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You
List down the basic data types in Python. What is function call? What will be the output of the following Python code? def f1(): global x
x+=1 print(x) x=12 print("x") Write a Python program to identify the even numbers from the given list li=[20,30,42,13,15,22] What are the
parts of exception handling? Give an example

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Basic Data Types in Python

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1. Numeric Types:

◦ int (integer)
◦ float (floating point number)
◦ complex (complex numbers)

2. Sequence Types:

◦ str (string)
◦ list (ordered collection)
◦ tuple (immutable ordered collection)

3. Mapping Type:

◦ dict (dictionary)

4. Set Types:

◦ set (unordered collection of unique elements)

◦ frozenset (immutable unordered collection of unique elements)

5. Boolean Type:

◦ bool (True or False)

6. Binary Types:

◦ bytes
◦ bytearray
◦ memoryview

What is a Function Call?

A function call is an expression that invokes a function. It consists of the function name followed by parentheses, which may include
arguments that are passed to the function. When a function is called, the flow of execution is transferred to the function, and the code
inside the function is executed. Once the function completes, control returns to the point where the function was called.

Output of the Given Python Code

def f1():
global x
x += 1
print(x)

x = 12
print("x")

The output of the code will be:

(Note: The first print statement outputs the string "x", and the function f1() is not called in this code snippet, so the value of x is not

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changed or printed.)

Python Program to Identify Even Numbers from a Given List

li = [20, 30, 42, 13, 15, 22]

even_numbers = [num for num in li if num % 2 == 0]
print(even_numbers)

Output:

[20, 30, 42, 22]

Parts of Exception Handling

1. Try Block: A block of code that may raise an exception.

2. Except Block: A block of code that handles the exception if one occurs.
3. Else Block: A block that executes if the try block does not raise an exception (optional).
4. Finally Block: A block that always executes regardless of whether an exception was raised or not (optional).

Example of Exception Handling

try:
# Code that may raise an exception
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print("Result:", result)
except ValueError:
# Handle ValueError (e.g., if input is not an integer)
print("Please enter a valid integer.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handle ZeroDivisionError (e.g., if user inputs zero)
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
else:
# This block runs if no exception was raised
print("The operation was successful!")
finally:
# This block runs no matter what
print("End of program.")

In this example, various types of exceptions are handled appropriately, and messages are printed based on the outcome.

You
what is a function call little simple

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Sider Fusion

A function call is when you use the name of a function followed by parentheses to execute the code inside that function. If the function
needs inputs (called arguments), you can include them inside the parentheses.

Example:

Imagine you have a function defined like this:

def say_hello():
print("Hello!")

To call this function and see the output, you would write:

say_hello() # This is a function call

When you run this code, it will print:

Hello!

So, a function call is how you run a function in your program!

You
Explain with an example while loop with the use of break and continue statement in Python.

Sider Fusion

In Python, a while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true. The break statement can be used to
exit the loop immediately, while the continue statement skips the rest of the current iteration and moves on to the next iteration of the
loop.

Example of while Loop with break and continue

# Initialize the variable

count = 0

# Start the while loop

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while count < 10:

count += 1

# If count is 5, skip to the next iteration

if count == 5:
continue # This skips the print statement when count is 5

# If count is 8, exit the loop completely

if count == 8:
break # This exits the loop when count is 8

# Print the current count

print("Count is:", count)

print("Loop has ended.")

Explanation:

1. Initialization: We start with count set to 0.

2. While Loop Condition: The loop continues as long as count is less than 10.
3. Incrementing count: In each iteration, we increase count by 1.
4. continue Statement:
◦ When count reaches 5, the continue statement is executed, which skips the print statement for that iteration and goes
back to the beginning of the loop for the next increment.
5. break Statement:
◦ When count reaches 8, the break statement is executed, which immediately exits the loop.
6. Output:
◦ The program will print the count for each iteration except when count is 5 and stops when count is 8.

Output:

The output of the above code will be:

Count is: 1
Count is: 2
Count is: 3
Count is: 4
Count is: 6
Count is: 7
Loop has ended.

So, the continue statement allows us to skip certain iterations, and the break statement exits the loop entirely based on conditions we
specify.

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You
little big answer for 10mark

Sider Fusion

Certainly! Let’s delve deeper into the concept of while loops in Python, including the usage of break and continue statements, and
provide a more comprehensive explanation and example.

Understanding while Loops

A while loop in Python is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true. This is particularly
useful for situations where the number of iterations isn't predetermined, and you want to keep looping until a certain condition is met.

Syntax

The basic syntax of a while loop is as follows:

while condition:
# Block of code to be executed

The break Statement

The break statement allows you to exit the loop prematurely. It can be particularly useful when you want to stop executing the loop based
on a certain condition, even if the loop's condition is still true.

