safety requirements .ETABS also allows for the consideration of different load combinations
based on building codes and standards, ensuring that the design complies with regulatory
requirements. By using ETABS to analyze load combinations, engineers can optimize the
structural design of g+2 commercial buildings to ensure safety, stability, and performance.
ETABS is a powerful tool for designing and analyzing G+2 commercial buildings. Engineers
can input the building's geometry, material properties, and load combinations into the software
to perform a comprehensive structural analysis. The software considers various load
combinations such as dead loads, live loads, snow loads, wind loads, and seismic loads to
determine the effects on the building's structural elements. This analysis helps engineers ensure
that column layout as necessary to optimize the design for cost-effectiveness and safety. By
using e- tabs in the design and construction of a G+2 commercial building, engineers can ensure
that the structure is safe, efficient, and cost-effective. The software allows for efficient design
modifications, accurate analysis, optimization of the design, and automatic generation of
detailed drawings and calculations, minimizing material and labor costs. The software
allows for accurate analysis and optimization of the design.
3.11 DETECTING
When designing a G+2 commercial building using ETABS, the engineer would need to input
the section properties of all the structural members such as beams, columns, and slabs. This
would involve defining the dimensions of each member and calculating its cross-sectional area,
moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius of gyration .Once these properties are defined,
the engineer can analyze the behavior of the building under various loads such as dead loads,
live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads. ETABS can calculate the deflection, stress, and
strain of each member and provide a detailed analysis of the building's overall performance.
Using this information, the engineer can optimize the design for safety and efficiency by
adjusting the dimensions of the members or changing the material properties. This iterative
process can help ensure that the building meets all design requirements and is safe for
occupants. Overall, accurately defining section properties in ETABS is crucial for designing
a safe and efficient commercial building. It allows engineers to analyze the behavior of the
structure under various loads and conditions and optimize the design for maximum
performance.
3.12 FOOTING DESIGN
In addition to defining section properties, ETABS can also be used for footing design in G+2
commercial buildings. Footings are the structural elements that transfer the loads from the
building to the ground, and their design is critical for ensuring the stability and safety of the
structure. Using ETABS, the engineer can input the soil properties and analyze the behavior of
the footings under various loads. The software can calculate the required size and reinforcement
7
of the footings based on the load distribution and soil conditions. The engineer can also
optimize the footing design by adjusting the dimensions or shape of the footings, or by using
different types of foundations such as pile foundations or mat foundations. Overall, ETABS
can provide a comprehensive solution for designing G+2 commercial buildings, including both
the structural members and the footings. By accurately defining section properties and
optimizing the design for safety and efficiency, engineers can ensure that the building meets
all requirements and provides a safe and comfortable environment for occupants.
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CHAPTER 4
PERMIT PLAN OF A BUILDING
4.1 AREA OF STUDY
The area selected for the project was plot in front of the MEENAMKULAM Junction. The main aim
of the project is to plan and analyze a G+2 building commercial building selected area using ETABS.
No of stories G+2
No of stair case 2
GF area 420m^2
10
Fig 4.2: Location & Details
11
Fig 4.4: Site and Service Plan
12
Fig 4.6: First floor
13
CHAPTER 5
STAGES IN SRUCTURAL PLANNING
Once the type of structure is finalized and planed design of structure involves the corresponding
stage in the planning.
Column positioning
Orientation of columns
Beam location
Spanning of slabs
Lay out and planning of stairs
Type of footings
5.1 COLUMN POSITIONING
Column should perfectly located at or near the corner of building and at intersections of walls
because basically the function of the column is to support beams, which are placed under the
walls to support them. When the center distance between the intersections of walls is larger or
where there are not wall, the spacing between the two columns is governed by limitations on
span of the beam. As the span of the beam increases. Therefore large span of beam should be
avoided for economy reasons and from the consideration of controlling the deflection and
cracking.
