WEEKS 5 and 6 Lecture

Topics:
• Head loss due to friction
• Head loss due to connections, bends and valves
• Pump and Pipeline Systems

Applied Hydraulics
• This deals with characteristics of water as it passes through the pipelines of the
distribution systems, and the basic calculations of pressure and friction losses in
pipes and appurtenances.

A. Factors Determining Pipe Flow Rates

1. Hydraulics is concerned with the properties and behavior of fluids when at rest
and in motion. The factors that affect the flow of water in pipes are as follows:
• Cross sectional area;
• Roughness of the pipe’s inner surface;
• Condition and type of flow;
• Obstructions; and
• Energy head.

1. Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) – an imaginary line that connects the point
on which the water would rise in a piezometer tube if inserted in any place
along the pipe. It is the measure of the pressure head available plus
elevation of the pipe at various points.
2. Energy Grade Line – the summation of elevation head (H) of the pipe,
pressure head (Hp) and velocity head (Hv) with reference to a fixed datum.
Also to be considered is the head loss (HL) or friction/energy lost in
conveying the water from one point to another.
 3. Equivalent Length – the length of fittings, appurtenances, etc. reduced
to a specific length of straight pipe with the same diameter. This is used in
the computation of head loss that occurs at valves, fittings, etc.

B. Water Pressure
1. Basic Principles

• The force represents the weight of a column of water above a certain point. The
weight then is equal to the volume of the column of water multiplied by the specific
weight of water. The specific weight of water equals 1 kgf/liter of 1,000 kgf/m3.

2. Static Pressure
• The pressure in the system when water is not flowing. It is an indication
of the potential pressure available to the system. This pressure is produced
by:
• Placing the water at an elevation above the location of water use
(example: in an elevated reservoir);
• Imparting energy to the water through pump; and
• Air pressure in hydro-pneumatic tanks.

3. Dynamic Water Pressure

• The pressure at any particular point with a given quantity of water flowing
past that point. Dynamic pressure differs from static pressure in that it
varies throughout the system due to friction losses during the transport of
water. In this topic, both pressures are expressed simply as pressure or
head.

C. Friction Loss
• The loss of pressure caused by water flowing through the pipe in a system.
Flow in pipes is usually turbulent and the roughness of the inside walls of pipes
have a direct effect on the amount of friction loss. Turbulence increase and
consequently friction loss increases with the degree of roughness.
• Friction loss is thus determined by the type, size and length of the pipe and
the amount of water flowing through it.
• Friction loss in plastic pipes and galvanized (G.I.) pipes can be estimated using
Table 11.1 and Table 11.2, respectively. The information necessary to
determine the pressure loss are the pipe size and the discharge rate, Q. Also,
Table 11.1 and Table 11.2 can be used to determine pipe sizes if the discharge
rate and friction loss are given.
• Furthermore, when water flows past valves, fittings and public faucets, there
is a loss in energy due to friction. This loss of energy can be calculated by the
use of Table 11.3. The pipe fittings, valves and public faucets are first reduced
to an equivalent length of straight pipe using Table 11.3 and then the
corresponding friction loss is determined using Table 11.1 or Table 11.2.
Example 11.1:

Determine the Pressure:

Point A Point E
Point B Point F
Point C Point G
Point D Point H
Example 11.2

A pipe 200 m in length and 19 mm in diameter carries water at the rate of 0.20 liters per
second. How much head or pressure would be lost due to friction if PVC pipe is used? If
GI pipe is used?

Solution:
Pumping Facilities

• We will discuss the mechanics of pumps, the types available, how to select and
design pumps for a water system, and key considerations in their installation and
operation.

What are pumps?

• Pumps are devices used to transferring water (or other liquids) from point A to
point B with pressure to overcome the resistance along its path.

Considerations in Pump Selection

1. Total Dynamic Head – total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped,
taking into account friction losses in the pipe.
• Total statice head;
• Losses due to pipe size, length, and material;
• Losses due to pipe appurtenances.

2. Friction Losses in Conduits

• When water moves through a closed conduit, the flow creates heat
due to the friction of the two surfaces (water against conduit). A
steel pipe will produce more friction than will any plastic pipe.
Friction increases with the increased length of pipe or hose, and
also with a decreased diameter of pipe or hose. Increased friction
slows down the water, effectively decreasing the discharge
capacity and actual discharge of a given pipe.

3. Suction Head
• Pump performance (capacity or pressure) is highest when the
pump is operated close to the water's surface.
• Increasing the suction head will decrease the discharge head and
consequently the discharge capacity of the pump. Very
importantly, suction head should be kept to the smallest value
possible to reduce the likelihood of cavitation10. Cavitation can also
occur if the suction pipe is restricted. A suction hose with a smaller
diameter than the suction port should not be used as cavitation can
quickly damage a pump.

4. Discharge Head
• As the pump discharge head increases in height, the pump capacity
decreases and the available pressure at the end of the discharge
pipe also decreases. At maximum head, the capacity of a pump
drops to zero and no pressure is available at the end of the
discharge line. The pump performance curves show the
relationship between discharge capacity and total head.

5. Pipe Restrictions
• When water hits any restriction (valve or a reducer), only a partial
amount of the flowing water is be allowed to pass through.
Restrictions increase the friction and decrease the discharge
capacity at the end of the pipe.
 1. Total Dynamic Head (TDH) – the TDH is the sum of static head, pipe friction and
velocity head at the point of discharge.
2. Static Head – the difference in elevation between suction level and discharge level.
3. Pipe Friction – head loss due to friction of the water as it moves along the pipes,
fittings, elbows, valves and suction entrance.
4. Velocity Head – Changes in kinetic energy of water from source to discharge point.
Velocity head is calculated as the square of the velocity divided by twice the
acceleration of gravity (Hv = v2/2g); where: Hv = velocity head, meters; v =
velocity of water, meters/second; g = 9.8 meters/sec2.
5. Water Horsepower (Output Horsepower) – is the energy transferred by a pump to
the water (WHP = QxTDH/75); where: Q = Pump Discharge, LPS; TDH = Total
Dynamic Head, meters.
6. Brake Horsepower (BHP on Input Horsepower) – is the energy transferred to the
prime mover of a pump. The BHP will always be larger than the WHP due to losses
caused by friction, impeller slippages, etc. BHP is expressed as:

Pump Selection:
1. If the pumping water level (PWL) is less than 6 meters, use a centrifugal pump
(maximum suction lift = 6 m).
2. If the pumping water level is from 6-20 m, use jet pumps or a submersible.
3. If the PWL is greater than 20 m, use a submersible or a vertical line shaft turbine
pump.
Example 14.1.

Solution:
Other Figures: