MIDWAY REPORT: PROJECT SEMESTER

on
STUDY OF ENERGY ECONOMY IMPROVEMENT OF A
THREE WHEELER ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Submitted by
Priymohana Misra
102004073

Under the Guidance of

Host Mentor Faculty Supervisor

Dr. Robindro Lairenlakpam Dr. Manoj Badoni
Senior Principal Scientist, AFLAD Associate Professor
CSIR-IIP EIED, TIET

2024
Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala
(Declared as Deemed-to-be-University u/s 3 of the UGC Act., 1956)
Post Bag No. 32, Patiala – 147004
Punjab (India)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES 3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT 4
CHAPTER 2: WORK DONE TILL NOW IN THE PROJECT 5
2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF
SUPERCAPACITOR 5
2.2 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLE 6
2.3 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF BATTERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 7
2.4 COMMON TAKEAWAY POINTS FROM THE RESEARCH
PAPERS 9
2.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EACH RESEARCH PAPER 11
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS 17
CHAPTER 4: REMAINING TASKS TO BE COMPLETED 18
REFRENCES 19

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LIST OF FIGURES

S.No. Figure no. Description Page No.

1. 2.1 Supercapacitor along with its components 6
2. 2.2 Control structure of Electric Vehicle 7
3. 2.3 Concept map of Battery Management System 9
4. 2.4 (a) Topologies for HESS (a) Passive configuration 14
5. 2.4 (b) Topologies for HESS (b) Semi Active 15
Configuration
6. 2.4 (c) Topologies for HESS (c) Active configuration 15

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

In the context of the growing demand for sustainable transportation solutions, electric
vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional internal combustion
engine vehicles. However, challenges such as limited range, lengthy charging times, and
concerns about battery degradation continue to hinder widespread adoption. Herein lies the
significance of supercapacitors, offering rapid energy storage and discharge capabilities that
complement the slower energy delivery of batteries. Integrating supercapacitors alongside
batteries in EVs presents an opportunity to address these challenges effectively. As the
project unfolds, it will commence with a thorough exploration of supercapacitors, elucidating
their fundamental principles and operational characteristics through a comprehensive review
of relevant research papers. Subsequently, the focus will shift towards understanding the
dynamics of three-wheeler EVs with integrated supercapacitors and batteries, analyzing
existing literature to discern the synergistic effects and potential challenges of this
integration. Concurrently, a detailed examination of Battery Management Systems (BMS)
will be undertaken to optimize the performance and lifespan of the integrated energy storage
system. By reviewing literature and research findings, the project aims to understand the
functionalities of BMS, including state-of-charge monitoring, cell balancing, and thermal
management, and explore their implications for energy economy and longevity. Leveraging
insights gleaned from these investigations, the project will progress towards the development
of Simulink models to simulate the integrated energy storage system. Incorporating relevant
parameters and variables identified from research papers, these models will facilitate the
analysis of system performance and efficiency under diverse driving conditions, thereby
providing valuable insights for future development and optimization. Ultimately, this project
aims to advance our understanding of energy economy improvement in three-wheeler EVs
through the integration of supercapacitors and batteries, contributing to the ongoing evolution
of sustainable transportation technologies and accelerating the transition towards a greener
automotive landscape.

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 CHAPTER 2
WORK DONE TILL NOW IN THE PROJECT

2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF A SUPERCAPACITOR

A supercapacitor, also known as an ultracapacitor or electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC),

is an energy storage device that stores electrical energy via electrostatic charge separation.
Unlike traditional capacitors, which store energy in an electric field between two conductive
plates separated by an insulator (dielectric), supercapacitors store energy in an
electrochemical double layer formed at the interface between a porous electrode material and
an electrolyte solution.
Components of a Supercapacitor:
Electrodes:
Supercapacitors have two electrodes, typically made of activated carbon or carbon nanotubes,
with high surface area to maximize the electrochemical double-layer formation.
The porous structure of the electrodes provides a large surface area for ions in the electrolyte
to interact, facilitating high energy storage capacity.
Electrolyte:
The electrolyte is a conductive solution that allows ions to move between the electrodes
during charging and discharging.
Common electrolytes used in supercapacitors include aqueous solutions such as sulfuric acid
or potassium hydroxide, as well as organic solvents with dissolved salts.
Separator:
The separator is a porous membrane placed between the electrodes to prevent short circuits
while allowing ions to pass through. It ensures that the electrodes remain electrically isolated
while enabling ion migration during charging and discharging.
Working Principle:
During charging, when a voltage is applied across the electrodes, ions from the electrolyte are
attracted to the surface of the electrodes. Positive ions migrate towards the negatively charged
electrode (anode), while negative ions migrate towards the positively charged electrode
(cathode). As a result, an electrochemical double layer forms at each electrode-electrolyte
interface, storing electrical energy in the form of charge separation. The capacitance of a
supercapacitor is determined by the surface area of the electrodes and the distance between