5.2 ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS
Columns provided in a building are rectangular with width of column not less than the width
of the supported beam for effective load transfer. According to requirements of aesthetic and
utility, projection of column outside the wall. In the room should be avoided as they not only
give bad appearance but also obstruct the usage of corners and create problems in placing
furniture flush with the wall. The depth of column should be in the plane of the wall to avoid
such offsets. When a column is rigidly connected to beams at rigid angles. It is required to carry
moments in additional to axial load in such cases, the column should be so oriented that the
depth of column perpendicular to major axis of building so as to get moment resisting capacity.
Also when the effective length of the column in one plane is greater than that in other plane at
right angles, the greater dimensions shall be the plane of having larger effective length. The
size of columns which has been used for design of residential building are 230*400, 230*450,
230*500, 230*550, 300*550mm and 300*600mm.
5.3 POSITION OF BEAMS
Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to avoid
these loads directly coming on to slabs. Since beams are primarily provided to support slabs,
its spacing shall be decided by the maximum spans of slabs.
14
5.4 SPANNING OF SLABS
This is decided by the positions of supporting beams or walls. When the supports are only
opposite sides or only one direction, when the slab act as a one way supported slab. However
the two way action of slab does depend only on the manner in which it supported.
5.5 CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE
Among the various types of footings the suitable type of footing required for the structure shall
be based on the applied loads, moments. Force and the induced reactions are to ensure that
settlement of any kind shall be as uniform as possible. For trained structures isolated column
footings are usually preferred, except in the case soil with low bearing capacity of soil with low
raft foundation is used. If any column of a structure is near to the property line. Combined
footing or strap footing may be provided on the aspect ratio or reinforcement in two directions.
5.6 LAYOUT OF STAIRS
The available size of staircase rooms and positions of beams and column along the boundary
of staircase govern the type of stair and its layout boundary conditions.
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CHAPTER 6
MODELLING IN ETABS
6.1 GRID SPACING
16
Fig 6.2 First Floor
STEPS
1. EDIT
2. GRID SPACING
3. X & Y DIRECTION
17
Fig 6.4 Terrace floor
18
Fig 6.6: 3-D VIEW
21
Fig 6.12: 3-D View
22
Fig 6.13 Ground floor
23
BEAM ASSIGN
1. DRAW
2. DRAW BEAM BRACE
3. SELECT
4. BEAM (230X450)
5. OK
STEPS
1. SELECT COLUMN
2. DRAW
3. BEAM(230X450)
4. OK
25
6.4 SLAB ORIENTATION
STEPS
1. DEFINE
2. SECTION PROPERTIES
3. SLAB SECTION
4. S1 125 ONE WAY SLAB
5. MEMBRANE
6. OK
7. S1 125 TWO WAY SLAB
8. MEMBRANE
9. OK
28
STEPS
1. ANALYZE
2. CHECK MODEL
3. LENGTH OF TOLERANCE CHECK 25 MM
4. OK
6.5 STAIR MODELLING
1. Dividing the column method for incorporating midland beam. Split the supporting
2. Column, incorporate a beam.
3. Select the GF plan in one story
4. Select the area of the stair room only right click & show selected objects only,3-d view
5. Edit
6. Edit storage & grid system
7. Select reference plan a new box open
8. Z ordinate =3.25
9. Now Select an appropriate 3-d view to draw the landing beam b/w floor
10. Draw the beam b/w the column. Also draw the dummy landing column on the other longer
edge of landing slab.
11. Now selected the slab cursor to draw first flight work slab, landing slab are second fly work
slab.
12. Delete the dummy beam
13. Now replicate command after selecting the above the slabs up to top floor
14. To get midpoint visible
15. Draw
16. Snap option
17. Fine grids & midpoint.
29
Fig 6.25 Stair Modelling
Z ORDINATE =5-1.5
=3.5/2
= 1.75
6.5 DIAPHRAM
A diaphragm is a structural element which has large length and width in comparison to the
thickness, rigid in its own plane (along length and breadth) but can bend out of its plane.
Diaphragm constraint is planar constraint connecting joints in a plane. Constraint joints can be
connected in horizontal, vertical or any plane in 3d space, but Diaphragm constraint connects
joints in single plane.
32
5. Storage loads: The weight of stored materials or goods in warehouses, storage facilities, or
mezzanine levels.
