Reservoir Engineering

Lecture 5

Dr. Rehab M. El-Maghraby

 ➢ Total Formation Volume Factor, Bt
To describe the pressure-volume relationship of hydrocarbon systems below their bubble-point pressure, it
is convenient to express this relationship in terms of the total formation volume factor as a function of
pressure.
This property defines the total volume of a system regardless of the number of phases present.
The total formation volume factor, denoted Bt, is defined as the ratio of the total volume of the
hydrocarbon mixture (i.e., oil and gas, if present), at the prevailing pressure and temperature per unit volume
of the stock-tank oil.

where Bt = total formation volume factor, bbl/STB

(Vo)p,T = volume of the oil at p and T, bbl
(Vg)p,T = volume of the liberated gas at p and T, bbl
(Vo)sc = volume of the oil at standard conditions, STB

Because naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems usually exist in either one or two phases, the term two-phase formation
volume factor has become synonymous with the total formation volume.
Notice that above the bubble point pressure, no free gas exists and the expression is reduced to the equation
that describes the oil formation volume factor, that is:

A typical plot of Bt as a function of pressure for an

undersaturated crude oil [pressure above the bubble point
pressure] is shown in Figure 2-10.
Bo and Bt are identical at pressures above or equal to the
bubble-point pressure because only one phase, the oil phase,
exists at these pressures.
At pressures below the bubble-point pressure, the difference in
the values of the two oil properties represents the volume of the
evolved solution gas as measured at system conditions per stock-
tank barrel of oil.
Experimental Method

Consider a crude oil sample placed in a PVT cell at its bubble-point pressure, Pb, and reservoir temperature.
Assume that the volume of the oil sample is sufficient to yield one stock-tank barrel of oil at standard conditions.
Let Rsb represent the gas solubility at Pb. If the cell pressure is lowered to p, a portion of the solution gas is
evolved and occupies a certain volume of the PVT cell.
Experimental Method

Let Rs and Bo represent the corresponding gas solubility and oil formation volume factor at p.
The term (Rsb – Rs) represents the volume of the free gas as measured in scf per stock-tank barrel of oil. The
volume of the free gas at the cell conditions is then:
𝒔𝒄𝒇 𝒃𝒃𝒍 𝒈𝒂𝒔
(Vg)P,T = (Rsb−Rs) ( ) Bg ( )
𝑺𝑻𝑩 𝒔𝒄𝒇
where (Vg)p,T = volume of the free gas at p and T, bbl of gas/STB of oil
Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
The volume of the remaining oil at the cell condition is
(V)p,T = Bo
From the definition of the two-phase formation volume factor
Bt = Bo + (Rsb – Rs)Bg
where Rsb = gas solubility at the bubble-point pressure, scf/STB
Rs = gas solubility at any pressure, scf/STB
Bo = oil formation volume factor at any pressure, bbl/STB
Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf

There are several correlations that can be used to

estimate the two phase formation volume factor
when the experimental data are not available;
three of these methods are presented below:
• Standing’s correlations
• Glaso’s method
• Marhoun’s correlation
Standing’s Correlation

𝑻 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝟎.𝟓 𝜸𝒐 𝑪 𝟗𝟔. 𝟖

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨∗ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑹𝒔 𝟎.𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 −
𝜸𝒈 𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑

𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟗 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝑹𝒔

𝟒𝟕. 𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑩𝒕 = −𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 −
−𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨∗

Where:
Rs = gas solubility at pressure of interest, scf/STB
T = Reservoir temperature, oR
𝜸𝒐 = Oil gravity, 60°/60°
𝜸𝒈 = Solution gas gravity
p = Pressure of interest, psia
Marhoun’s Correlation

𝑩𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝟐

𝑭 = 𝑹𝒂𝒔 𝜸𝒃𝒈 𝜸𝒄𝒐 𝑻𝒅 𝒑𝒆

where a = 0.644516 b = −1.079340 c = 0.724874

d = 2.006210 e = − 0.761910

Where:
Rs = gas solubility at pressure of interest, scf/STB
T = Reservoir temperature, oR
𝜸𝒐 = Oil gravity, 60°/60°
𝜸𝒈 = Solution gas gravity
p = Pressure of interest, psia
Example
Given the following PVT data:
Pb = 2,744 psia T = 600 oR γg = 0.6744 Rs = 444 scf/STB
Rsb = 603 scf/STB γo = 0.843 60o/60o p = 2,000 psia Bo = 1.1752 bbl/STB
calculate Bt at 2,000 psia by using:
a. Definition of Bt
b. Standing’s correlation
c. Marhoun’s correlation