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them, as well as the properties of the electrolyte. Due to the large surface area and short
distance between electrodes, supercapacitors can achieve much higher capacitance values
compared to traditional capacitors.
During discharging, when a load is connected to the supercapacitor, stored energy is released
as ions return to the electrolyte solution, and current flows through the external circuit.
Supercapacitors can deliver high power output rapidly, making them suitable for applications
requiring quick energy bursts, such as regenerative braking in electric vehicles or peak power
shaving in renewable energy systems.

Fig 2.1 Supercapacitor along with its components

2.2 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Working of the Electric Vehicle

The Battery Pack serves as the primary energy storage source in the EV. It provides the
necessary energy for propulsion and other electrical systems. Typically, lithium-ion batteries
are used due to their high energy density and reliability.
Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors, are integrated alongside the battery pack.
They provide additional energy storage and have the capability for rapid charge and
discharge. Supercapacitors are particularly beneficial during acceleration and regenerative
braking, where they can quickly store and release energy, complementing the battery's slower
response times.
Power electronics include components such as Inverters, Converters, and Motor
Controllers. They manage the flow of electrical energy between the battery pack,
supercapacitors, and the electric motor. Inverter converts DC power from the battery pack
and supercapacitors into AC power to drive the electric motor.
The Electric Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle.
It receives power from the battery pack and supercapacitors through the power electronics.

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The motor's speed and torque are controlled by the motor controller, which adjusts the
voltage and current supplied by the power electronics.
The Battery Management System (BMS) is responsible for monitoring and managing the
battery pack's health, performance, and safety. It ensures proper charging, discharging, and
cell balancing to optimize battery life and prevent overcharging or over-discharging. In an
EV with integrated supercapacitors, the BMS also coordinates the operation of the
supercapacitors, ensuring seamless integration and optimal energy utilization.
The Control System coordinates the operation of all components in the EV, including the
battery pack, supercapacitors, power electronics, and motor. It implements algorithms to
optimize energy management, regulate power flow, and enhance overall vehicle performance.
The control system may prioritize using supercapacitors during high-power demand
situations such as acceleration, while relying on the battery pack for steady-state driving.

Fig 2.2 Control Structure of Electric Vehicle

2.3 UNDERSTANDING THE WORKING OF BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The battery management system (BMS) serves as the "brain" of an electric vehicle's (EV)
battery pack, overseeing its operation, ensuring safety, and optimizing performance. The
working of each of its processes is mentioned as follows:
1. State of Charge (SOC) Monitoring: One of the primary functions of the BMS is to
monitor the state of charge of individual cells within the battery pack. It accurately measures
the remaining capacity of each cell and aggregates this information to determine the overall
state of charge of the battery pack. This data is crucial for estimating the range of the EV and
providing accurate feedback to the driver.

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2. Cell Balancing: The BMS ensures that all cells within the battery pack are balanced,
meaning they have the same state of charge. This is essential for maximizing the capacity and
lifespan of the battery pack. To achieve this, the BMS can redistribute energy between cells
during charging and discharging cycles, ensuring that no cell is overcharged or over-
discharged.

3. Temperature Monitoring and Thermal Management: The BMS monitors the

temperature of individual cells and the overall battery pack to prevent overheating, which can
lead to performance degradation or even safety hazards like thermal runaway. It controls
thermal management systems such as liquid cooling or air cooling to maintain the battery
pack within the optimal temperature range.

4. Cell Voltage Monitoring: The BMS continuously monitors the voltage of each cell to
ensure that it remains within safe operating limits. It can detect abnormal voltage levels that
may indicate cell degradation, internal shorts, or other faults. In case of an anomaly, the BMS
may trigger protective measures such as cell isolation to prevent further damage.