By considering live loads in structural design, engineers can ensure that buildings and structures
are able to safely support the varying loads that they may experience during their service life.
Designing for live loads in addition to dead loads helps to create structurally sound and resilient
structures that can withstand a range of loading conditions.
7.3 SESISMIC LOAD
Seismic load, also known as earthquake load, refers to the force or stress that is exerted on a
structure during an earthquake event. Earthquakes can produce ground shaking, ground
displacement, and other seismic effects that can cause significant damage to buildings and other
structures. Seismic loads are one of the most critical considerations in the design of structures
located in seismically active regions.
Seismic loads are dynamic and can vary based on factors such as the magnitude and proximity
of the earthquake, the characteristics of the soil and foundation, and the structural system of the
building. Engineers use seismic analysis and design methods to evaluate the potential seismic
forces that a structure may experience and to design the structure to resist these forces. There
are several components of seismic loads that engineers consider in structural design:
1. Inertia forces: These forces are generated by the mass of the building and its acceleration
during an earthquake. The inertial forces tend to move the structure in the direction of the
ground motion.
2. Shear forces: Seismic waves can induce lateral forces on a structure, causing it to sway or
deform. These shear forces can lead to structural damage if not properly resisted.
3. Torsional forces: Seismic events can also induce torsional forces that cause twisting or
rotation in a building. Engineers must account for these torsional effects in the design of
structures.
4. Base shear: Base shear is the total lateral force exerted on a building's foundation during an
earthquake. It is a critical parameter used in seismic design to ensure that the structure
remains stable and does not overturn
By designing structures to resist seismic loads, engineers aim to minimize damage, protect
occupants, and ensure the structural integrity of buildings during earthquakes. Building codes
and standards in seismically active regions require structures to be designed to withstand
specific levels of seismic loads based on the local seismic hazard. Properly accounting for
seismic loads in structural design is essential for creating earthquake-resistant buildings and
ensuring public safety.
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FACTORED COMBINATION UNFACTORED COMBINATION
1.5 DL 1.0 DL
34
Fig 7.1 Beam Dead Load
35
Fig 7.2 Beam Live Load
STEPS
1. ASSIGN
2. FRAME LOAD
3. DISTRIBUTED
4. APPLY DEAD & LIVE LOAD
5. OK
Live load=4kn/m
Terrace Floor
Live Load with axis=1.5kn/m
Live load without axis=0.75kn/m
Load assign stairs
Dead load =1.25kn/m
Live load=4kn/m
37
CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS
ETABS allows engineers to model, analyze, and design multi-story buildings efficiently. Here's a
basic overview of the analysis process using ETABS: Modeling: Engineers create a digital
representation of the building structure in ETABS. This involves defining the geometry, materials,
and support conditions of the structure. Loading: Various types of loads, including dead loads, live
loads, wind loads, seismic loads, etc., are applied to the structure as per the design codes and
standards. Analysis: ETABS performs structural analysis based on the input model and loads. It
calculates internal forces and displacements at various points within the structure Design:
Engineers can design structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls based on the
analysis results. ETABS provides design optimization tools and allows engineers to check the
structure's compliance with relevant design codes. Result Interpretation: Engineers review and
interpret the analysis results provided by ETABS to ensure the structural integrity and safety of
the building.
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Fig 8.2 Joint Displacement
DISPLACEMENT
•Ux max =0.3mm
•Ux mim=0.749mm
•Max allowable ux X uy value = Height of building/500
= (13.5X1000)/500
= 27mm width
•27mm > Ux X Uy Hence it’s safe
8.1 STOREY DRIFT
Storey drift, also known as inter storey drift, refers to the relative horizontal displacement
between adjacent floors of a building during seismic activity or other lateral forces such as
wind. It's a crucial parameter in structural engineering and seismic design, as excessive storey
drift can lead to structural damage or even collapse .Engineers calculate storey drift by
measuring the difference in lateral displacement between two floors divided by the height of
the storey. This measurement helps in determining the overall stability and integrity of a
building under lateral loads. Structural designs often incorporate measures to limit storey drift,
such as bracing systems, shear walls, or dampers, to ensure the safety and functionality of the
structure during earthquakes or strong winds.