Solution
(a) Using Definition of Bt
Step 1. Calculate Tpc and Ppc of the solution gas from its specific gravity:

TPc = 168 + 325 γg − 12.5 (γg)2 = 168 + 325 (0.6744) − 12.5 (0.6744)2 = 381.49 oR
Ppc = 677 + 15 γg − 37.5 (γg)2 = 670.06 psia
Step 2. Calculate Ppr and Tpr:
𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑻 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝑻𝒑𝒓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕
𝑷𝒑𝒄 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑻𝒑𝒄 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
Step 3. Determine the gas compressibility factor from Figure 2-1.
Z = 0.81

Step 4. Calculate Bg :
𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑧𝑇 (0.81)(600)
𝐵𝑔 = 0.005035 = 0.005035 = 0.001225 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑠𝑐𝑓
𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑃 2000

Step 5. Solve for Bt from:

Bt = Bo + (Rsb – Rs)Bg
Bt = 1.1752 + 0.0001225 (603 – 444) = 1.195 bbl/STB
(b) Using Standing’s correlation

Step 1. Calculate the correlating parameters C :

𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟗 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝑹𝒔

𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟗 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕(𝟒𝟒𝟒) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎

Step 2. Calculate the correlating parameter A*:

𝑻 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝟎.𝟓 𝜸𝒐 𝑪 𝟗𝟔. 𝟖

∗
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑹𝒔 𝟎.𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 −
𝜸𝒈 𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑

∗
𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝟎.𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟑 𝑪
𝟗𝟔. 𝟖
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒𝟒𝟒 . − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 −
𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝟎.𝟑 𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟒 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨∗ = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟏
(b) Using Standing’s correlation

Step 3. Estimate Bt from Standing’s equation:

𝟒𝟕. 𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑩𝒕 = −𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 −
−𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑨∗
𝟒𝟕. 𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑩𝒕 = −𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 −
−𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟏

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑩𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟐

𝑩𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒃𝒃𝒍/𝑺𝑻𝑩

(c) Using Marhoun’s correlation

Step 1. Determine the correlating parameter, F to give:

𝑭 = 𝑹𝒂𝒔 𝜸𝒃𝒈 𝜸𝒄𝒐 𝑻𝒅 𝒑𝒆

where a = 0.644516 b = −1.079340 c = 0.724874

d = 2.006210 e = − 0.761910

𝟎.𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟔 −𝟏.𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟒

𝑭 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟑 (𝟔𝟎𝟎)𝟐.𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟎 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)−𝟎.𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟎

𝑭 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟗

Step 2. Solve for Bt by applying Marhoun’s equation:

𝑩𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝑭𝟐

𝑩𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 (78,590.6789) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 (78,590.6789) 𝟐

𝑩𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝒃𝒃𝒍/𝑺𝑻𝑩
➢ Crude Oil Viscosity, μo

Crude oil viscosity is an important physical property that controls and influences the flow of oil through
porous media and pipes. The viscosity is defined as the internal resistance of the fluid to flow.
There are two main types of viscosity, dynamic (or absolute) viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
➢ The dynamic viscosity measures the force required to overcome fluid friction in a film and is reported in
centipoise (cP) or in SI units Pascal Seconds (Pa.s). It can also be considered the internal friction of a fluid.
➢ On the other hand, the kinematic viscosity of a fluid is the relative flow of a fluid under the influence of
gravity. Its unit of measure is centistokes (cSt) which in SI units is mm2/s.

