ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

Amplitude Modulation Transmission

Chapter 3
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BASEBAND AND CARRIER COMMUNICATION

BASEBAND COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATION THAT DOES NOT USE MODULATION (TRANSMIT INFORMATION IN ITS ORIGINAL FORM) - NO SHIFT IN THE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES OF THE SIGNAL. (NO FREQUENCY TRANSLATION) CARRIER COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATION THAT USES MODULATION - SHIFTING OF THE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES IN THE SIGNAL. (FREQUENCY TRANSLATION) (AM, FM, PM, FSK, PSK, QAM, )
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BASEBAND COMMUNICATION
THE TERM BASEBAND IS USED TO DESIGNATE THE BAND OF FREQUENCIES OF THE SIGNAL DELIVERED BY THE SOURCE TELEPHONY: BASEBAND IS THE AUDIO BAND (BAND OF VOICE SIGNALS) OCCUPYING 0 - 4000 Hz TELEVISION: BASEBAND IS THE VIDEO BAND (BAND OF VIDEO SIGNALS) OCCUPYING 0 - 6 MHz DIGITAL DATA/PCM (A-TO-D CONVERTION): USING BIPOLAR SIGNALING AT A RATE OF f 0 BITS/SEC, THE BASEBAND IS 0 - f 0 Hz
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BASEBAND COMMUNICATION
PULSE MODULATED SIGNALS SUCH AS: PAM PWM PPM PCM (PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION) (PULSE WIDTH MODULATION) (PULSE POSITION MODULATION) (PULSE CODE MODULATION)

DESPITE THE TERM MODULATION, THE ABOVE SIGNALS ARE BASEBAND CODING SCHEMES AND THEY YIELD BASEBAND SIGNALS

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BASEBAND COMMUNICATION
BASEBAND SIGNALS HAVE SIZABLE POWER AT LOW FREQUENCIES BASEBAND SIGNALS CANNOT BE TRANSMITTED OVER A RADIO LINK (FREE SPACE) BASEBAND SIGNALS ARE SUITABLE FOR TRANSMISSION OVER COPPER (PAIR OF WIRES, COAXIAL CABLE) OR GLASS (FIBER). EXAMPLES: LOCAL TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION SHORT-HAUL PCM COMMUNICATION (BETWEEN LOCAL EXCHANGES)
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MODULATION COMMUNICATION

MODULATION IS USED WHEN IT IS IMPRACTICAL TO PROPAGATE LOW-FREQUENCY BASEBAND SIGNALS OVER FREE SPACE MODULATION USES HIGH FREQUENCY CARRIERS TO ACHIEVE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION WITH NO INTERFERENCE (MULTIPLEXING OF VARIOUS SIGNALS) MODULATION ALLOWS CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL ANTENNAS (i.e. 1/4 WAVELENGTH)
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
IN AMPLITUDE MODULATION, THE AMPLITUDE OF THE HIGH FREQUENCY CARRIER SIGNAL (UNMODULATED WAVE) IS MODULATED (VARIED) PROPORTIONAL TO THE INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE OF THE MESSAGE BEARING SIGNAL (MODULATING WAVE) SUCH AS TO GENERATING AN ENVELOPE (MODULATED WAVE) WHICH CARRIES THE INFORMATION. THE REPETITION RATE OF THE AM ENVELOPE EQUALS THE FREQUENCY OF THE MODULATING SIGNAL.
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AM MODULATORS: NONLINEAR DEVICES (MIXER) WITH: TWO INPUTS, ONE OUTPUT
HIGH FREQUENCY CARRIER SIGNAL (UNMODULATED WAVE) AM BROADCAST RADIO (550 kHz - 1600 kHz)

LOW FREQUENCY INFORMATION SIGNAL (MODULATING WAVE)

AM MODULATOR (NON LINEAR DEVICE, MIXER, MULTIPLIER)

AM MODULATED WAVE

SINGLE FREQUENCY WAVE (TONE) OR COMPLEX WAVE (MULTIPLE FREQENCIES) - VOICE (SPEECH): 0 Hz - 4000 Hz

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE AMPLITUDE MODULATION PROVIDES A LOW QUALITY FORM OF MODULATION (POOR PERFORMANCE IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS) AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS USED FOR COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING (AM RADIO) AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS USED FOR TWO-WAY MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS (CB RADIO)