39
On analysis result we get,
• Drift max =0.11
• Max drift allow =0.004x height of building
=0.005X1000
• Storey drift= 54
Drift max< Max drifted allowed
So, it’s safe
40
CHAPTER 9
MANUAL DESGIN
9.1 TRIAL AND ERROR CALCULATION SHEET FOR INITIAL FOOTING
DIMENSION SETTING
TRIAL AND ERROR CALCULATION SHEET FOR INITIAL FOOTING DIMENSION SETTING
TRIAL
COLUMN UNFACTORED LOAD WITH COLUMN COLUMN AREA TRIAL 1 SQUARE FOOTING FOOTING AREA CANTILEVER CANTILEVER FINAL FINAL AREA
DIFFERENCE SBC B1
NO LOAD SELF WT BREADTH DEPTH REQUIRED FOOTING SIDE BREADTH DEPTH PROVIDED b1 l1 B1 L1 PROVIDED
C1 1193 1371.95 230 450 220 200 6.85975 2619.112445 2600 2820 7.332 1185 1185 2509.112445 2600 2820 7.332
C2 1129 1298.35 230 450 220 200 6.49175 2547.891285 2500 2720 6.8 1135 1135 2437.891285 2500 2720 6.8
C3 2129 2448.35 230 450 220 200 12.24175 3498.82123 3400 3620 12.308 1585 1585 3388.82123 3400 3620 12.308
C4 1197 1376.55 230 450 220 200 6.88275 2623.499571 2550 2770 7.0635 1160 1160 2513.499571 2550 2770 7.0635
C5 1410 1621.5 230 450 220 200 8.1075 2847.367205 2750 2970 8.1675 1260 1260 2737.367205 2750 2970 8.1675
C6 1598 1837.7 230 450 220 200 9.1885 3031.253866 3000 3220 9.66 1385 1385 2921.253866 3000 3220 9.66
C7 1790 2058.5 230 450 220 200 10.2925 3208.192638 3100 3320 10.292 1435 1435 3098.192638 3100 3320 10.292
C8 1349 1551.35 230 450 220 200 7.75675 2785.094253 2700 2920 7.884 1235 1235 2675.094253 2700 2920 7.884
C9 1472 1692.8 230 450 220 200 8.464 2909.295447 2800 3020 8.456 1285 1285 2799.295447 2800 3020 8.456
C10 1298 1492.7 230 450 220 200 7.4635 2731.940702 2700 2920 7.884 1235 1235 2621.940702 2700 2920 7.884
C11 1252 1439.8 230 450 220 200 7.199 2683.095228 2600 2820 7.332 1185 1185 2573.095228 2600 2820 7.332
C12 1395 1604.25 230 450 220 200 8.02125 2832.181138 3000 3220 9.66 1385 1385 2722.181138 3000 3220 9.66
C13 1386 1593.9 230 450 220 200 7.9695 2823.030287 2750 2970 8.1675 1260 1260 2713.030287 2750 2970 8.1675
C14 1231 1415.65 230 450 220 200 7.07825 2660.498074 3000 3220 9.66 1385 1385 2550.498074 3000 3220 9.66
C15 1229 1413.35 230 450 220 200 7.06675 2658.335946 2700 2920 7.884 1235 1235 2548.335946 2700 2920 7.884
C16 1338 1538.7 230 450 220 200 7.6935 2773.715919 2750 2970 8.1675 1260 1260 2663.715919 2750 2970 8.1675
C17 1534 1764.1 230 450 220 200 8.8205 2969.932659 3000 3220 9.66 1385 1385 2859.932659 3000 3220 9.66
C18 1338 1538.7 230 450 220 200 7.6935 2773.715919 2700 2920 7.884 1235 1235 2663.715919 2700 2920 7.884
C19 1336 1536.4 230 450 220 200 7.682 2771.642113 2800 3020 8.456 1285 1285 2661.642113 2800 3020 8.456
C20 1533 1762.95 230 450 220 200 8.81475 2968.964466 3000 3220 9.66 1385 1385 2858.964466 3000 3220 9.66
C21 1285 1477.75 230 450 220 200 7.38875 2718.225524 2650 2870 7.6055 1210 1210 2608.225524 2650 2870 7.6055
C22 1236 1421.4 230 450 220 200 7.107 2665.895722 2600 2820 7.332 1185 1185 2555.895722 2600 2820 7.332
C23 1241 1427.15 230 450 220 200 7.13575 2671.282464 2600 2820 7.332 1185 1185 2561.282464 2600 2820 7.332
C24 1284 1476.6 230 450 220 200 7.383 2717.167643 2700 2920 7.884 1235 1235 2607.167643 2700 2920 7.884
shorter
F1 C3 span 1.6
length 12.96 10.5625 9 7.84
C5,C8,C9,C10,C13,C15,C16,C18,C19,C24 column 1
F3 0.45
size
w for wu for
mu for max mu for
