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UNIT II NATURAL RESOURCES

Environmental Studies - B.Com - Bangalore University - Unit 2

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Lavin Bhawnani
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11 views5 pages

UNIT II NATURAL RESOURCES

Environmental Studies - B.Com - Bangalore University - Unit 2

Uploaded by

Lavin Bhawnani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT II NATURAL RESOURCE

Definition :
The necessities that are required for the service of mankind / life is known as resource.
The term resource was named by Prof. Zimmermann.

Types of Resource :
1. Land resource
2. Forest resource
3. Water resource
4. Energy resource
5. Food resource

1. Land Resource :
Land resource is another important vital resource as it is used for many
purpose.
Our country covers 2.5% of the total available land resource.

Uses of Land Resource:


1. It is mainly used for cultivation purpose.
2. It is used for Mines.
3. For industries and factories.
4. For residential purpose
5. For all the construction
6. For School and colleges
7. For Hospitality.
8. For Research station etc..

Land use change / land use pattern in India:


India consists of about 329 million hectares of land. Out of these only 306
million hectares of land were surveyed and researched. Remaining 23 million
hectares of land could not or unable to research, because such places are
very thick forests, few hot deserts and bushy areas etc..

Land degradation:
Loss of Minerals fertility and loss of potential and physical strengths leads to
land degradation.

Causes / Reasons:
1. By excess of Mining
2. By rapid urbanization
3. By over digging of land
4. By landslides, earthquakes etc
5. By using high amount of pesticides
6. By dumping buildings wastes on earth. .
7. By harming underground level.
8. By the settlement of plastics inside the earth.
9. By deforestation.
10. By making homes and buildings on hilly region.

Effects :
1. It reduces the minerals.
2. It decreases the nutrients in soil.
3. It reduces the potential strengths of soil.
4. It collapse the natural resinous.
5. Lands become barren.
6. It decreases the yield of crops.
7. Few disease may occur like cholera skin allergy etc..
8. Increase in temperature.
Controlling measures :
1. To control rapid urbanization.
2. Avoid the excess construction of buildings.
3. To control plastics.
4. To make afforestation.
5. To control excess of mines.
6. To avoid digging of land.
7. To improve the fertility of soil.

Soil Erosion:
Removal of top most or upper most layer of soil by man-made activities or by
few natural disasters leads to soil erosion.

There are three types of soil erosion.


1. Sheet Erosion : Eroding of soil only on upper surface of soil like sheet or slope
like structure.
Ex: By heavy winds or by rainfall.

2. Rill Erosion : Eroding of soil on both upper and lower surface region of soil
by ring,
curvy or stream like structure.
Ex: By Hurricanes, Rain on Hills.

3. Gully Erosion : Eroding of soil both on upper and lower surface region of
soil
like tiny channels in all surface.
Ex: By landslides, Earthquake, volcanoes etc.

Causes of Soil Erosion:


1. By growing same crops in Agriculture fields.
2. By using high amount of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture fields.
3. During floods and Hurricanes.
4. By destroying forests.
5. By blasting crackers and explosives.
6. Due to urbanization.
7. By tar road and cements.
8. Due to excess of mining.
9. By plastic brings and settlement of plastics inside the soil.
10. By over garaging of animals.

Effects:
1. It reduces the fertility of Soil.
2. It damages the vegetation.
3. It affects the crops.
4. Reduction in nutrients.
5. Loss of minerals.
6. Increase in temperature.
7. By acquiring few diseases like soil pollution allergies.
8. It affects water resource.

Controlling Measures:
1. To implement crop rotation method in agricultural fields.
2. To control rapid urbanization.
3. To control excess of mines.
4. To clear al debris on soil.
5. To control over digging of land.
6. To control plastic burning.
7. Avoid the high amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in agricultural areas.
8. To control explosives and fire crackers.

Deforestation:
Reckless cutting of trees and destroying of forests by humans is called deforestation.

Causes / Reasons:
1. Due to rapid urbanization.
2. By excess of population growth.
3. By expansion of agricultural field along with forest.
4. Due to expansion of Highways and Roadway in forest.
5. By hunting and poaching of animals.
6. By industrial development.
7. By timber extraction.
8. By rubber industries.
9. By acquiring forest lands by rural peoples.
10. By making resort and cottages inside forest.
11. By forest fire.
12. Also w1by bush fire.

Effects:
1. Decrease in Rain.
2. It collapses vegetation.
3. Lands become barren.
4. I affects the nutrients in soil
5. Leads to soil erosion
6. It affects birds and animals by loss of shelter.
7. It also affects the life styles of tribal people.
8. It collapses natural eco system.
9. Increase in temperature.
10. Leads to global warming.
11. It promotes less fertility by in soil
12. Depletion of ground water.

Controlling Measures:
1. To avoid forest fire and bush fire.
2. To control resorts and cottages in forests.
3. To control hunting and poaching of animals.
4. To avoid the cutting of trees in forest.
5. To control the extraction of timber.
6. To control the rapid urbanization.
7. To avoid strictly the expansion of Roads and highways.
8. To control the vehicles entering during night time.

Desertification:
The place having the rainfall of below 25 cm and ultimately the land converted
into a desert like condition due to loss of fertility in soil is called desertification.

Causes / Reasons
1. By deforestation.
2. By land degradation.
3. By overgrazing of domestic animals.
4. Due to less rainfall.
5. Due to increase in temperature.
6. By drought and volcanoes.
7. By excess of mining.
8. Improper cultivation practices in agricultural fields.

Effects:
1. It affects vegetation.
2. Global warming may occur.
3. Decreases rainfall.
4. Disease may occur like skin disease, skin rashes etc..
5. Psoriasis may occur.
6. Destruction of species in an ecosystem.
7. It collapses the minerals.
8. It affects nutrients in soil.

Controlling Measures:
1. To make afforestation.
2. Avoid over grazing.
3. To contest global warming.
4. Reclamation of soil.
5. Following scientific cultivation technique.
6. Restoring the soil moisture.
7. To control excess o mines.
8. To grow more plants and trees.

Dams and their effects to Tribal people:


Uses of Dams:
1. It is essential for modern lifestyle areas.
2. It helps to store the water in huge content.
3. It helps to supply water for all residential areas.
4. It also helpful to factories and industries.
5. It helps to generate Hydro Electricity.
6. It also helpful to secrete water during drought conditions.
7. It improves water canals and rivers.
8. It also helps to give water to neighboring states / countries.
9. It controls excess of floods.
10. It improves water holding capacity in ground water.

Dams effects to Tribal people:


1. It collapses the forest resource.
2. Tribal people may lose their shelter.
3. Tribal people may suffer from their natural lifestyle.
4. Tribal people may eager to change their places.
5. Tribal people may suffer from food.
6. They severely suffer from mental sickness.

Use and Over – Exploitation of Surface and Ground Water


Uses of Water:
1. For agricultural practices.
2. For industrial purpose.
3. For domestic use.
4. Recreation purpose (water, parks, water fountains etc.)
5. For mining.
6. For farmers and poultry.
7. For other purpose like garage, hospitality, school and colleges etc.

Conflicts Over water:


The conflicts over water happens during the distribution of water to relevant
states or countries.

a. Inter states water conflicts


1. River Cauvery : Karnataka > Tamilnadu > Kerala and Pondicherry
2. River Krishna : Maharashtra > Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh.
3. River sutlez –Yamuna : Punjab and Haryana
4. River Yamuna : East Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.
5. River Godawari : Andhra Pradesh > Karnataka
6. River Mahadayi : Maharashtra > Goa and Karnataka

b. International water conflicts :


1. River Indus – Sutlej : India and Pakistan
2. River Brahmaputra : China and India
3. River Sindhu : India > Pakistan and Afghanistan

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