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION TYPES

THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION SCHEMES DSB-SC (DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESS CARRIER) DSB-FC (DOUBLE SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER) SSB-SC (SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESS CARRIER) (ALSO KNOWN AS: USBAM OR LSBAM) SSB-FC (SINGLE SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER) VSB (VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND) DSB-FC IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED SCHEME. IT IS ALSO CALLED CONVENTIONAL AM OR SIMPLY AM
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DSB-FC AM (AM)
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

AM
V am ( t ) = [E c + m ( t ) ]cos c t
MODULATING THE AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER WITH THE MODULATING SIGNAL

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

For E c (t ) = E c cos 2 fct
AND

E m (t ) = E m cos 2 fmt

Modulated Signal : Vam(t ) = (Ec + Em cos 2fmt )(cos 2fct ) Em = Vam(t ) = Ec(1 + cos 2fmt )(cos 2fct )
Ec

1 1 Given : (cos X )(cosY ) = cos( X Y ) + cos( X + Y ) 2 2 We get : Vam(t ) = Ec cos 2fct + Ec cos 2fct cos 2fmt Which gives : Ec [cos 2 ( fc fm)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm)t ] Vam(t ) = Ec cos 2fct + 2
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

SUMMER MULTIPLIER MODULATOR

Ec Em(t ) = Em cosmt cosct

THE AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER IS UNAFFECTED BY THE AM PROCESS

Ec [cos 2 ( fc fm)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm)t ] Ec cos 2fct + 2

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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)

MESSAGE

M ( )
BANDWITH:

Bm
m
MODULATED SIGNAL (DSB-FC AM)

Bm = fm

0 2 fm = m CARRIER LSB USB

DSB ( )
0

Bm Bm
c m c c + m
BW OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL IS:
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B = 2Bm
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)

THE MODULATED CARRIER SPECTRUM CENTERED AT fc IS COMPOSED OF AN UPPER SIDEBAND ABOVE fc, (USB), AND A LOWER SIDEBAND BELOW fc, (LSB).

E c [cos 2 ( fc fm)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm)t ] Ec cos 2fct + 2

LSB USB

2 fm
MODULATED SIGNAL COMPRISES A COMPONENT AT fc, IN THIS CASE THE SCHEME IS CALLED DSB-FC MODULATION
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSB-FC)

E c [cos 2 ( fc fm)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm)t ] Ec cos 2fct + 2
let m =

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

UNMODULATED CARRIER: MODULATING SIGNAL:

V c (t ) = E c sin 2 fct OR E c cos 2 fct V m ( t ) = E m sin 2 f m t OR E m cos 2 f m t

Modulation Coefficient Em Factor { Modulation Index = Modulation Ec Em M = x 100 % Ec 100% WHERE:

MODULATION INDEX:

PERCENT MODULATION:

RANGE OF M: 0%

M < 100%, UNDERMODULATION M = 100%, 100% MODULATION M > 100%, OVERMODULATION (i.e. DISTORTION)

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PERCENT MODULATION (M)

M =

Em x 100 % Ec

PERCENT MODULATION GIVES THE PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE AMPLITUDE OF THE OUTPUT WAVE WHEN THE CARRIER IS ACTED ON BY A MODULATING SIGNAL.

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

MODULATED CARRIER AMPLITUDE:

V = Ec + Em
= Ec Em

Em

max

= Ec + Em ;
=
Em Ec

min

WE KNOW: THUS:

Em = Ec

V V

max min

= E c + E c = (1 + ) E c = E c E c = (1 ) E c

WITH: 100% MODULATION: 50% MODULATION: 0% MODULATION

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= 1; V max = 2 E c ; V min = 0 = 0 . 5 ; V max = 1 . 5 E c ; V min = . 5 E c = 0 ; V max = E c ; V min = E c

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB_FC)

max

= Ec + Em ;

min

= Ec Em

1 E m = (V 2 1 E c = (V 2

max

V +V

min

) )

ASSUMPTIONS: MODULATING SIGNAL IS A TONE MODULATING PROCESS IS SYMMETRICAL (EQUAL + and ENVELOPE EXCURCIONS)

max

min

Em V = = Ec V

V max + V
max

min min

E usf = E lsf

1 Em = = (V 2 4

max

min

EUSF = PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UPPER SIDE FREQUENCY ELSF = PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE LOWER SIDE FREQUENCY
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-FC)

Modulating Signal

Unmodulated Carrier

50% Modulation

100% Modulation

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DSB-FC EXAMPLE 1
FOR AN AM DSB-FC MODULATOR, WITH CARRIER FREQUENCY OF 100 kHz, AND A MAXIMUM MODULATING SIGNAL OF 5 kHz, DETERMINE: FREQUENCY LIMITS FOR THE UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBANDS (100 - 5) kHz TO 100 kHz = 95 kHz TO 100 kHz = LSB 100 kHz TO (100 + 5) kHz = 100 kHz TO 105 kHz = USB BANDWITH OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL B = 2 fm = 2 x 5 kHz = 10 kHz UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCIES WHEN MODULATING SIGNAL IS A 3 kHz TONE (100 - 3) kHz = 97 kHz = LSF (100 + 3) kHz = 103 kHz = USF
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE 2
FOR THE AM WAVEFORM BELOW:

DETERMINE:
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE 2
PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCIES

E usf = E lsf E usf = E lsf 1 E c = (V 2 1 = (V 2

27

1 Em = = (V max V 2 4 1 = (18 2 ) = 4 V 4

min

PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE UNMODULATED CARRIER

max

1 + V min ) = (18 + 2 ) = 10 V 2 1 V min ) = (18 2 ) = 8V 2

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PEAK CHANGE IN THE AMPLITUDE OF THE ENVELOPE

Em

max

DSB-FC EXAMPLE 2
COEFFICIENT INDEX

Em V = Ec V

V max + V
max

min min

8 = 0 .8 10

PERCENT MODULATION

M =

Em x 100 % = 0 . 8 x100 % = 80 % Ec V V V max + V

max min min

M =

x100 % =

18 2 x100 % = 80 % 18 + 2

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DSB-FC EXAMPLE 3
ONE INPUT TO A CONVENTIONAL MODULATOR IS A 500 kHz CARRIER WITH AN AMPLITUDE OF 20 Vp. THE SECOND INPUT IS A 10 kHz MODULATING SIGNAL THAT IS OF SUFFICIENT AMPLITUDE TO CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE OUTPUT WAVE OF 7 . 5 Vp . DETERMINE: UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCIES (500 + 10) kHz = 510 kHz = USF (500 - 10) kHz = 490 kHz = LSF MODULATION COEFFICIENT AND PERCENT MODULATION

7 .5 = 0 . 375 20

7 .5 M = x100 % = 37 . 5 % 20
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE 3
PEAK AMPLITUDE OF THE MODULATED CARRIER Ec (MODULATED) = Ec (UNMODULATED) = 20 Vp UPPER AND LOWER SIDE FREQUENCY VOLTAGES

E usf = E lsf

Ec Em 0 . 375 ( 20 ) = = = = 3 . 75 Vp 2 2 2

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AMPLITUDES OF THE ENVELOPE

V V V

max max min

= E c + E m ; V min = E c E m = 20 + 7 . 5 = 27 . 5Vp = 20 7 . 5 = 12 . 5Vp

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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

THE POWER DISSIPATION OF AN UNMODULATED CARRIER IN LOAD RESISTANCE R:

( 0 . 707 E c ) 2 Ec2 = Pc = R 2R Em Ec FROM: E usf = E lsf = = 2 2 2Ec2 2 P usb = P lsb = = Pc 8R 4

THE TOTAL POWER IN AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE IS:

P t = P c + P usb + P lsb
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

FOR A DSB-FC MODULATED WAVE, THE TOTAL POWER IN AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE IS:

P t = P c + P usb + P lsb
Pt = Pc +

Pc
2

Pc
2

= Pc +

Pc
2

P t = P c (1 +

MODULATED WAVE CARRIER POWER = UNMODULATED WAVE CARRIER POWER (POWER OF THE CARRIER IS UNAFFECTED BY THE MODULATION PROCESS)
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

P t = P c (1 +

THE TOTAL POWER IN AN AM DSB-FC ENVELOPE INCREASES WITH MODULATION

Pt
P usb = P lsb =
33

2Ec
8R

Pc
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

P t = P c (1 +

P usb = P lsb =

2
4

Pc

let m =

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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

P t = P c (1 +

P usb = P lsb =
=1:

Pc

WITH 100% MODULATION,

P usb = P lsb

1 = Pc 4

P usb + P lsb

1 = Pc 2

1 P t = P c (1 + ) = 1 . 5 P c 2
DSB-FC DISADVANTAGE: THE INFORMATION IS CONTAINED IN THE SIDEBANDS ALTHOUGH MOST OF THE POWER IS WASTED IN THE CARRIER (DSB-SC ELIMINATES THIS DISADVANTAGE)
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

THE ADVANTAGE OF ENVELOPE DETECTION IN AM HAS ITS PRICE. IN AM, THE CARRIER COMPONENT DOES NOT CARRY ANY INFORMATION,HENCE, THE CARRIER POWER IS WASTED.