Kinematic Viscosity = Dynamic Viscosity / Density

The oil viscosity is a strong function of the

temperature, pressure, oil gravity, gas gravity, and gas
solubility.
Oil viscosity increase with increasing pressure and
with decreasing temperature. As the oil get thicker or
more resistant to flow at lower temperatures.
➢ Crude Oil Viscosity, μo
Whenever possible, oil viscosity should be determined by
laboratory measurements at reservoir temperature and
pressure. The viscosity is usually reported in standard PVT
analyses.
Viscosity can be measured in the laboratory by many
ways, we are discussing two of them.
1. Rolling ball viscometer.
A hard sphere, initially at rest and falling in a tube filled with fluid. The ball accelerates
until it reaches a constant velocity, named terminal velocity, when the drag and
buoyant forces exerted on the sphere balance the gravitational force. Assuming that
the fluid is Newtonian and incompressible, and that the flow is stationary, laminar and
axial symmetric, the fluid viscosity, μf is given by Stokes’ law according:
𝟐𝑹𝟐𝒃 𝒈 𝝆𝒃 − 𝝆𝒇
𝝁𝒇 =
𝟗 𝝑𝒃
where 𝝑𝒃 is the ball velocity (obtained from the time travelled by the ball and the
length of the tube), Rb is the ball radius, g is the gravitational force, μf is the fluid
viscosity, and ρf and ρb are the fluid and ball densities, respectively.
2. Capillary viscometer
It accurately determines the viscosity of single phase
reservoir fluids. The apparatus is based on
Poiseuille’s law; specifically the relationship between
pressure drop, flow rate, fluid viscosity and pipe
geometry for a Newtonian fluid flowing in the
laminar regime (Re<2300) through a constant cross-
section pipe. By measuring the pressure drop and
flow rate, fluid viscosity can be deduced.

The law of Poiseuille states that the flow of liquid depends

on the following variables:
Flow rate of liquid (Q), length of the tube (L), radius (r), pressure gradient (∆P) and
the viscosity of the fluid (𝝁𝒇 ) in accordance with their relationship.

∆𝑷 𝝅 𝒓𝟒
𝝁𝒇 =
𝟖𝑸𝑳
If such laboratory data are not available, engineers may refer to published correlations, which usually vary in
complexity and accuracy depending upon the available data on the crude oil.
According to the pressure, the viscosity of crude oils can be classified into three categories:
• Dead-Oil Viscosity
The dead-oil viscosity is defined as the viscosity of crude oil at atmospheric pressure (no gas in solution) and
system temperature.
• Saturated-Oil Viscosity
The saturated (bubble-point)-oil viscosity is defined as the viscosity of the crude oil at the bubble-point
pressure and reservoir temperature.
• Undersaturated-Oil Viscosity
The undersaturated-oil viscosity is defined as the viscosity of the crude oil at a pressure above the bubble-
point and reservoir temperature.
VISCOSITY OF THE DEAD OIL

Estimation of the oil viscosity at pressures equal to or below the bubble-point pressure is a two-step
procedure:
Step 1. Calculate the viscosity of the oil without dissolved gas (dead oil), μob, at the reservoir temperature.
Step 2. Adjust the dead-oil viscosity to account for the effect of the gas solubility at the pressure of interest.
At pressures greater than the bubble-point pressure of the crude oil, another adjustment step, i.e., Step 3,
should be made to the bubble-point oil viscosity, μob, to account for the compression and the degree of under-
saturation in the reservoir.

A brief description of several correlations that are widely used in estimating the oil viscosity in the above three
steps is given below.
METHODS OF CALCULATING VISCOSITY OF THE DEAD OIL
Glaso’s Correlation

where μod = viscosity of the dead oil as measured at 14.7 psia and reservoir temperature, cp
T = temperature, °R

The above expression can be used within the range of 50–300°F for the system temperature and 20–48° for
the API gravity of the crude.
METHODS OF CALCULATING THE SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY
The Beggs-Robinson Correlation

where μob = viscosity of the oil at the bubble-point pressure, cp

μod = viscosity of the dead oil at 14.7 psia and reservoir temperature, cp

The ranges of the data used to develop Beggs and Robinson’s equation are:
Pressure, psia: 132–5,265
Temperature, °F: 70–295
API gravity: 16–58
Gas solubility, scf/STB: 20–2,070
METHODS OF CALCULATING THE VISCOSITY OF THE UNDERSATURATED OIL
Oil viscosity at pressures above the bubble point is estimated by first calculating the oil viscosity at its bubble-
point pressure and adjusting the bubble-point viscosity to higher pressures.

The Vasquez-Beggs Correlation

where μob = viscosity of the oil at the bubble-point pressure, cp

μo = viscosity of the oil above the bubble point pressure.
The data used in developing the above correlation have the following ranges:
Pressure, psia: 141–9,151 Gas solubility, scf/STB: 9.3–2,199
Viscosity, cp: 0.117–148 Gas gravity: 0.511–1.351
API gravity: 15.3–59.5
Example:
The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems are available. Results are based on two-
stage surface separation. Calculate μod , μob , and the viscosity of the undersaturated oil (μo), using
appropriate correlations. Compare with the measured value listed in the table below.
Treservoir Pb 𝑩𝒐 𝝆𝑶 Rs Psep Tsep 𝝁𝒐𝒅
Oil API 𝜸𝒈 𝒂
(oF) (psig) bbl/STB lb/ft3 measured (psig) (oF) (cp)
1 250 2377 1.528 38.13 751 150 60 47.1 0.851 -11.717 0.417

