A Project Report

On

EPILEPSY DETECTION USING ADAPTIVE NETWORK-BASED FUZZY

INFERENCE SYSTEM

BY

GROUP 8

MUZAFFAR NAVEED (2024PHXP0060H)

KANCHAN (2021A3PS2185H)

SIDDHARTH GANESH (2022A3PS1316H)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

PROF. RAVI KIRAN

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF

EEE/ECE/INSTR F411: IOT PROJECT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

(RAJASTHAN)

HYDERABAD CAMPUS

(SEPTEMBER 2024)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I take this opportunity to thank Prof. Ravi Kiran., my Instructor in Charge, for
placing his trust in my work and for all the guidance, help, and encouragement
throughout the semester. I sincerely thank all my colleagues in the Electrical
Engineering department for providing me with various opportunities to learn.

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 Contributions

Student Name Contributions

Muzaffar Naveed Signal preprocessing, feature
extraction

Muzaffar Naveed ANFIS implementation and

optimization

Siddharth Ganesh Dataset generation and validation

Kanchan Documentation and comparative
analysis

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 ABSTRACT

Epileptic seizures are random, and most epileptic patients experience dangerous
physical symptoms during an attack that render the patient uneasy when
conducting their daily tasks hence epilepsy detection is a critical area in medical
research, requiring accurate and efficient classification of seizure types to improve
diagnosis and patient outcomes. This report presents a novel approach utilizing
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) to classify epilepsy types
based on multi-signal analysis, incorporating EEG, ECG, EMG, and
accelerometer data. Unlike previous studies that relied on limited signals or
insufficient preprocessing techniques, our method integrates advanced denoising,
feature extraction, and encoding processes to enhance accuracy and reduce false
alarms. The proposed model achieved a minimal training RMSE of 0.407216 and
an average testing error of 0.33486, outperforming state-of-the-art solutions by
leveraging the critical insights from EEG data alongside other physiological
signals. Comparative analysis highlights how the inclusion of multi-signal inputs
and the use of ANFIS address the limitations of earlier approaches, such as high
false alarm rates and insufficient feature integration. The results demonstrate that
our solution not only achieves superior classification performance but also
establishes a robust framework for reducing false alarms and improving seizure
detection accuracy, making it a promising advancement in the field of epilepsy
diagnostics.

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 CONTENTS
Title page ............................................................................................. 1

Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 2

Contributions ........................................................................................ 3

Abstract ................................................................................................ 4

1. Introduction…………………………………….6

2. Methodology……………………………………7-12

2.1 ANFIS logic simulations……………….7

2.2 Framework……………………………...8-12

3. Comparison with state of the art solutions……..13-15

3.1 Summary table of papers………………15

4. Results and discussion…………………………16-18

Conclusion .............................................................................................19

References………………………………………………………………20

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 1. Introduction
The fast improvement of the Internet of Things (IoT) innovation makes it
possible to associate different objects together through the Internet and to provide
more information on interoperability techniques for application purposes [1].
More potential uses of IoT in data- intensive modern domains, such as medical
care services, are being investigated. With the help of the Internet of Things and
developments in sensor technology, monitoring epilepsy patients has never been
easier with IoT assistance [2]. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological
disorders, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Seizures occur
suddenly, and without proper monitoring, they can lead to severe injuries or life-
threatening complications [2]. Traditional methods for monitoring epileptic
patients rely on manual observation or hospital-based systems, which are limited
by their inability to continuously monitor patients outside of clinical settings.

Epilepsy detection requires robust models capable of analyzing complex

signals such as EEG, ECG, EMG, and accelerometer data. Our research highlights
the shortcomings of prior approaches and demonstrates the effectiveness of
integrating multi-signal analysis. For instance, Paper 2 did not utilize EEG data,
which is crucial for identifying neurological patterns of seizures. By including
EEG alongside other signals and employing advanced denoising techniques, our
solution addresses these gaps effectively.

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 2. Methodology
Data for this study was organized by generating synthetic signals simulating EEG,
ECG, EMG, and accelerometer measurements.

Key steps include:

1. Denoising: Savitzky-Golay filtering was applied to reduce noise.

2. Feature Extraction: Mean and standard deviation values were extracted as

features.

3. Label Encoding: Seizure types were numerically encoded for compatibility with
ANFIS.

4. Classification: ANFIS was employed to classify the data with high accuracy,
reducing false alarms by learning complex patterns in the data.

2.1 ANFIS Logic-Based Simulations

In this work, sensor output data representing patient behaviors is used as input for
the ANFIS logic system. Simulations are conducted using MATLAB script
commands to identify membership functions for each input. The Sugeno-type
inference system is employed to model the fuzzy relationships between input
signals and epilepsy classification. These relationships are expressed using a set
of IF-THEN rules, such as:

Rj: IF x1 is Mj1(x1) AND ... AND xn is Mjn(xn) THEN y is N

where Mji and N represent fuzzy sets for the inputs Xi and output y, respectively.
The premise (IF part) defines the input conditions, while the conclusion (THEN
part) determines the output classification.

This system's fuzzification process transforms crisp input values into fuzzy values
based on defined membership functions. The inference engine evaluates these
fuzzy inputs against rules to determine the output. Finally, defuzzification
converts the fuzzy output back into a crisp value for classification. The
defuzzification process uses the centroid method, providing a robust decision-
making process. Inputs such as "EEG," "ECG," "TEMP," and "ACC" are
processed to derive context-aware classification results, reducing false alarms and
enhancing accuracy.

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2.2 Framework

This solution integrates multi-signal analysis from various sensors, including

EEG (Electroencephalography), ECG (Electrocardiography), EMG
(Electromyography), and accelerometer data. These signals are processed using
an ANFIS logic-based controller to classify seizure types. The system is designed
to handle real-time signal processing and classification to provide continuous
monitoring and accurate predictions.

Data Processing and Classification:

1. Preprocessing and Denoising:

 Raw signals are denoised using Savitzky-Golay filtering to reduce noise

artifacts and enhance signal quality.
 Key features, including statistical measures like mean and standard
deviation, are extracted from the signals for input into the classification
system.

2. Fuzzy Logic and ANFIS Classification:

 The processed signal data is classified into seizure and non-seizure events
using an ANFIS framework.
 Fuzzy rules are defined based on medical insights, such as:
o IF heart rate increases AND muscle spasms are detected, THEN
seizure is likely.
o IF EEG activity shows high spikes AND the accelerometer detects a
fall, THEN classify as a tonic-clonic seizure.

 This flexible approach effectively handles uncertainties in the input data,

reducing false positives and improving classification accuracy.
 Input and Output to the ANFIS System

Figure 1: Inputs and Output for ANFIS.

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 This project's ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) model is
designed to classify epilepsy types by processing physiological data collected
from multiple sources, including EEG, ECG, EMG, and accelerometer
signals.

The inputs to the system are statistical features extracted from these signals,
as shown in Figure 1, such as mean and standard deviation, which capture
critical variations indicative of seizure activity.

The outputs of the system correspond to discrete epilepsy classifications:

0: Focal Seizure

1: Generalized Seizure

2: Absence Seizure

3: Non-Epileptic

 Membership Functions

The ANFIS model utilizes fuzzy membership functions to map input

variables into linguistic terms, enabling the system to handle uncertainties
inherent in the signal data.

Gaussian membership functions are defined for each input, which provides
smooth transitions between fuzzy sets and facilitates accurate classification.

Figure 2: Input membership functions for ANFIS.

For instance, EEG spike patterns will be mapped into low, Moderate, and
High fuzzy sets. Accelerometer readings could be mapped to stationary,
normal, and jerky movements. Different types of membership functions can
be used. For example, in Figure 3, a triangle type of MF is used.

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 Figure 3: Input membership functions for ANFIS.

Figure 4: Output membership functions for ANFIS.

Figure 4 shows the output membership functions, which are of constant type.

 Rule Design for Epilepsy Classification

The fuzzy inference system uses a set of IF-THEN rules derived from expert
medical knowledge. These rules link the input conditions (e.g., signal
features) to the output classifications. Examples include:

IF EEG activity is High AND Muscle Spasms are Detected THEN classify as
Generalized Seizure.

IF EEG activity is Moderate AND Heart Rate Variability is High THEN

classify as Focal Seizure.

IF Accelerometer detects Jerky Movements AND Oxygen Saturation is Low

THEN classify as Tonic-Clonic Seizure.

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 Figure 5: Rules for ANFIS.

Each rule integrates multiple physiological parameters to ensure context-

aware decisions, reducing false positives and enhancing classification
accuracy, as shown in Figure 5.

 Role of ANFIS in Tuning the Fuzzy System

The ANFIS model combines fuzzy logic with neural network principles to
tune membership functions and optimize the fuzzy rule base. Key tuning
processes include:

Adjustment of Membership Function Parameters: During the training phase,

ANFIS modifies the shapes and boundaries of membership functions to fit
the input-output data relationships best.

Optimization of Rule Weights: ANFIS assigns weights to fuzzy rules,

emphasizing those that contribute more significantly to accurate
classification.

Learning Process: By iteratively adjusting parameters, ANFIS minimizes

error (e.g., RMSE) between predicted and actual classifications.

 Classification Process

Fuzzification: The system converts crisp input features (e.g., statistical values
of signals) into fuzzy values using the defined membership functions.

Inference Engine: The fuzzy inference mechanism evaluates the input data
against the set of rules to generate fuzzy output values.
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 Defuzzification: The fuzzy outputs are converted back into crisp values using
the centroid method, providing the final classification of epilepsy type.

This process allows the system to adapt to variations in patient data

dynamically, ensuring robust and accurate classification across diverse
seizure types.

3. Real-Time Simulations:

Simulated datasets were analyzed to evaluate the system's performance under

varied conditions. The classification results were validated against predefined
seizure types, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional
approaches.

The methodology achieves robust classification with minimal false alarms by

leveraging multi-signal inputs and advanced fuzzy inference systems. This
approach aligns with state-of-the-art techniques, further optimizing the balance
between sensitivity and specificity in epilepsy detection.

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 3. Comparison with State-of-the-Art Solutions
Our implemented ANFIS-based epilepsy detection model was compared
against existing state-of-the-art solutions.
The comparison highlights the model's performance regarding testing error,
RMSE, and classification accuracy.
The average testing error achieved was 0.33486, demonstrating our approach's
effectiveness compared to other methods.

Several previous studies faced limitations that reduced their performance:

Here’s a paper-wise comparative analysis of the three prior works versus your
solution:

Paper 1: Device-Based Multi-Sensor Monitoring

Key Approach:
- Utilized ECG, EMG, and accelerometer sensors to detect seizure events.
- Relied on a fuzzy logic controller for decision-making, using simple IF-THEN
rules.
- Focused on generalized seizures, with alerts sent to caregivers via IoT
platforms.

Limitations:
- Did not include EEG data, which is critical for identifying brainwave
abnormalities associated with seizures.
- Limited preprocessing, leading to higher noise in signals.
- Prone to false alarms due to simplistic decision-making rules.

Comparison with Our Work:

- Our solution integrates EEG data alongside other physiological signals,
improving detection for non-convulsive seizures.
- Advanced preprocessing (e.g., Savitzky-Golay filtering) reduces noise and
enhances classification accuracy.
- ANFIS provides a more adaptive and context-aware classification framework,
significantly reducing false positives.

Paper 2: Wearable Seizure Detection Without EEG**

Key Approach:
- Focused on wearable detection systems using ECG, accelerometer, and
temperature sensors.
- Employed rule-based decision-making for seizure classification.
- Highlighted low-cost and user-friendly hardware solutions.
Limitations:
- Excluded EEG data, missing critical neurological insights necessary for
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comprehensive seizure detection.
- Rule-based classification often misinterpreted non-seizure activities, leading to
high false positives.
- Lack of advanced feature extraction limited system adaptability and accuracy.

Comparison with Our Work:

- Unlike this work, we include EEG data, a key factor in improving classification
accuracy for non-convulsive seizures.
- Our ANFIS model leverages multi-signal inputs and adaptive learning,
minimizing false alarms caused by non-seizure activities.
- Emphasis on computational accuracy and minimal testing error (0.33486)
makes our solution robust and suitable for diverse conditions.

Paper 3: Smartphone-Integrated Wearable System

Key Approach:
- Used accelerometers and vibration sensors for motion-based seizure detection.
- Integrated Bluetooth connectivity for real-time alerts to caregivers via mobile
applications.
- Developed user-friendly features like false alarm and panic buttons.

Limitations:
- Heavy reliance on hardware, including vibration sensors and smartphone
connectivity, limits flexibility.
- No EEG integration, which restricts detection to motor-based seizures,
excluding absence or focal seizures.
- Threshold-based algorithms lacked sophistication, causing frequent false
positives.