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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC WAVE WITH A PEAK UNMODULATED CARRIER VOLTAGE Vc = 10 Vp, A LOAD RESISTANCE OF RL = 10 Ohms, AND A MODULATION INDEX OF 1, DETERMINE: CARRIER POWER

Ec2 10 2 Pc = = = 5W 2R 2 (10 )
UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBAND POWER

P usb = P lsb

1( 5 ) = Pc = = 1 . 25 W 4 4 1( 5 ) = Pc = = 2 .5 W 2 2
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TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER

P usb + P lsb
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC WAVE WITH A PEAK UNMODULATED CARRIER VOLTAGE Vc = 10 Vp, A LOAD RESIATANCE OF RL = 10 Ohms, AND A MODULATION INDEX OF 1, DETERMINE: TOTAL POWER IN THE MODULATED WAVE

12 P t = P c (1 + ) = 5 (1 + ) = 7 .5 W 2 2
2

POWER SPECTRUM:

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MODULATION BY A COMPLEX SIGNAL

IN ALL THE ANALYSIS PRESENTED SO FAR FOR AM, WE ASSUMED A SINGLE_FREQUENCY MODULATING SIGNAL (TONE). IN PRACTICE, THE MODULATING SIGNAL IS OFTEN A COMPLEX WAVEFORM (IT CONSISTS OF MANY FREQUENCY COMPONENTS WITH ASSOCIATED AMPLITUDES)

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MODULATION BY A COMPLEX SIGNAL

IF A MODULATING SIGNAL CONTAINS TWO FREQUENCIES, THEN, THE MODULATED WAVE WILL CONTAIN THE CARRIER AND 2 SETS OF SIDE FREQUENCIES:

Ec 1 [cos 2 ( fc fm1)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm1)t ] Ec cos 2fct + 2 + Ec 2 [cos 2 ( fc fm2)t + cos 2 ( fc + fm2)t ] Ec cos 2fct + 2
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MODULATION BY A COMPLEX SIGNAL

WE LEAVE IT TO THE IMAGINATION OF THE READER TO TAKE THIS FURTHER WHEN MORE THAN TWO FREQUENCIES ARE PRESENT. WHEN SEVERAL FREQUENCIES ARE USED TO MODULATE THE CARRIER, THE TOTAL MODULATION INDEX IS GIVEN AS FOLLOWS:

t =

1 + 2 + 1 + L + n
2 2 2
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

THE POWER DISSIPATION OF AN UNMODULATED CARRIER BECOMES:

REMEMBERING:

( 0 . 707 E c ) 2 Ec2 = Pc = R 2R E usf = E lsf Em Ec = = 2 2

2

THEN:

P usbt = P lsbt = =

t 2 Ec
8R

t 2
4

Pc

THE TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER IS: 2 t sbt

Pc
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DSB-FC POWER DISTRIBUTION

THE TOTAL POWER IS:

P t = P c + P sbt
P t = P c (1 +

t
2

CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO INSURE THAT THE COMBINED VOLTAGES OF ALL THE MODULATING SIGNALS DO NOT OVERMODULATE THE CARRIER !!
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DSB-FC EXAMPLE
FOR AN AM DSB-FC TRANSMITTER WITH AN UNMODULATED CARRIER POWER Pc = 100 W, THAT IS MODULATED SIMULTANEOUSLY BY 3 MODULATING SIGNALS WITH

1 = 0 .2 ,

= 0 .4 ,

= 0 .5

DETERMINE: TOTAL COEFFICENT OF MODULATION:

t =
P sbt =

0 .2 + 0 .4 + 0 .5
2 2

= 0 . 67

TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER:

t2

0 . 67 (100 ) Pc = = 22 . 445 W 2 2
2

TOTAL TRANSMITTED POWER:

0 . 67 P t = 100 (1 + 2
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) = 122 . 445 W
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
ONE CAN GENERATE AN AM SIGNAL (DSB-FC) USING ANY DSB-SC GENERATOR IF THE MODULATING SIGNAL IS:

[E c + m ( t ) ] instead
m (t )C (t )

of m ( t )
MULTIPLIER MODULATOR

Ec + m(t ) C (t ) = cos ct
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
HOWEVER, AM CAN BE GENERATED IN SIMPLER WAYS I1 + m(t) + + E1
R

cos ct

BANDPASS FILTER

Vo (t )

AM MODULATOR: USE ONLY THE UPPER BRANCH OF THE DSB-SC BALANCED MODULATOR
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DSB-SC NONLINEAR MODULATOR

E 1 = cos ct + m (t )

I 1 = a E 1 + b E 12
2

I 1 = a [cos ct + m (t ) ] + b[cos ct + m (t ) ]

I 1 R = Ra [cos ct + m (t ) ] + Rb [cos ct + m (t ) ] =
2

aR cosct + 2bRm(t ) cosct + aRm(t ) + bRm2 (t ) + bR cos2 ct

Vo(t)=AM SIGNAL

SUPPRESSED USING BP FILTER TUNED TO c

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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
HOWEVER, AM CAN BE GENERATED IN SIMPLER WAYS

+ m(t) +

DIODE ACTS AS A SWITCH

+
R

c cos ct

BANDPASS FILTER

Vo (t )

c
AM MODULATOR: USE SWITCHING MODULATOR
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
THE DIODE ACTS A SWITCH THAT TURNS ON/OFF. THE INPUT SIGNAL IS:

c cos ct + m (t )

with

c >> m (t )

SO THAT THE SWITCHING ACTION OF THE DIODE IS CONTROLLED BY:

c cos c t

THE DIODE SHORTS & OPENS PERIODICALLY IN EFFECT MULTIPLYING THE INPUT SIGNAL BY S(t)
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
THE SIGNAL ACROSS R IS:

V R = [c cos ct + m (t ) ] s (t )
1 1 V 2V WITH: s (t ) = + sin ct + 3 sin 3 ct + 5 sin 5 ct + L 2

GIVING:

c 2 VR = cosct + m(t ) cosct + other terms 2

Vo(t)=AM SIGNAL
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SUPPRESSED BY BP FILTER
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
LOW-LEVEL MODULATION: IT TAKES PLACE PRIOR TO THE OUTPUT ELEMENT OF THE FINAL STAGE (ANTENNA IS NEXT STAGE) OF THE TRANSMITTER (i.e. EMITTER IN A TRANSISTORIZED XMITTER) ADVANTAGE: LESS MODULATING SIGNAL POWER IS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE HIGH PERCENTAGE OF MODULATION:

Em Pt
DISADVANTAGE: AMPLIFIER AFTER MODULATOR STAGE MUST BE LINEAR
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GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION: IT TAKES PLACE IN THE FINAL ELEMENT OF THE FINAL STAGE OF THE TRANSMITTER (i.e. COLLECTOR OUTPUT) ( CARRIER SIGNAL IS AT ITS MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE) REQUIRES A MUCH HIGHER AMPLITUDE MODULATING SIGNAL TO ACHIEVE A REASONABLE M Em M = x100 Ec THE FINAL MODULATING SIGNAL AMPLIFIER MUST SUPPLY ALL THE SIDEBAND POWER BUT CAN BE A NON-LINEAR AMPLIFIER (PROVIDES MODULATION)
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LOW-LEVEL MODULATOR
EMITTER MODULATOR
COLLECTOR: OUTPUT ELEMENT COUPLING CAPACITOR REMOVES COMPONENT

CARRIER SIGNAL

fm

COLLECTOR VOLTAGE

MODULATING SIGNAL VARIES THE GAIN OF THE AMPLIFIER AT A RATE EQUAL TO THAT OF THE FREQUENCY OF THE MODULATING SIGNAL

MODULATING SIGNAL DISADVANTAGES: CLASS A AMPLIFIER (NOT EFFICIENT) LOW POWER OUTPUT

AM DSBFC ENVELOPE

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EMITTER MODULATOR
VOLTAGE GAIN IS GIVEN BY: GAIN WITHOUT MODULATION (QUIESCENT)

A V = A q[1 + sin ct ]
GAIN WITH MODULATION THUS:

A V = A q[1 ] Av = 2 Aq FOR = 1 Av = 0
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EXAMPLE
FOR THE AM EMITTER MODULATOR WITH MODULATION INDEX OF 0.8, QUIESCIENT VOLTAGE GAIN OF 100, INPUT CARRIER FREQUENCY OF 500 kHz WITH AMPLITUDE OF 5 mV AND A 1000 Hz MODULATING SIGNAL, DETERMINE: MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VOLTAGE GAINS:

A max = 100 (1 + 0 . 8 ) = 180 A min = 100 (1 0 . 8 ) = 20

MAXIMUM & MINIMUM Vout AMPLITUDES:

V out V out

(max) (min)

= 180 ( 0 . 005 ) = 0 . 9 V = 20 ( 0 . 005 ) = 0 . 1 V

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MEDIUM LEVEL MODULATOR

MEDIUM POWER AM MODULATOR MODULATING SIGNAL REQUIRES HIGHER AMPLITUDES DISADVANTAGE: M < 100% MODULATION AT Q OUTPUT ELEMENT (COLLECTOR MODULATOR)

CARRIER SIGNAL

CLASS C AMPLIFIER HIGHER POWER EFFICIENCY

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LINEAR IC MODULATOR
MODULATING SIGNAL MODULATED SIGNAL

LOW POWER OUTPUT

1 fc = RC
FUNCTION GENERATOR
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LINEAR IC MODULATOR - EXAMPLE

fc =

1 = 100kHz 10k (.001uF )

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DSB-SC AM
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-SC)

MESSAGE SIGNAL = CARRIER SIGNAL =

m (t ) = E m cos m t M ( ) C (t ) = E c cos ct C ( )

MODULATED SIGNAL = m (t )C (t ) = E m E c cos m t cos ct

= 2 f

1 1 (cos X )(cos Y ) = cos( X + Y ) + cos( X Y ) 2 2 E mE c [cos( c + m )t + cos( c m )t ] 2 E mE c [ ( c + m ) + ( c m ) ] m (t ) cos ct 2

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION (DSB-SC)

m (t )C (t )
MULTIPLIER MODULATOR

m(t ) = cosmt C (t ) = cos ct

E mE c [cos(c + m )t + cos(c m )t ] 2
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESS CARRIER (DSB-SC) MESSAGE

M ( )
BANDWITH:

Bm
m
MODULATED SIGNAL (DSB-SC AM)

Bm = fm

0 2 fm = m LSB

DSB ( )
0

USB

Bm Bm
c m c c + m c m c c + m
BW OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL IS:
62

B = 2Bm
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESS CARRIER (DSB-SC)

THE MODULATED CARRIER SPECTRUM CENTERED AT fc IS COMPOSED OF AN UPPER SIDEBAND ABOVE fc, (USB), AND A LOWER SIDEBAND BELOW fc, (LSB).

EmEc [cos(c + m)t + cos(c m)t ] 2 LSB USB

2 fm
MODULATED SIGNAL DOES NOT HAVE A COMPONENT AT fc, IN THIS CASE THE SCHEME IS CALLED DSB-SC MODULATION
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DSB-SC MODULATORS
MULTIPLIER MODULATORS ANALOG MULTIPLIERS (i.e. VARIABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMPS OR TRANSISTORS, WHEREBY THE GAIN PARAMETER IS CONTROLLED BY ONE OF THE SIGNALS (i.e. S1(t) ) LINEAR TIME-VARYING MODULATOR S1(t) K S1(t) S2(t) VARIABLE GAIN S2(t) K S1(t)

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DSB-SC MODULATORS
NONLINEAR MODULATORS MODULATION CAN BE ACHIEVED BY USING NONLINEAR DEVICES (SQUARE LAW DEVICE = DIODE, TRANSISTOR)

I V

I aV + bV 2
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DSB-SC NONLINEAR MODULATOR

I1 + m(t) + + m(t) E2 + I2
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E1

+
R

cos ct

BAND- Vo (t ) = V PASS Km (t ) cos ct FILTER

R

DSB-SC NONLINEAR MODULATOR

E 1 = cos ct + m (t ) I 1 = a E 1 + b E 12 E 2 = cos ct m (t ) I 2 = a E 2 + b E 22
2

I 1 = a [cos ct + m (t ) ] + b[cos ct + m (t ) ] I 2 = a [cos ct m (t ) ] + b[cos ct m (t ) ]

V = I1 R I 2R

V = 2 R [2 b m (t ) cos ct + a m (t ) ]