2 220 2620 1.474 40.95 768 100 75 40.7 0.855 -12.290 0.775

3 260 2051 1.529 37.37 693 100 72 48.6 0.911 -11.541 0.363

DEAD OIL VISCOSITY, μod at at 14.7 4 237 2884 1.619 38.92 968 60 120 40.5 0.898 -11.956 0.714
psia and reservoir temperature Using 5 218 3045 1.570 37.70 943 200 60 44.2 0.781 -12.330 0.598
the Glaso’s correlation 6 180 4239 1.385 46.79 807 85 173 27.3 0.848 -13.188 4.536

Step 1: Calculate the coefficient, a

𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑻 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎 − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟕

Step 2: Calculate the dead oil viscosity , μod

Example:
The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems are available. Results are based on two-
stage surface separation. Calculate μod , μob , and the viscosity of the undersaturated oil (μo), using
appropriate correlations. Compare with the measured value listed in the table below.
Treservoir Pb 𝑩𝒐 𝝆𝑶 Rs Psep Tsep 𝝁𝒐𝒅 𝝁𝒐𝒃
Oil API 𝜸𝒈 a b
(oF) (psig) bbl/STB lb/ft3 measured (psig) (oF) (cp) (cp)
1 250 2377 1.528 38.13 751 150 60 47.1 0.851 0.417 0.332 0.546 0.206

2 220 2620 1.474 40.95 768 100 75 40.7 0.855 0.775 0.329 0.542 0.287

3 260 2051 1.529 37.37 693 100 72 48.6 0.911 0.363 0.344 0.558 0.195
4 237 2884 1.619 38.92 968 60 120 40.5 0.898 0.714 0.295 0.507 0.249
5 218 3045 1.570 37.70 943 200 60 44.2 0.781 0.598 0.299 0.511 0.230

6 180 4239 1.385 46.79 807 85 173 27.3 0.848 4.536 0.321 0.535 0.721

SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY, μob at the bubble-point pressure Using the Beggs-Robinson Correlation
Step 1: Calculate the coefficient, a and b
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝑹𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 −𝟎.𝟓𝟏𝟓
𝒃 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟒 𝑹𝒔 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 −𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟖
Step 2: Calculate the saturated oil viscosity , μob
Example: The following experimental PVT data on six different crude oil systems are available. Results are
based on two-stage surface separation. Calculate μod , μob , and the viscosity of the undersaturated oil (μo),
using appropriate correlations. Compare with the measured value listed in the table below.
Treservoir Pb 𝑩𝒐 Rs Psep Tsep 𝝁𝒐𝒃 𝝁𝒐
Oil
(oF) (psig) bbl/STB
P (psig) (oF)
API 𝜸𝒈 a m
measured (cp) (cp)
1 250 2377 1.528 5000 751 150 60 47.1 0.851 0.206 -5.195 0.207 x 10-6 0.206

2 220 2620 1.474 5000 768 100 75 40.7 0.855 0.287 -5.195 0.207 x 10-6 0.287

3 260 2051 1.529 5000 693 100 72 48.6 0.911 0.195 -5.195 0.207 x 10-6 0.195
4 237 2884 1.619 6000 968 60 120 40.5 0.898 0.249 -5.234 0.172 x 10-6 0.249
5 218 3045 1.570 6000 943 200 60 44.2 0.781 0.230 -5.234 0.172 x 10-6 0.230

6 180 4239 1.385 5000 807 85 173 27.3 0.848 0.721 -5.195 0.207 x 10-6 0.720

UNDER-SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY, μo at pressures above bubble point Using the Vasquez-Beggs Correlation
Step 1: Calculate the coefficient, a and b
𝒂 = −𝟑. 𝟗 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒑 − 𝟓
𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟔 𝒑−𝟎.𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝒂
Step 2: Calculate the under saturated oil viscosity , μo
Surface/Interfacial Tension, σ