F4 C1, C2, C4, C11, C22, C23, C24 C 0.45 footing footing slab wu for beam
footing slab beam
slab
column
edge to 2.05 176.9231 265.38462 47.76923077 424.615385 144.5019231
edge
projectio n
0.6
projectio n
0.6
total 3.25
length
41
STEP1: LOAD CALCULATION
• GIVEN, LOAD D = 2129 KN FACTORED LOAD = 1.5 X D
• = 1.5 X 2129
• = 3193.5 KN
• SELF WEIGHT OF FOOTING AND BACKFILL
• = 10% OF COLUMN LOAD
• = (10/100) X 212
• = 212.9 KN
• SO TOTAL LOAD = 3193.5 + 212.9
• = 3406.4 KN
STEP 2: SIZE OF FOOTING
• TOTAL LOAD = 3406.4 KN
• ASSUME SQUARE FOOTING, B XB = B^2
• AREA OF FOOTING = TOTAL LOAD/ SBC
• = 3406.4/200
• = 17 M^2
• B = SQUARE ROOT OF 17 = 4.1 M
• SO TAKE B = 4.1 M AND L = 4.1 M
• SO FINAL AREA OF FOOTING = 4.1 X 4.1
• = 16.81 M^2
STEP 3: CALCULATE AT NET UPWARD PRESSURE AT ULTIMATE LOAD
• ULTIMATE LOAD = 3406.4 KN
• SOIL PRESSURE = TOTAL LOAD / AREA OF FOOTING
• = 3406.4/16.81
• = 200 KN/M^2
• SO, TAKE 200KN/M^2 = 0.2N/MM^2
• Qu = 0.2n/mm^2
STEP 4: CHECK FOR ONEWAY SHEAR TO DETERMINE DEPTH
• FACTORED SF = (qv x B)/2 X (B – C1 – 2d)
• = (0.2 x 4100)/2 x (4100 – 400 – 2d)
• = 410 (3700 -2d) (1)
• ASSUME 1 % STEEL IN FOOTING
• PT = 0.25%
• PERIMETER OF STEEL,
• FROM TABLE 19 IS 456 2000
• DESIGN SHEAR, TC = 0.36 N/MM^2
• ONEWAY SHEAR RESISTANCE,
42
• VC1 = TC bd
• = 0.36 x 4100 x d
= 1476d (2)
• 410 (3700 – 2d) =1476d
• d = 660 MM
• TAKE COVER AS 40 MM
• OVERALL DEPTH = 660 + 40
• = 700 MM
STEP 5: CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR
• FACTORED SF,
• VU2 = qu (b^2 - (c1 + d) ^2)
• =0.2 (4100^2 – (400+ 700) ^2)
= 3120 KN
• TWO WAY SHEAR RESISTANCE
• VC2 = KS X TC bo @
• Bo = 4 x (c1 + d)
• = 4 x (400 + 700)
• = 4400
SO TWOWAY SHEAR,
VC2 = 1 X 1.118 X (4400 X 700)
= 3443.4 KN
SO VC2 > VU2 SO IT IS SAFE TO PROVIDE 700 MM DEPTH
STEP 6: REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
• ULTIMATE MOMENT
• MU = (qu x b)/ 8 x (b – c) ^2
• = (0.2 x4100) / 8 x (4100 – 400) ^2
• = 1403.25 KNM
• MU = 0.87 X 415 x AST X 700 X (1 – (AST X 415)/ (4100 X 700 X 20))
• 1403.25 X 10^6 = 252735AST – 1.82 AST^2
• = AST= 5791.1 MM^2
• PROVIDING 20 MM DIA BAR
• AREA OF ONE BAR = 3.14 X 20^2 = 314.16MM^2
• NUMBER OF BARS = AST / AREA OF ONE BAR
• 5791.1/ 314.16 = 18
• SO TAKE 18 NO’S OF 20 MM DIA SPACING
• = A/AST X B
• = 314.16 / 5791.1 X 4100
43
• = 220 MM C/C DISTANCE
FINAL REINFORCEMENT, 20 MM DIA BARS @ 20 MM C/C DISTANCE
46
CHAPTER 10`
BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
10.1 BENDING MOMENT
The bending moment is a term used in engineering and physics to describe the internal bending
forces experienced by a structural element, such as a beam or a column, when subjected to
external loads. It's a measure of the intensity of the internal forces within the material caused
by external forces applied to it. In simple terms, when a beam is loaded, it tends to bend. The
bending moment at any point along the beam is the algebraic sum of the moments about that
point of all the external forces acting on one side of the point. It's typically denoted by the
symbol "M" and measured in units such as Newton-meters (Nm).
10.2 SHEAR FORCE
Shear force, similar to bending moment, is a crucial concept in engineering and physics,
especially in the analysis and design of structural elements like beams and columns. It refers to