The continue Statement

The continue statement, on the other hand, skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop. This can be
beneficial when you want to avoid executing certain lines of code under specific conditions without terminating the loop entirely.

Example: Using break and continue with a while Loop

Let’s take a more detailed example that illustrates how these statements work within a while loop.

# Initialize a variable
count = 0

# Start the while loop with a condition

while count < 10:
count += 1 # Increment count by 1

# If count equals 3, skip remaining code for this iteration

if count == 3:
print("Skipping count 3")
continue # This will skip the rest of the loop when count is 3

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# If count equals 6, exit the loop

if count == 6:
print("Breaking out of the loop at count 6")
break # Exit the loop completely when count is 6

# Print the current count if not skipped or broken

print("Count is:", count)

# Print a message after the loop ends

print("Loop has ended.")

Explanation of the Code

1. Variable Initialization: We start by initializing a variable count to 0.

2. While Loop Execution: The loop checks if count is less than 10. As long as this condition is True, the loop will continue
executing.

3. Incrementing the Count: Each iteration increments count by 1.

4. Using continue: When count reaches 3, we hit the if condition that checks for this value. Instead of executing the remaining
code (which would include the print statement), we call continue. This skips to the next iteration of the loop where count is
incremented again.

5. Using break: When count becomes 6, the break condition is met. This results in an immediate exit from the loop, regardless of
the fact that the loop could continue as count is still less than 10.

6. Output When Count Is Incremented: If count is neither 3 nor 6, the program proceeds to print the value of count.

7. End of Loop: After the loop exits (due to break or when the condition becomes false), a message is printed indicating that the loop
has ended.

Expected Output

When running the above code, the output would be:

Count is: 1
Count is: 2
Skipping count 3
Count is: 4
Count is: 5
Breaking out of the loop at count 6
Loop has ended.

Conclusion

In summary, this example demonstrates how while loops, along with break and continue statements, provide powerful control over the
flow of execution in Python programs. The break statement facilitates an immediate exit from the loop, while continue allows for
skipping specific iterations without terminating the loop entirely. Understanding these constructs is crucial for efficiently controlling
repetitive tasks in programming.

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You
Build a Python program to create a person class. Include attributes like name, country and date of birth. Implement a method to determine
the person’s age

Sider Fusion

You can create a Python class called Person that includes attributes for name, country, and date_of_birth. Additionally, you will
implement a method to calculate the person's age based on the current date. Here's how you can do this:

from datetime import datetime

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, country, date_of_birth):
self.name = name # Person's name
self.country = country # Person's country
self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth # Person's date of birth in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format

def calculate_age(self):
# Get the current date
today = datetime.today()
birth_date = datetime.strptime(self.date_of_birth, '%Y-%m-%d') # Convert string to datetime

# Calculate age
age = today.year - birth_date.year

# Adjust age if the birthday has not occurred yet this year
if (today.month, today.day) < (birth_date.month, birth_date.day):
age -= 1

return age

def __str__(self):
# Return a string representation of the person
return f'Name: {self.name}, Country: {self.country}, Date of Birth: {self.date_of_birth}'

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Creating a Person object
person1 = Person("John Doe", "USA", "1990-05-15")

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# Print person's details

print(person1)

# Calculate and print age

print(f"{person1.name}'s age is: {person1.calculate_age()} years.")

Explanation of the Code:

1. Imports: The program imports the datetime module to handle date operations.

2. Class Definition: The Person class has:

◦ An __init__ method to initialize the person's attributes: name, country, and date_of_birth.
◦ A calculate_age method that computes the person's age by:
▪ Getting the current date.
▪ Converting the stored date of birth from a string to a datetime object.
▪ Calculating the age by subtracting the birth year from the current year.
▪ Adjusting the age if the birthday has not occurred yet in the current year.
◦ A __str__ method that provides a convenient way to represent the person's details as a string.

3. Example Usage: The program includes a test case in the if __name__ == "__main__" block, which creates a Person object
and prints the person's details and calculated age.

Output

If you run the program and the current date is, for example, April 1, 2023, the output will look something like this:

Name: John Doe, Country: USA, Date of Birth: 1990-05-15

John Doe's age is: 32 years.

Make sure to adjust the date of birth in the Person object to test different scenarios!