The surface/interfacial tension is defined as the force exerted

on the boundary layer between a two phases per unit
length. It is the force that holds the surface of a particular
phase together and is normally measured in dynes/cm.
Surface tension is a special case of interfacial tension, where
one of the substances is gas (usually air).
Interfacial or surface tension exists when two phases are
present. These phases can be gas/oil, oil/water, or gas/water.
The surface tension between gas and crude oil ranges from
near zero to approximately 34 dynes/cm. It is a function of
pressure, temperature, and the composition of each phase.
This force is caused by differences between the molecular
forces in the vapor phase and those in the liquid phase, and
also by the imbalance of these forces at the interface.
The surface can be measured in the laboratory. It is an
important property in reservoir engineering calculations and
designing enhanced oil recovery projects.
The parachor Pch is a dimensionless constant characteristic of a pure compound and is calculated by imposing
experimentally measured surface tension and density data in Equation below and solving for Pch.

where
σ is the surface tension
Pch is a temperature-independent parameter and is called the parachor.
ρo = density of the oil phase, lb/ft3
Mo = apparent molecular weight of the oil phase
ρg = density of the gas phase, lb/ft3
Mg = apparent molecular weight of the gas phase
xi = mole fraction of component i in the oil phase
yi = mole fraction of component i in the gas phase
n = total number of components in the system
The parachor Pch values for a selected number of pure
compounds are given in Table 2-1.

Fanchi correlated the parachor with molecular weight with a simple linear equation.
Example
The composition of a crude oil and the associated equilibrium gas is given below. The following additional
PVT data are available:
The reservoir pressure and temperature are 4,000 psia and 160°F, respectively.
Oil density = 46.23 lb/ft3, Gas density = 18.21 lb/ft3,
Molecular weight of C7+= 215.
Calculate the surface tension, σ.

Solution

Step 1. Calculate the apparent molecular weight of the liquid and gas phase:
𝑴𝑶 = ෍ 𝒙𝒊 . 𝑴𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟓𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∗ 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∗ 𝟖𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟑

𝑴𝒈 = ෍ 𝒙𝒊 . 𝑴𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 ∗ 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟓𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟖𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟓 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟗
Step 2. Calculate the coefficients A and B:

Step 3. Calculate the parachor of C7+ , (Pch)C7+

(Pch)C7+ = 69.9 + 2.3 MC7+ = 69.9 + (2.3) (215) = 564.4

Value of Pch for other components can be obtained from Table 2.1.
Step 4. Construct the following working table:

Step 5. Calculate the surface tension, σ

σ = (0.9315)4 = 0.753 dynes/cm

 PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR WATER

➢ Water Formation Volume Factor, Bw

The water formation volume factor can be calculated by the following mathematical expression:
Bw = A1 + A2 p + A3 p2
where the coefficients A1 to A3 are given by the following expression:
Ai = a1 + a2(T − 460) + a3(T − 460)2
with a1–a3 given for gas-free and gas-saturated water:

The temperature T is in °R.

➢ Water Viscosity, μwT
Meehan proposed a water viscosity correlation that accounts for both the effects of pressure and salinity:

μwT = (109.574 – 8.40564 ws + 0.313314 ws2 + 8.72213 * 10−3 ws3) (T − 460)-D

D = 1.12166 − 0.0263951ws + 6.79461 * 10−4ws2 + 5.47119 * 10−5 ws3 − 1.55586 * 10−6 ws4

where μwT = brine viscosity at 14.7 psi and reservoir temperature T, cp

ws = weight percent of salt in brine
T = temperature in °R

The effect of pressure “p” on the brine viscosity can be estimated from:
μw = μwT (0.9994 + 4.0295 * 10−5 P + 3.1062 * 10−9 P2)
where μw = viscosity of the brine at pressure (P) and temperature (T)
➢ Gas Solubility in Water, Rsw
The following correlation can be used to determine the gas solubility in water:

Rsw = A + B p + C p2

A = 2.12 + 3.45 (10−3) T − 3.59 (10−5) T2

B = 0.0107 − 5.26 (10−5) T + 1.48 (10−7) T2

C = 8.75 (10−7) + 3.9 (10−9) T − 1.02 (10−11) T2

The temperature T in above equations is expressed in °F.

➢ Water Isothermal Compressibility, Cw

Brill and Beggs proposed the following equation for estimating water isothermal compressibility, ignoring the
corrections for dissolved gas and solids:

Cw = (C1 + C2T + C3T2) * 10−6

C1 = 3.8546 − 0.000134 p
C2 = −0.01052 + 4.77 * 10−7 p
C3 = 3.9267 * 10−5 − 8.8 * 10−10 p

T = °F
p = psia
Cw = psi−1
End of Lecture 5