5. State of Health (SOH) Estimation: By analyzing data collected over time, the BMS can
estimate the state of health of the battery pack, which refers to its overall condition and
remaining lifespan. This information helps vehicle owners and manufacturers make informed
decisions regarding battery maintenance, replacement, and warranty claims.

6. Safety Functions: In addition to monitoring and control functions, the BMS incorporates
safety features to protect the battery pack and the vehicle occupants. It can detect and respond
to hazardous conditions such as short circuits, overcurrent, overvoltage, and undervoltage
events by isolating faulty cells or disconnecting the battery pack from the vehicle's electrical
system.

7. Communication and Data Logging: Modern BMSs are equipped with communication
interfaces that allow them to exchange data with other vehicle systems, external devices, and
cloud-based platforms. They can transmit real-time battery information to the vehicle's
onboard display, diagnostic tools, or remote monitoring systems. Additionally, BMSs store
historical data for performance analysis, diagnostics, and predictive maintenance purposes.

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The battery management system plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient
operation of electric vehicle battery packs, optimizing their performance, and prolonging
their lifespan. It combines sophisticated monitoring, control, and safety features to manage
the complex electrochemical processes occurring within the battery cells and maintain the
overall health of the battery pack throughout its lifecycle.

Fig 2.3 Concept Map of Battery Management System

2.4 COMMON TAKEAWAY POINTS FROM THE RESEARCH PAPERS

Supercapacitors for Enhanced Electric Vehicle Performance

Supercapacitors are gaining traction as a potential solution to address some limitations of
battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs). Their ability to handle bursts of power makes them
ideal for regenerative braking and acceleration demands in EVs. By absorbing peak currents,
supercapacitors can extend battery life and reduce stress on the battery during these high-
power situations. Additionally, supercapacitors excel at recovering energy during braking,
significantly outperforming traditional batteries. This translates to a more efficient overall EV
system.
However, there are challenges to consider when integrating supercapacitors into EVs. Their
primary drawback is a lower energy density compared to batteries. This means they can store
much less energy, limiting the total EV range on a single charge. Additionally, the current
cost of supercapacitors makes them less competitive with batteries. To maximize the benefits
of both technologies, researchers are exploring hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) that
combine batteries and supercapacitors.
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Hybrid Energy Storage Systems: Promising Potential for EVs
Hybrid energy storage systems offer a promising approach to improve EV performance. By
combining batteries with supercapacitors, HESS can leverage the strengths of each
technology. Supercapacitors handle peak power demands, leading to improved acceleration
and a more responsive driving experience. Additionally, they reduce stress on the battery
during peak currents, extending its lifespan. This translates to potentially lower maintenance
costs for EVs in the long run. Furthermore, the ability of supercapacitors to capture more
energy during regenerative braking contributes to increased overall efficiency of the EV
system.
A crucial aspect of HESS development is optimizing the configuration to achieve the best
balance between batteries and supercapacitors. This optimization considers factors like power
density, energy density, discharge rate, life cycle, and cost. Ideally, an HESS would combine
the high energy density of batteries for long-range driving with the high power density of
supercapacitors for peak power needs.

The Future of Supercapacitors in EVs

The future of supercapacitors in EVs hinges on addressing the current limitations. Research
efforts are underway to improve the energy density of supercapacitors, making them more
competitive with batteries in terms of total energy storage capacity. Additionally, cost
reduction is essential for wider adoption of supercapacitors in EVs. As research progresses
and manufacturing techniques improve, the cost of supercapacitors is expected to decrease.
Finally, optimizing HESS configurations to maximize the combined benefits of batteries and
supercapacitors is crucial for unlocking the full potential of this technology in EVs. Overall,
supercapacitors hold significant promise for enhancing electric vehicle technology by
improving battery life, boosting energy efficiency, and potentially extending driving range.

2.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EACH RESEARCH PAPER

Research Paper 1: Effectiveness of Supercapacitor in braking operation of Electric

Vehicle
This research explores how to improve electric vehicles (EVs) in response to environmental
concerns. The study focuses on combining supercapacitors with batteries to address
challenges like power demands and battery life. Through simulations, the research examines
how this hybrid system can improve energy management, extend battery life, and ultimately

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increase an EV's driving range. This passage delves deeper into the specific benefits
supercapacitors provide, going beyond the general trends previously discussed.