You
little simple

Sider Fusion

Sure! Here’s a simplified version of the Python program that creates a Person class with attributes for name, country, and
date_of_birth, along with a method to calculate the person's age.

from datetime import datetime

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class Person:
def __init__(self, name, country, date_of_birth):
self.name = name # Person's name
self.country = country # Person's country
self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth # Person's date of birth in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format

def calculate_age(self):
# Get today's date
today = datetime.today()
birth_date = datetime.strptime(self.date_of_birth, '%Y-%m-%d') # Convert string to date

# Calculate age
age = today.year - birth_date.year

# Adjust if the birthday hasn't occurred yet this year

if (today.month, today.day) < (birth_date.month, birth_date.day):
age -= 1

return age

# Example usage of the Person class

if __name__ == "__main__":
person1 = Person("Alice", "Canada", "1995-08-20")

# Print person's name and calculated age

print(f"{person1.name} is {person1.calculate_age()} years old.")

Explanation:

1. Imports: The program uses the datetime module to work with dates.

2. Person Class:

◦ __init__ Method: Initializes the attributes name, country, and date_of_birth.

◦ calculate_age Method:
▪ Gets the current date.
▪ Converts the date of birth from a string to a date object.
▪ Calculates the age and adjusts it if the birthday hasn’t occurred yet this year.

3. Example Usage:

◦ An example Person object is created, and the name and age are printed.

Output Example

When you run the program, you might see output like the following (depending on the current date):

Alice is 28 years old.

Feel free to change the date of birth to see how the age calculation works!

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You
List down the different types of operators and their function with suitable example. Q.7 Describe about the importance of modules and
packages in Python. How are they utilized for organizing code and facilitating code reusability? Q.8 Explain the difference between lists
and tuples in Python. When would you use one over the other? Q.9 Write a python program to get a string from user and change the given
string to a new string where the first and last character have been changed

Sider Fusion

Q.6: Different Types of Operators in Python

Python provides several types of operators to perform operations on variables and values. Here’s a list of the different types of operators
along with their functions and examples:

1. Arithmetic Operators: Used for performing mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition 3 + 2→5
- Subtraction 5 - 3→2
* Multiplication 4 * 2→8
/ Division 10 / 2 → 5.0
// Floor Division 10 // 3 → 3
% Modulus (remainder) 10 % 3 → 1
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 → 8

2. Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values.

Operator Description Example

== Equal to 3 == 3 → True
!= Not equal to 3 != 2 → True
> Greater than 5 > 3 → True
< Less than 3 < 5 → True
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 → True
<= Less than or equal to 3 <= 5 → True

3. Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Description Example

and True if both statements are true True and False → False
or True if at least one statement is true True or False → True
not Inverts the boolean value not True → False

4. Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.

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Operator Description Example

= Assign x = 5
+= Add and assign x += 3 (same as x = x + 3)
-= Subtract and assign x -= 3
*= Multiply and assign x *= 3
/= Divide and assign x /= 2
%= Modulus and assign x %= 2

5. Bitwise Operators: Operate on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations.

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND 5 & 3 → 1
` ` Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR 5 ^ 3 → 6
~ Bitwise NOT ~5 → -6
<< Left shift 5 << 1 → 10
>> Right shift 5 >> 1 → 2

6. Identity Operators: Used to check if two variables refer to the same object.

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables point to the same object is y
x
is not Returns True if both variables point to different objects x is not y

7. Membership Operators: Used to check if a value is present in a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string).

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if value is found 3 in [1, 2, 3] → True
not in Returns True if value is not found 4 not in [1, 2, 3] → True

Q.7: Importance of Modules and Packages in Python

Modules and packages in Python are essential for organizing code and facilitating code reusability:

1. Modules:

◦ A module is a single file (with a .py extension) that contains Python code, including functions, classes, and variables.
◦ Organized Code: Modules allow developers to logically group related functionalities, making code easier to read,
understand, and maintain.
◦ Code Reusability: Once a module is created, it can be reused across multiple programs without the need for duplicating
code. This reduces redundancy.

Example: If you create a module named math_utils.py that has functions for mathematical calculations, you can import and use
those functions in various projects.

# math_utils.py
def add(x, y):
return x + y

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def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

# main.py
import math_utils

print(math_utils.add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

print(math_utils.multiply(5, 3)) # Output: 15

2. Packages:

◦ A package is a collection of modules organized in directories. It typically includes a special __init__.py file to mark the
directory as a package.
◦ Hierarchical Organization: Packages help organize modules into a hierarchy, allowing for better structure, especially in
large projects with lots of modules.
◦ Namespace Management: Packages can help avoid name conflicts between modules.

Example: You could create a package named data_analysis that contains multiple modules like data_cleaning.py,
data_visualization.py, etc.

data_analysis/
__init__.py
data_cleaning.py
data_visualization.py

This organization helps you manage and maintain code more effectively.

In summary, modules and packages promote organized programming, ease of use, and reusability, making them essential components in
Python development.

Q.8: Difference Between Lists and Tuples in Python

Lists and tuples are both used to store collections of items in Python, but there are key differences between them:

1. Mutability:

◦ List: Mutable, meaning you can change, add, or remove items after the list is created.
◦ Tuple: Immutable, meaning once a tuple is created, its content cannot be changed.