the internal force that causes one part of a material to slide past another part when subjected to
external loads. In simpler terms, shear force is the force applied perpendicular to the cross-
section of a structural element. It's typically denoted by the symbol "V" and measured in units
such as Newtons (N) or pounds (lbf).
47
Fig 10.2: BMD & SFD at B
48
Fig 10.4: BMD & SFD at D
49
CHAPTER 11
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
Reinforcement details typically refer to specifications or drawings that outline the design and
placement of reinforcement in structures like buildings, bridges, or other civil engineering
projects. These details are crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of the project
reinforcement type: This could be steel bars (rebar), welded wire mesh, or other materials used
to reinforce concrete or masonry. Size and spacing: Details on the diameter, length, and spacing
of reinforcement elements, such as rebars, and their arrangement within the structure. Bend and
shape details: Instructions on how the reinforcement should be bent or shaped to fit the specific
geometry of the structure.
Development and lap lengths: Specifications on the length of overlap. Placement: Instructions
on where and how the reinforcement should be placed within the concrete formwork or
masonry units.
Cover requirements: Specifications on the minimum distance between the reinforcement and
the surface of the concrete or masonry to ensure adequate protection against corrosion and fire.
Anchorages and supports: Details on how reinforcement is anchored or supported within the
structure to resist applied loads and prevent displacement.
Spacing and arrangement: Specifies the distance between adjacent reinforcement elements
and the layout pattern within structural members. This ensures proper distribution of
reinforcement throughout the structure to resist various types of loads.
Clear cover requirements: Defines the minimum distance between the surface of the concrete
and the nearest reinforcement element. This cover helps protect the reinforcement from
environmental factors such as corrosion and also ensures adequate bond strength between the
reinforcement and the concrete.
Curvature and hooks: Provides instructions on the curvature radius and hook lengths for
reinforcement bends, ensuring proper anchorage and load transfer between reinforcement
elements.
Bar bending schedules (BBS): Detailed tables or diagrams listing the specific bending
dimensions, lengths, and quantities of each reinforcement element required for construction.
BBSs are essential for ordering and fabricating reinforcement materials accurately.
Cage reinforcement details: For reinforced concrete columns, walls, or other vertical
members, cage reinforcement details specify the arrangement and bundling of vertical and
horizontal reinforcement elements to form a stable cage structure before concrete placement.
Splice details: Describes how reinforcement bars are connected or spliced together to achieve
the required structural continuity. Splice details ensure that the spliced reinforcement maintains
adequate strength and ductility under various loading conditions.