1. Quantifying Regenerative Braking Efficiency:

Traditional batteries struggle to capture all the energy lost during braking in an EV. This
wasted energy translates to reduced driving range and lower overall efficiency.
Supercapacitors excel in this area. The new information specifies a remarkable 53% increase
in energy recovery during braking compared to batteries. This translates to a more efficient
system.

2. Extending Driving Range with Measurable Improvements:

The common understanding is that supercapacitors can increase driving range, but the new
details provide a quantifiable impact. The passage mentions a 74% improvement in driving
range for a given driving cycle when using a hybrid system combining batteries and
supercapacitors. This is a significant boost, potentially adding tens of kilometers to an EV's
range on a single charge.

3. Protecting Battery Life: Beyond Just Extended Lifespan

The common takeaways mentioned supercapacitors could extend battery life, but the new
passage explains the mechanism at play. Batteries degrade with each charge cycle and are
particularly stressed during peak power demands like acceleration. Supercapacitors act as a
buffer, absorbing these peak currents and reducing stress on the battery. This translates to a
slower degradation rate, extending the battery's overall lifespan within the EV.
Additionally, fewer charging cycles are needed for the battery due to supercapacitors
handling peak power, further contributing to its longevity.

4. Consistent Torque Delivery for a More Responsive Drive

The benefits of supercapacitors extend beyond just efficiency and range. The new passage
highlights how they can improve the driving experience. Supercapacitors can provide the
motor with more consistent peak power. In simpler terms, they can deliver bursts of power
quickly and efficiently. This translates to smoother torque delivery, a crucial factor for a
responsive and enjoyable driving experience.

Research Paper 2: Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System used in

Electric Vehicle

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This paper explores the simulation of a hybrid storage system (HSS) for Electric Vehicles
(EVs), integrating both battery and supercapacitor modules. The objective is to assess the
system's performance using MATLAB SIMULINK, focusing on mitigating battery stresses
and enhancing storage efficiency. By addressing challenges like high peak currents and
uneven loading profiles, the integration of supercapacitors aims to extend battery lifespan and
improve overall energy storage efficiency. This paragraph provides a more detailed
exploration of the unique advantages offered by supercapacitors, surpassing the preceding
discussion of general patterns.

1. Uneven Loading Profile:

It explains that relying solely on batteries creates an uneven load profile for EVs. This means
batteries have to constantly handle both peak power demands (acceleration) and average
loads, leading to reduced lifespan and performance.

2. Supercapacitors Take on High Power Burdens

The research paper clarifies that supercapacitors act as a buffer, absorbing the high power
requirements of EVs during acceleration and other peak demands. This protects batteries
from these damaging high currents, extending their lifespan.

3. Improved Efficiency Through Regenerative Braking

While the common takeaways mentioned efficiency gains, the research paper specifies that
supercapacitors contribute to this improvement by efficiently capturing energy during
regenerative braking – a process where braking energy is converted back into electricity. This
captured energy can then be used to power the vehicle or stored for later use, further boosting
overall efficiency and driving range.

Research Paper 3: Comparative Analysis of the Supercapacitor influence on Lithium

Battery cycle life in Electric Vehicle Energy Storage

The research paper conducts a meticulous analysis of the impact of a supercapacitor (SC)
system on battery operation in Electric Vehicles (EVs). By utilizing histogram representation,
the authors reveal significant variations and high absolute values in energy storage current
profiles, highlighting potential negative consequences for battery health. This sets the stage
for exploring how the SC system, coupled with an energy management control algorithm, can

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effectively mitigate these issues. This paragraph offers a more comprehensive analysis of the
distinct benefits that supercapacitors provide, going beyond the previous discourse on broad
trends.

1. The Power of Energy Management:

The common takeaways mentioned SC systems improve battery life, but this research paper
details the mechanism. It explains how the SC system, coupled with an energy management
control algorithm, radically changes the current distribution. The analysis reveals that
currents below 40 A now make up 90% of the distribution, with the maximum current
significantly reduced to around 80 A. This translates to a much less stressful environment for
the battery.