FILTER USING BP FILTER TUNED TO c

V o = 2 R [2 b m (t ) cos ct ] = Km (t ) cos ct
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DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESS CARRIER (DSB-SC)

MODULATED SIGNAL (DSB-SC AM)

BP FILTER

c m c c + m

c m c c + m

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DSB-SC MODULATORS
SWITCHING MODULATOR A MODULATED SIGNAL CAN BE REALIZED BY MULTIPLYING m(t) BY ANY PERIODIC SIGNAL OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY c (i.e. SQUARE PULSE TRAIN)
S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

+ V , 0 < t < T / 2 s (t ) = 0, T / 2 < t < 0

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NEITHER FUNCTION
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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

+ V , 0 < t < T / 2 s (t ) = 0, T / 2 < t < 0

NEITHER FUNCTION

s (t ) = A o + A n cos n c t + B n sin n c t
n =1

1 T A o = s (t ) dt T 0 2 T A n = s (t ) cos n c t dt T 0
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2 Bn = T

s (t ) sin n c t dt
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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

1 T 2 1 T /2 1 T V A o = V dt = Vt 0 = V = T 0 T 2 2 T 2 T2 B n = V sin n c t dt T 0

sin u du = cos u

b a

; u = n o t ; du = n o dt
T 0 2

2V Bn = Tn c
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cos n c t

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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T
T
2 0

SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

2V Bn = Tn c

cos n c t

n 2 t t = + T 2 ; + n n ct = = T t = 0; 0

V [( cos n + cos 0 ) ] Bn = n

n odd ; 1 cos n = n even ; 1

2V n odd ; V n [1 cos n ] Bn = n even; 0 n

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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

2 An = T

T2 V cos n c t dt 0
b a

cos u du = sin u

; u = n o t ; du = n o dt
T
0

2V An = Tn c
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sin n ct

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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T
T
0 2

SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

time

2V An = Tn c

sin n ct

n 2 t t = + T 2 ; + n n ct = = T t = 0; 0

V [(sin n sin 0 ) ] An = n V [sin n ] = 0 An = n

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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T time SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

V Ao = 2

An = 0

2V n odd ; Bn = n n even; 0

s (t ) = A o + A n cos n c t + B n sin n c t
n =1 2V V s (t ) = + sin n c t 2 n = odd n

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FOURIER SERIES OF THE SQUARE WAVE

S(t) V -T/2 0 T/2 T time SQUARE WAVE: 50% DUTY CYCLE

2V V s (t ) = + sin n c t 2 n = odd n

1 1 V 2V s (t ) = + sin ct + 3 sin 3 ct + 5 sin 5 ct + L 2

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SWITCHING MODULATORS THE SPECTRUM OF THE PRODUCT m (t ) s (t ) :

Vm (t ) 2V m (t ) s (t ) = + m (t ) sin n c t 2 n = odd n

IS:

VM ( m ) 2V m (t ) s (t ) + 2 n

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO WAVES

nodd

M (

+ n c ) + M ( m n c )

IF THIS SIGNAL IS PASSED THROUGH A BANDPASS FILTER OF BANDWITH 2B AND TUNED TO THEN WE GET c THE DESIRED MODULATED SIGNAL:

V o = Km ( t ) s ( t )
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SUPPRESS CARRIER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

SC SYSTEMS NEED SOPHISTICATED CIRCUITRY AT THE RECEIVER SO TO GENERATE A LOCAL CARRIER OF EXACTLY THE RIGHT FREQUENCY AND PHASE FOR SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION (NEED TO SUPPRESS THE CARRIER FREQUENCY AT THE TRANSMITTER) SC SYSTEMS ARE VERY EFFICIENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF POWER REQUIREMENTS AT THE TRANSMITTER (COMPARED TO DSB-FC/SSB-FC)

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SUPPRESS CARRIER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

SC SYSTEMS ARE JUSTIFIED IN POINT-TO-POINT COMMUNICATIONS (ONE RECEIVER FOR EACH TRANSMITTER) FOR BROADCAST SYSTEMS WITH A MULTITUDE OF RECEIVERS FOR EACH TRANSMITTER, IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL TO HAVE SIMPLER, LESS EXPENSIVE RECEIVERS (INEXPENSIVE DEMODULATOR), THUS FULL CARRIER SYSTEMS (i.e. DSB-FC)

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