2. Syntax:

◦ List: Defined using square brackets [].

◦ Tuple: Defined using parentheses ().

3. Performance:

◦ List: Generally slower than tuples when it comes to iteration or access due to the overhead of mutability.
◦ Tuple: Generally faster due to their immutable nature.

4. Use Cases:

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◦ List: Suitable when you need a collection of items that may change (e.g., a list of current users).
◦ Tuple: Suitable when data should not change (e.g., coordinates or fixed sets of options).

Example:

# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange") # This is allowed
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

# Tuple
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
# colors[1] = "yellow" # This would raise an error because tuples are immutable
print(colors) # Output: ('red', 'green', 'blue')

When to Use:

• Use lists when you need a collection of items that can change.
• Use tuples when you need a collection of items that should remain constant.

Q.9: Python Program to Change First and Last Character of a String

Here's a simple Python program to take a string from the user and change the first and last character:

def change_first_and_last_char(string):
# Check if the string is at least 2 characters long
if len(string) < 2:
return "String must be at least 2 characters long."

# Swap the first and last character

new_string = string[-1] + string[1:-1] + string[0]
return new_string

# Get input from the user

user_input = input("Enter a string: ")
result = change_first_and_last_char(user_input)
print("New string:", result)

Explanation:

1. Function Definition: The function change_first_and_last_char takes a string as input.

2. Length Check: It first checks if the string is at least 2 characters long. If not, it informs the user.
3. Character Swap: If valid, it constructs a new string by:
◦ Taking the last character string[-1].
◦ Adding the middle part of the string string[1:-1].
◦ Adding the first character string[0].
4. User Input: The program prompts the user to enter a string, then calls the function and prints the new string.

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Example Usage

If the user enters hello, the output will be:

New string: oellh

This program successfully swaps the first and last characters of the input string.

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You
List down the basic data types in Python. What is function call? What will be the output of the following Python code? def f1(): global x
x+=1 print(x) x=12 print("x") Write a Python program to identify the even numbers from the given list li=[20,30,42,13,15,22] What are the
parts of exception handling? Give an example

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Sider Fusion

Basic Data Types in Python

1. Numeric Types:

◦ int (integer)
◦ float (floating point number)
◦ complex (complex numbers)

2. Sequence Types:

◦ str (string)
◦ list (ordered collection)
◦ tuple (immutable ordered collection)

3. Mapping Type:

◦ dict (dictionary)

4. Set Types:

◦ set (unordered collection of unique elements)

◦ frozenset (immutable unordered collection of unique elements)

5. Boolean Type:

◦ bool (True or False)

6. Binary Types:

◦ bytes
◦ bytearray
◦ memoryview

What is a Function Call?

A function call is an expression that invokes a function. It consists of the function name followed by parentheses, which may include
arguments that are passed to the function. When a function is called, the flow of execution is transferred to the function, and the code
inside the function is executed. Once the function completes, control returns to the point where the function was called.

Output of the Given Python Code

def f1():
global x
x += 1
print(x)

x = 12
print("x")

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The output of the code will be:

(Note: The first print statement outputs the string "x", and the function f1() is not called in this code snippet, so the value of x is not
changed or printed.)

Python Program to Identify Even Numbers from a Given List

li = [20, 30, 42, 13, 15, 22]

even_numbers = [num for num in li if num % 2 == 0]
print(even_numbers)

Output:

[20, 30, 42, 22]

Parts of Exception Handling

1. Try Block: A block of code that may raise an exception.

2. Except Block: A block of code that handles the exception if one occurs.
3. Else Block: A block that executes if the try block does not raise an exception (optional).
4. Finally Block: A block that always executes regardless of whether an exception was raised or not (optional).

Example of Exception Handling

try:
# Code that may raise an exception
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print("Result:", result)
except ValueError:
# Handle ValueError (e.g., if input is not an integer)
print("Please enter a valid integer.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handle ZeroDivisionError (e.g., if user inputs zero)
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
else:
# This block runs if no exception was raised
print("The operation was successful!")
finally:
# This block runs no matter what
print("End of program.")

In this example, various types of exceptions are handled appropriately, and messages are printed based on the outcome.

You

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what is a function call little simple

Sider Fusion

A function call is when you use the name of a function followed by parentheses to execute the code inside that function. If the function
needs inputs (called arguments), you can include them inside the parentheses.

Example:

Imagine you have a function defined like this:

def say_hello():
print("Hello!")

To call this function and see the output, you would write:

say_hello() # This is a function call

When you run this code, it will print:

Hello!

So, a function call is how you run a function in your program!