2. Efficient Recuperation Beyond Just Efficiency Gains:

This research paper expands on the concept of efficient recuperation. It highlights how the
SC system not only improves overall efficiency but also protects the battery from the adverse
effects of intermittent charging during regenerative braking. This emphasizes the SC system's
role in actively managing energy flow to benefit battery longevity.

3. Adaptability to Different Driving Conditions:

This research paper showcases the SC system's versatility. It analyzes distinct current
distributions for both urban and extra-urban driving scenarios. The analysis reveals that the
SC system can handle both situations effectively, demonstrating a more normal distribution
in urban driving and a focused distribution in a narrow range for extra-urban driving,
indicating efficient management of diverse current demands.

4. Quantifiable Battery Life Improvement:

The common takeaways mentioned SC systems extending battery life, but this research paper
provides a concrete figure. Under established assumptions, the research suggests the SC
system can lead to almost 2.5 times longer battery life. This significant improvement is
attributed to the SC system's ability to shield the battery from damaging high currents during
both acceleration and regenerative braking.

Research Paper 4: Battery Supercapacitor Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles:
A Review
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This study examines challenges faced by contemporary batteries in meeting evolving energy
requirements for electric vehicles (EVs), particularly concerning non-monotonic power
consumption patterns during discharge. It advocates for strategic integration of batteries with
supercapacitors, emphasizing the latter's speed capability and cyclability. The research paper
reviews battery advancements and highlights persistent issues, proposing a symbiotic
coupling of batteries and supercapacitors for future EVs to align with sustainability goals and
mitigate environmental impacts. This paragraph delves deeper into the distinctive benefits
provided by supercapacitors, beyond the previous description of common trends.

1. HESS: Balancing Performance and Cost:

The research paper clarifies the objectives of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) . It
emphasizes meeting various demands like regenerative braking, acceleration needs, and the
overall driving cycle requirements. To achieve optimal performance, HESS combines two
energy storage systems (ESS) with complementary characteristics. For instance, batteries
offer high energy density for long-range driving, while supercapacitors excel in power
density, making them ideal for handling bursts of power.

2. HESS Topologies:
The common takeaways mentioned different HESS configurations, but the research paper
delves into the technical details. It explains three main HESS topologies based on energy
demand and DC-DC converter configuration: passive (no power circuits), active (single DC-
DC converter), and semi-active (two DC-DC converters). This provides a deeper
understanding of the different ways HESS systems can be architected.

Fig (a)

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 Fig (b)

Fig (c)
Fig 2.4 Topologies for HESS (a) Passive (b) Semi Active (c) Active configuration

3. Non-Monotonic Power Consumption:

The new passage sheds light on a specific challenge for batteries – non-monotonic power
consumption during discharge. This refers to frequent power fluctuations that can harm the
battery's internal electrochemical processes. The study proposes using a specific type of
supercapacitor that shares a similar architecture with batteries but boasts higher speed
capability and better cyclability to address this issue.

Research Paper 5: Present & Future Applications of Supercapacitors in Electric &

Hybrid Vehicles
The evaluation of various supercapacitor devices at UC Davis unveils their impressive power
capabilities and energy densities, notably with Skeleton Technologies' carbon/carbon device
and Yunasko's hybrid device. Compared to commercially available devices, significant
enhancements, particularly in power capabilities, highlight their potential in hybrid vehicle
applications. Simulation results across diverse vehicle types underscore supercapacitors'
versatility in improving fuel efficiency, with comparisons against lithium batteries
showcasing their competitive edge in efficiency and power density, promising advancements
in electrified driveline technologies. The research paper dives much deeper into the specific

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characteristics of advanced supercapacitors and their potential for electric vehicles, offering a
more nuanced perspective compared to the common takeaways and trends.

1. Beyond Energy Density Limitations:

While the common takeaways may have mentioned lower energy density as a challenge for
supercapacitors, this research paper delves into specifics. It showcases data from real-world
supercapacitors, including Skeleton Technologies' carbon/carbon device with an energy
density of 9 Wh/kg and Yunasko's hybrid device reaching 30 Wh/kg. These figures
demonstrate significant progress in overcoming the traditional energy density limitations of
supercapacitors.