Comparison with Our Work:

- Our approach avoids hardware dependency, focusing on multi-signal
computational accuracy and adaptability.
- Inclusion of EEG and ANFIS logic allows detection across a broader range of
seizure types, including non-convulsive ones.
- Reduced false alarms and testing error demonstrate the robustness of our
classification method compared to the simpler threshold-based approach in this
paper.

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3.1 Summary Table of Comparison:

Feature Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Our Work

EEG Data Not included Not included Not included Included,
improving
detection
accuracy.
Multi-Signal ECG, EMG, ECG, Accelerometer EEG, ECG,
Integration Acceleromete Accelerometer , Vibration EMG,
r , Temperature Acceleromete
r
Preprocessin Minimal Minimal Minimal Advanced
g denoising and
feature
extraction
Classification Fuzzy Logic Rule-Based Threshold- ANFIS:
Based Adaptive and
Context-
Aware
False Alarms High High High Significantly
Reduced
Focus on Moderate Moderate Low High, with
Accuracy testing error
of 0.33486
Hardware High High High Low
Dependency

Our approach addresses these shortcomings by integrating diverse signals,

employing denoising techniques, and leveraging ANFIS for classification.

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 4. Results and Discussions
The following results demonstrate the performance of our solution in epilepsy
detection. The minimal training RMSE was 0.407216, with testing error reduced
to an average of 0.33486.

Training RMSE: 0.407216

Testing Error: 0.33486

Below are the results demonstrating the performance of our approach. The
minimal training RMSE achieved was 0.407216, and the average testing error was
reduced to 0.33486. This highlights the effectiveness of our solution in classifying
epilepsy types with reduced false alarms.

Figure 1: ANFIS Training Progress (Minimal RMSE achieved).

Figure 2: Testing Data and FIS Output (Classification results).

The Figures 1 and 2 show the training and testing of ANFIS model in Matlab
simulation environment.

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Figure 3: Training Data for ANFIS.

Figure 4: Testing Data for ANFIS.

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 Figure 5: Output of ANFIS for Training and Testing Data

The above figures 3,4 and 5 show the training and testing datasets for ANFIS
model. The output of ANFIS is classified in 4 types. They are: Focal seizure – 0,
Generalized Seizure – 1, Absence Seizure – 2, Non-Epileptic – 3.
Each of these seizures are classified based on the variance of data and ANFIS
creates learning weights which help in classifiying these seizures.

 Advantages of the Proposed Methodology

Reduction of False Alarms: Integrating multi-signal inputs and ANFIS-tuned fuzzy

logic ensures precise classification, significantly lowering the rate of false
positives.

Context-Aware Decisions: By combining multiple physiological parameters, the

system captures the complex interplay of features characteristic of seizures.

Scalability: The methodology can be extended to include additional inputs or rules,

making it adaptable to future advancements in seizure detection technology.

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 Conclusion
Our solution significantly improves upon prior work by leveraging multi-
signal integration, denoising techniques, and the ANFIS classifier.

We achieved lower testing errors and minimal false alarms by incorporating

EEG data and effectively reducing noise.

This IoT-based system provides a highly accurate and reliable solution for
monitoring epileptic patients. While it offers significant improvements in accuracy
and flexibility compared to previous solutions, further testing in real-world
environments is needed to ensure robustness and minimize false alarms.

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 References
[1] B.D. Chung Hua, H. Fahmi, L. Yuhao, C.C. Kiong, A. Harun, Internet of things (IoT) monitoring system
for elderly, in Int. Conf. Intell. Adv. Syst. ICIAS 2018, 2018, pp. 1–6, no. August 2018.

[2] I. Lee, K. Lee, The Internet of things (IoT): applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises, Bus.
Horiz. 58 (4) (2015) 431–440.

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 PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND TO BE WORKED ON:

Improve Accuracy and Minimize False Positives

● Goal: Enhance the decision algorithm by incorporating machine learning (ML)

techniques to reduce false alarms while increasing sensitivity to various seizure
types.

Incorporate EEG (Electroencephalography) Monitoring

● Goal: Add EEG sensors to the device to directly monitor brainwave activity for
more comprehensive seizure detection, especially for non-convulsive seizures
like absence seizures.

Optimize Power Consumption and Battery Life

● Goal: Develop strategies to improve power efficiency for both the wearable
device and the connected smartphone.