You
Explain with an example while loop with the use of break and continue statement in Python.

Sider Fusion

In Python, a while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true. The break statement can be used to
exit the loop immediately, while the continue statement skips the rest of the current iteration and moves on to the next iteration of the
loop.

Example of while Loop with break and continue

# Initialize the variable

count = 0

# Start the while loop

while count < 10:
count += 1

# If count is 5, skip to the next iteration

if count == 5:
continue # This skips the print statement when count is 5

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# If count is 8, exit the loop completely

if count == 8:
break # This exits the loop when count is 8

# Print the current count

print("Count is:", count)

print("Loop has ended.")

Explanation:

1. Initialization: We start with count set to 0.

2. While Loop Condition: The loop continues as long as count is less than 10.
3. Incrementing count: In each iteration, we increase count by 1.
4. continue Statement:
◦ When count reaches 5, the continue statement is executed, which skips the print statement for that iteration and goes
back to the beginning of the loop for the next increment.
5. break Statement:
◦ When count reaches 8, the break statement is executed, which immediately exits the loop.
6. Output:
◦ The program will print the count for each iteration except when count is 5 and stops when count is 8.

Output:

The output of the above code will be:

Count is: 1
Count is: 2
Count is: 3
Count is: 4
Count is: 6
Count is: 7
Loop has ended.

So, the continue statement allows us to skip certain iterations, and the break statement exits the loop entirely based on conditions we
specify.

You
little big answer for 10mark

Sider Fusion

Certainly! Let’s delve deeper into the concept of while loops in Python, including the usage of break and continue statements, and
provide a more comprehensive explanation and example.

Understanding while Loops

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A while loop in Python is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true. This is particularly
useful for situations where the number of iterations isn't predetermined, and you want to keep looping until a certain condition is met.

Syntax

The basic syntax of a while loop is as follows:

while condition:
# Block of code to be executed

The break Statement

The break statement allows you to exit the loop prematurely. It can be particularly useful when you want to stop executing the loop based
on a certain condition, even if the loop's condition is still true.

The continue Statement

The continue statement, on the other hand, skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop. This can be
beneficial when you want to avoid executing certain lines of code under specific conditions without terminating the loop entirely.

Example: Using break and continue with a while Loop

Let’s take a more detailed example that illustrates how these statements work within a while loop.

# Initialize a variable
count = 0

# Start the while loop with a condition

while count < 10:
count += 1 # Increment count by 1

# If count equals 3, skip remaining code for this iteration

if count == 3:
print("Skipping count 3")
continue # This will skip the rest of the loop when count is 3

# If count equals 6, exit the loop

if count == 6:
print("Breaking out of the loop at count 6")
break # Exit the loop completely when count is 6

# Print the current count if not skipped or broken

print("Count is:", count)

# Print a message after the loop ends

print("Loop has ended.")

Explanation of the Code

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1. Variable Initialization: We start by initializing a variable count to 0.

2. While Loop Execution: The loop checks if count is less than 10. As long as this condition is True, the loop will continue
executing.

3. Incrementing the Count: Each iteration increments count by 1.

4. Using continue: When count reaches 3, we hit the if condition that checks for this value. Instead of executing the remaining
code (which would include the print statement), we call continue. This skips to the next iteration of the loop where count is
incremented again.

5. Using break: When count becomes 6, the break condition is met. This results in an immediate exit from the loop, regardless of
the fact that the loop could continue as count is still less than 10.

6. Output When Count Is Incremented: If count is neither 3 nor 6, the program proceeds to print the value of count.

7. End of Loop: After the loop exits (due to break or when the condition becomes false), a message is printed indicating that the loop
has ended.

Expected Output

When running the above code, the output would be:

Count is: 1
Count is: 2
Skipping count 3
Count is: 4
Count is: 5
Breaking out of the loop at count 6
Loop has ended.

Conclusion

In summary, this example demonstrates how while loops, along with break and continue statements, provide powerful control over the
flow of execution in Python programs. The break statement facilitates an immediate exit from the loop, while continue allows for
skipping specific iterations without terminating the loop entirely. Understanding these constructs is crucial for efficiently controlling
repetitive tasks in programming.