50
Special detailing requirements: Certain structural elements or conditions may require specific
reinforcement detailing to address unique design considerations, such as seismic resistance,
thermal expansion, or dynamic loads.
Anchorage details: Specifies the anchorage length and configuration of reinforcement bars at
the ends of structural members or at locations where concentrated loads are applied. Proper
anchorage details are crucial for preventing premature failure of reinforced concrete elements.
Reinforcement type and size: Usually, steel reinforcement in the form of rebars is used in
reinforced concrete beams. The size and type of rebars are specified based on the design
requirements and structural loads.
Main reinforcement: In a beam, the main reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars (rebars)
placed along the length of the beam to resist bending stresses. The number, diameter, and
spacing of these bars are determined by structural calculations.
11.1 DETAILING OF BEAM
Reinforcement type and size: Usually, steel reinforcement in the form of rebars is used in
reinforced concrete beams. The size and type of rebars are specified based on the design
requirements and structural loads. Main reinforcement: In a beam, the main reinforcement
consists of longitudinal bars (rebars) placed along the length of the beam to resist bending
stresses. The number, diameter, and spacing of these bars are determined by structural
calculations.
ELEVATION AT B
51
Moment occurs at support at midspan
On longitudinal reinforcement at top section
First section = 178,164
Second section =200,223
Third section =297,164
Fourth section = 164,164
Fifth section = 164,164
No of bar =2
Diameter of bar =12mm
Total = 3.14x12x12x2=226mm
In third section = 10 mm Dia
Total = 3.14x10x10= 78.54
On bottom longitudinal reinforcement
First section = 145,164
Second section =164,164
Third section = 164,164
Fourth section =155.164
Fifth section = 164,164
No of bar =2
Diameter of bar = 12mm
Total = 3.14x12x12x2= 226mm
So shear reinforcement 254 at each section. Provide 2legged, 8mm Dia@ 300 mm c/c.
52
Table 11.1 Beam Section Design
11.2 DETAILING OF COLUMN
These are structural elements typically used to support buildings or adorn them aesthetically.
They come in various styles like Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Tuscan, each with its own
distinctive features newspaper. Columns: These are regular features in newspapers where writers
express their opinions, analyze events, or provide advice on specific topics. They can cover a
wide range of subjects including politics, lifestyle, sports, finance, and more
Ground floor to base
AS (Required) = 3084 sq m
10#20mmØ + 2#16mmØ
AS (Provided) =3545 sq m
53
Fig 11.2 Elevation at B
First floor to Ground floor (Fig 11.2)
AS (Required) = 3084 sq m
10#20mmØ + 2#16mmØ
AS (Provided) =3545 sq m
Second floor to First floor
AS (Required) = 1080 sq m
4#20mmØ + 2#16mmØ
AS (Provided) =1658 sq m
54
Terrace to Second floor (Fig 11.3)
AS (Required) = 1080 sq m
4#20mmØ + 2#16mmØ
AS (Provided) =1658 sq m
56
REFERENCES
• Luma Fadhil Hussein, Mohammed M. Khattab, Mustafa Shakir Farman (2021)
“Experimental and finite element studies on behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams”, Case
Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00607
• Abdulrahman Abbadi, P.A.M. Basheer, John P. Forth (2022) “Effect of hybrid fibres on
thestatic load performance of concrete beams”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 65, 681-687
• S. Ramkumar, R. Kavin Kumar, G Vijayprabhaharan (2020) “Behavior of concrete
usingsteel fiber as a tensile material”, Test Engineering and Management, 0193-4120, 6665-6672
• Taha A.El-Sayed, Abeer M. Erfan, Ragab M. Abdelnaby, Mohamed K. Soliman (2022)
“Flexural behavior of HSC beams reinforced by hybrid GFRP bars with steel wires”, Case Studies
In Construction Materials, 16, e01054
• Dia Eddin Nassani (2022) “Experimental and analytical study of the mechanical and
flexuralbehavior of hybrid fiber concretes”, Structures, 28, 1746-1755
• B. Srudhira, M. Anil kumar, K.J. Brahma Chari (2019) “Evaluation of shear behavior of
RC beams using CFRP”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 7,
2277-3878
57