2. Exceptional Efficiency:
Supercapacitors can deliver and absorb energy with minimal losses, significantly improving
overall system efficiency compared to batteries. This translates to extended range on a single
charge and reduced reliance on charging infrastructure.

3. Emerging Economic Potential:

While the upfront cost of supercapacitors might be higher currently, the research suggests
that as energy density increases, the unit cost per Wh could decrease. Additionally, the
potential for downsizing batteries due to supercapacitors handling peak power demands could
lead to cost-competitive solutions in the long run. This economic benefit, coupled with the
environmental advantages of supercapacitors' long lifespan, could make them a compelling
choice for future EVs.

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 CHAPTER 3
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Here are the general results and conclusions derived from the collective analysis of the
research papers:
1. Enhanced Efficiency: The integration of supercapacitors with batteries in electric vehicles
(EVs) demonstrates a significant improvement in energy efficiency, particularly during
regenerative braking. Supercapacitors excel in capturing and storing energy during braking,
outperforming traditional batteries and contributing to a more efficient overall EV system.

2. Extended Driving Range: The use of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) combining
batteries and supercapacitors leads to a substantial increase in driving range for EVs. This
improvement is attributed to the superior power density of supercapacitors, allowing for
efficient energy storage and delivery, especially during peak power demands such as
acceleration.

3. Battery Lifespan Extension: Supercapacitors act as a buffer, absorbing high peak currents
and reducing stress on the battery during operation. This results in a slower degradation rate
for batteries, thereby extending their overall lifespan within EVs. Moreover, the efficient
management of energy flow by supercapacitors contributes to the protection and longevity of
battery cells.

4. Improved Performance: Supercapacitors enhance the performance of EVs by providing

consistent torque delivery and handling peak power demands more effectively. This leads to a
more responsive and enjoyable driving experience, further incentivizing the adoption of
supercapacitor-battery hybrid systems in electric vehicles.

5. Cost and Economic Viability: While supercapacitors currently face challenges such as
lower energy density and higher upfront costs compared to batteries, ongoing research
indicates promising advancements in energy density and manufacturing techniques. As
energy density increases and manufacturing costs decrease, supercapacitors have the potential
to become more cost-competitive and economically viable for widespread adoption in EVs.

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 CHAPTER 4

REMAINING TASKS TO BE COMPLETED

• Development of SIMULINK models: Develop dynamic simulation models using

MATLAB Simulink to represent the electrical system of a three-wheeler electric
vehicle, integrating supercapacitors and BMS functionality, while considering
parameters, component configurations, and insights from literature review and BMS
understanding.

• Analysis of these SIMULINK models: Perform simulation studies to assess the

effectiveness and efficiency of the integrated energy storage system, analyze results to
pinpoint areas for improvement, and explore the impact of various control strategies
on enhancing energy efficiency and system performance.

• Integration & Documentation: Incorporate insights gleaned from simulation studies

and analysis to enhance the design and operation of the integrated energy storage
system and BMS. Document the entire project process, encompassing methodology,
simulation models, and analysis findings. Compile a comprehensive project report
outlining the objectives, methodologies, outcomes, and emphasizing the importance
and implications for the design and operation of three-wheeler electric vehicles
equipped with integrated supercapacitors and advanced BMS functionality.

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 REFERENCES

1. Marjan Aslani “Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors)”

Stanford University.

2. Najmuddin M. Jamadar , H.T. Jadhav “Effectiveness of Supercapacitor during

breaking operation of Electric Vehicle” Article in Materials Today Proceedings ·
January 2022 Volume 56, Part 1, 2022, Pages 314-319.

3. Rahul Karangia, Mehulsingh Jadeja, Chetankumar Upadhyay, Dr. Hina Chandwani

“Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System Used in Electric Vehicle”
2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability.

4. Nikola Vukajlović, Dragan Milićević , Boris Dumnić , Bane Popadić “Comparative

analysis of the supercapacitor influence on lithium battery cycle life in electric
vehicle” Journal of Energy Storage Volume 31, October 2020, 101603.

5. Diana Lemian and Florin Bode “Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for
Electrical Vehicles: A Review” August 2022 Energies 15(15):5683.

6. Andrew Burke, Zhengmao Liu & Hengbing Zhao “Present and Future Applications of
Supercapacitors in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles” 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular
Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall)

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