You
Build a Python program to create a person class. Include attributes like name, country and date of birth. Implement a method to determine
the person’s age

Sider Fusion

You can create a Python class called Person that includes attributes for name, country, and date_of_birth. Additionally, you will
implement a method to calculate the person's age based on the current date. Here's how you can do this:

from datetime import datetime

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class Person:
def __init__(self, name, country, date_of_birth):
self.name = name # Person's name
self.country = country # Person's country
self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth # Person's date of birth in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format

def calculate_age(self):
# Get the current date
today = datetime.today()
birth_date = datetime.strptime(self.date_of_birth, '%Y-%m-%d') # Convert string to datetime

# Calculate age
age = today.year - birth_date.year

# Adjust age if the birthday has not occurred yet this year
if (today.month, today.day) < (birth_date.month, birth_date.day):
age -= 1

return age

def __str__(self):
# Return a string representation of the person
return f'Name: {self.name}, Country: {self.country}, Date of Birth: {self.date_of_birth}'

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Creating a Person object
person1 = Person("John Doe", "USA", "1990-05-15")

# Print person's details

print(person1)

# Calculate and print age

print(f"{person1.name}'s age is: {person1.calculate_age()} years.")

Explanation of the Code:

1. Imports: The program imports the datetime module to handle date operations.

2. Class Definition: The Person class has:

◦ An __init__ method to initialize the person's attributes: name, country, and date_of_birth.
◦ A calculate_age method that computes the person's age by:
▪ Getting the current date.
▪ Converting the stored date of birth from a string to a datetime object.
▪ Calculating the age by subtracting the birth year from the current year.
▪ Adjusting the age if the birthday has not occurred yet in the current year.
◦ A __str__ method that provides a convenient way to represent the person's details as a string.

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3. Example Usage: The program includes a test case in the if __name__ == "__main__" block, which creates a Person object
and prints the person's details and calculated age.

Output

If you run the program and the current date is, for example, April 1, 2023, the output will look something like this:

Name: John Doe, Country: USA, Date of Birth: 1990-05-15

John Doe's age is: 32 years.

Make sure to adjust the date of birth in the Person object to test different scenarios!

You
little simple

Sider Fusion

Sure! Here’s a simplified version of the Python program that creates a Person class with attributes for name, country, and
date_of_birth, along with a method to calculate the person's age.

from datetime import datetime

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, country, date_of_birth):
self.name = name # Person's name
self.country = country # Person's country
self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth # Person's date of birth in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format

def calculate_age(self):
# Get today's date
today = datetime.today()
birth_date = datetime.strptime(self.date_of_birth, '%Y-%m-%d') # Convert string to date

# Calculate age
age = today.year - birth_date.year

# Adjust if the birthday hasn't occurred yet this year

if (today.month, today.day) < (birth_date.month, birth_date.day):
age -= 1

return age

# Example usage of the Person class

if __name__ == "__main__":
person1 = Person("Alice", "Canada", "1995-08-20")

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# Print person's name and calculated age

print(f"{person1.name} is {person1.calculate_age()} years old.")

Explanation:

1. Imports: The program uses the datetime module to work with dates.

2. Person Class:

◦ __init__ Method: Initializes the attributes name, country, and date_of_birth.

◦ calculate_age Method:
▪ Gets the current date.
▪ Converts the date of birth from a string to a date object.
▪ Calculates the age and adjusts it if the birthday hasn’t occurred yet this year.

3. Example Usage:

◦ An example Person object is created, and the name and age are printed.

Output Example

When you run the program, you might see output like the following (depending on the current date):

Alice is 28 years old.

Feel free to change the date of birth to see how the age calculation works!

You
List down the different types of operators and their function with suitable example. Q.7 Describe about the importance of modules and
packages in Python. How are they utilized for organizing code and facilitating code reusability? Q.8 Explain the difference between lists
and tuples in Python. When would you use one over the other? Q.9 Write a python program to get a string from user and change the given
string to a new string where the first and last character have been changed

Sider Fusion

Q.6: Different Types of Operators in Python

Python provides several types of operators to perform operations on variables and values. Here’s a list of the different types of operators
along with their functions and examples:

1. Arithmetic Operators: Used for performing mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition 3 + 2→5
- Subtraction 5 - 3→2
* Multiplication 4 * 2→8
/ Division 10 / 2 → 5.0
// Floor Division 10 // 3 → 3
% Modulus (remainder) 10 % 3 → 1

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Operator Description Example

** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 → 8

2. Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values.

Operator Description Example

== Equal to 3 == 3 → True
!= Not equal to 3 != 2 → True
> Greater than 5 > 3 → True
< Less than 3 < 5 → True
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 → True
<= Less than or equal to 3 <= 5 → True

3. Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Description Example

and True if both statements are true True and False → False
or True if at least one statement is true True or False → True
not Inverts the boolean value not True → False

4. Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example

= Assign x = 5
+= Add and assign x += 3 (same as x = x + 3)
-= Subtract and assign x -= 3
*= Multiply and assign x *= 3
/= Divide and assign x /= 2
%= Modulus and assign x %= 2

5. Bitwise Operators: Operate on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations.

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND 5 & 3 → 1
` ` Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR 5 ^ 3 → 6
~ Bitwise NOT ~5 → -6
<< Left shift 5 << 1 → 10
>> Right shift 5 >> 1 → 2

6. Identity Operators: Used to check if two variables refer to the same object.

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables point to the same object is y
x
is not Returns True if both variables point to different objects x is not y

7. Membership Operators: Used to check if a value is present in a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string).

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if value is found 3 in [1, 2, 3] → True
not in Returns True if value is not found 4 not in [1, 2, 3] → True

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Q.7: Importance of Modules and Packages in Python

Modules and packages in Python are essential for organizing code and facilitating code reusability:

1. Modules:

◦ A module is a single file (with a .py extension) that contains Python code, including functions, classes, and variables.
◦ Organized Code: Modules allow developers to logically group related functionalities, making code easier to read,
understand, and maintain.
◦ Code Reusability: Once a module is created, it can be reused across multiple programs without the need for duplicating
code. This reduces redundancy.

Example: If you create a module named math_utils.py that has functions for mathematical calculations, you can import and use
those functions in various projects.

# math_utils.py
def add(x, y):
return x + y

def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

# main.py
import math_utils

print(math_utils.add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

print(math_utils.multiply(5, 3)) # Output: 15

2. Packages:

◦ A package is a collection of modules organized in directories. It typically includes a special __init__.py file to mark the
directory as a package.
◦ Hierarchical Organization: Packages help organize modules into a hierarchy, allowing for better structure, especially in
large projects with lots of modules.
◦ Namespace Management: Packages can help avoid name conflicts between modules.

Example: You could create a package named data_analysis that contains multiple modules like data_cleaning.py,
data_visualization.py, etc.

data_analysis/
__init__.py
data_cleaning.py
data_visualization.py

This organization helps you manage and maintain code more effectively.

In summary, modules and packages promote organized programming, ease of use, and reusability, making them essential components in
Python development.

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Q.8: Difference Between Lists and Tuples in Python

Lists and tuples are both used to store collections of items in Python, but there are key differences between them:

1. Mutability:

◦ List: Mutable, meaning you can change, add, or remove items after the list is created.
◦ Tuple: Immutable, meaning once a tuple is created, its content cannot be changed.

2. Syntax:

◦ List: Defined using square brackets [].

◦ Tuple: Defined using parentheses ().

3. Performance:

◦ List: Generally slower than tuples when it comes to iteration or access due to the overhead of mutability.
◦ Tuple: Generally faster due to their immutable nature.

4. Use Cases:

◦ List: Suitable when you need a collection of items that may change (e.g., a list of current users).
◦ Tuple: Suitable when data should not change (e.g., coordinates or fixed sets of options).

Example:

# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange") # This is allowed
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

# Tuple
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
# colors[1] = "yellow" # This would raise an error because tuples are immutable
print(colors) # Output: ('red', 'green', 'blue')

When to Use:

• Use lists when you need a collection of items that can change.
• Use tuples when you need a collection of items that should remain constant.

Q.9: Python Program to Change First and Last Character of a String

Here's a simple Python program to take a string from the user and change the first and last character:

def change_first_and_last_char(string):
# Check if the string is at least 2 characters long
if len(string) < 2:
return "String must be at least 2 characters long."

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# Swap the first and last character

new_string = string[-1] + string[1:-1] + string[0]
return new_string

# Get input from the user

user_input = input("Enter a string: ")
result = change_first_and_last_char(user_input)
print("New string:", result)

Explanation:

1. Function Definition: The function change_first_and_last_char takes a string as input.

2. Length Check: It first checks if the string is at least 2 characters long. If not, it informs the user.
3. Character Swap: If valid, it constructs a new string by:
◦ Taking the last character string[-1].
◦ Adding the middle part of the string string[1:-1].
◦ Adding the first character string[0].
4. User Input: The program prompts the user to enter a string, then calls the function and prints the new string.

Example Usage

If the user enters hello, the output will be:

New string: oellh

This program successfully swaps the first and last characters of the input string.

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You
List down the different types of operators and their function with suitable example. Q.7 Describe about the importance of modules and
packages in Python. How are they utilized for organizing code and facilitating code reusability? Q.8 Explain the difference between lists
and tuples in Python. When would you use one over the other? Q.9 Write a python program to get a string from user and change the given
string to a new string where the first and last character have been changed

Sider Fusion

Q.6: Different Types of Operators in Python

Python provides several types of operators to perform operations on variables and values. Here’s a list of the different types of operators
along with their functions and examples:

1. Arithmetic Operators: Used for performing mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition 3 + 2→5
- Subtraction 5 - 3→2
* Multiplication 4 * 2→8
/ Division 10 / 2 → 5.0
// Floor Division 10 // 3 → 3
% Modulus (remainder) 10 % 3 → 1
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 → 8

2. Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values.

Operator Description Example

== Equal to 3 == 3 → True
!= Not equal to 3 != 2 → True
> Greater than 5 > 3 → True
< Less than 3 < 5 → True
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 → True
<= Less than or equal to 3 <= 5 → True

3. Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Description Example

and True if both statements are true True and False → False
or True if at least one statement is true True or False → True
not Inverts the boolean value not True → False

4. Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example

= Assign x = 5
+= Add and assign x += 3 (same as x = x + 3)
-= Subtract and assign x -= 3
*= Multiply and assign x *= 3
/= Divide and assign x /= 2
%= Modulus and assign x %= 2

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5. Bitwise Operators: Operate on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations.

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND 5 & 3 → 1
` ` Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR 5 ^ 3 → 6
~ Bitwise NOT ~5 → -6
<< Left shift 5 << 1 → 10
>> Right shift 5 >> 1 → 2

6. Identity Operators: Used to check if two variables refer to the same object.

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables point to the same object x is y
is not Returns True if both variables point to different objects x is not y

7. Membership Operators: Used to check if a value is present in a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string).

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if value is found 3 in [1, 2, 3] → True
not in Returns True if value is not found 4 not in [1, 2, 3] → True

Q.7: Importance of Modules and Packages in Python

Modules and packages in Python are essential for organizing code and facilitating code reusability:

1. Modules:

◦ A module is a single file (with a .py extension) that contains Python code, including functions, classes, and variables.
◦ Organized Code: Modules allow developers to logically group related functionalities, making code easier to read,
understand, and maintain.
◦ Code Reusability: Once a module is created, it can be reused across multiple programs without the need for duplicating
code. This reduces redundancy.

Example: If you create a module named math_utils.py that has functions for mathematical calculations, you can import and use
those functions in various projects.

# math_utils.py
def add(x, y):
return x + y

def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

# main.py
import math_utils

print(math_utils.add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

print(math_utils.multiply(5, 3)) # Output: 15

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2. Packages:

◦ A package is a collection of modules organized in directories. It typically includes a special __init__.py file to mark the
directory as a package.
◦ Hierarchical Organization: Packages help organize modules into a hierarchy, allowing for better structure, especially in
large projects with lots of modules.
◦ Namespace Management: Packages can help avoid name conflicts between modules.

Example: You could create a package named data_analysis that contains multiple modules like data_cleaning.py,
data_visualization.py, etc.

data_analysis/
__init__.py
data_cleaning.py
data_visualization.py

This organization helps you manage and maintain code more effectively.

In summary, modules and packages promote organized programming, ease of use, and reusability, making them essential components in
Python development.

Q.8: Difference Between Lists and Tuples in Python

Lists and tuples are both used to store collections of items in Python, but there are key differences between them:

1. Mutability:

◦ List: Mutable, meaning you can change, add, or remove items after the list is created.
◦ Tuple: Immutable, meaning once a tuple is created, its content cannot be changed.

2. Syntax:

◦ List: Defined using square brackets [].

◦ Tuple: Defined using parentheses ().

3. Performance:

◦ List: Generally slower than tuples when it comes to iteration or access due to the overhead of mutability.
◦ Tuple: Generally faster due to their immutable nature.

4. Use Cases:

◦ List: Suitable when you need a collection of items that may change (e.g., a list of current users).
◦ Tuple: Suitable when data should not change (e.g., coordinates or fixed sets of options).

Example:

# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange") # This is allowed
print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

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# Tuple
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
# colors[1] = "yellow" # This would raise an error because tuples are immutable
print(colors) # Output: ('red', 'green', 'blue')

When to Use:

• Use lists when you need a collection of items that can change.
• Use tuples when you need a collection of items that should remain constant.

Q.9: Python Program to Change First and Last Character of a String

Here's a simple Python program to take a string from the user and change the first and last character:

def change_first_and_last_char(string):
# Check if the string is at least 2 characters long
if len(string) < 2:
return "String must be at least 2 characters long."

# Swap the first and last character

new_string = string[-1] + string[1:-1] + string[0]
return new_string

# Get input from the user

user_input = input("Enter a string: ")
result = change_first_and_last_char(user_input)
print("New string:", result)

Explanation:

1. Function Definition: The function change_first_and_last_char takes a string as input.

2. Length Check: It first checks if the string is at least 2 characters long. If not, it informs the user.
3. Character Swap: If valid, it constructs a new string by:
◦ Taking the last character string[-1].
◦ Adding the middle part of the string string[1:-1].
◦ Adding the first character string[0].
4. User Input: The program prompts the user to enter a string, then calls the function and prints the new string.

Example Usage

If the user enters hello, the output will be:

New string: oellh

This program successfully swaps the first and last characters of the input string.

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