CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills
training programme, which forms part of the approved Minimum Academic Standards
in the various degree programmes for all Nigerian Universities. It is an effort to bridge
the gap existing between theory and practice of engineering and technology, sciences,
agricultural, medical, management and other professional educational programmes in
the Nigerian tertiary institutions.
SIWES was funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly
coordinated by the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF). The ITF was established by Decree now an act number 47 of 6th
October, 1971, to promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in commerce and
industry with a view to generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to
meet the needs of the economy.
Established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund has operated consistently and
painstakingly within the context of its enabling laws, i.e. Decree 47 of 1971. The
objective for which the Fund was established has been pursued vigorously and
efficaciously. In the three decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised training
consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps of skilled
indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing various sectors of the
national economy. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF), the manpower development
agency of the federal government was established to impart technical skills to those
employed in the manufacturing sector. The decision by the government was also
influenced by the observation of the correlation between a nation’s economy and its
level of investment in manpower development.

1.2 COMPONENTS AND COMPOSITIONS OF SIWES

The main operators of SIWES are the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigeria
University Commission (NUC), NBTE, NCCE and labour workers in the institution.
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 The Federal Government of Nigeria is responsible for the funding of SIWES in
Federal and State tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
An approximate of students participating in SIWES from Nigerian Universities,
polytechnics and colleges of Education is about 78,000 annually and the beneficiaries
are undergraduates of faculties of Technology/Engineering, Agriculture,
Environmental Design and Management, Sciences, Education, Pharmacy and Basic
Medical Sciences.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE SIWES
The provision of Decree 47 of 8th October, 1971 empowers the ITF to
"promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce with a view
to generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of
the Nigerian economy". In the three decades of its existence, the ITF has not only
raised training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps
of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing various
sectors of the national economy.
Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
are:
i. To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their courses of study;
ii. To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation;
iii. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the universities;
iv. To make the transition from the university to the world of work easier, and thus
enhance students’ contacts for later job placement;
v. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in
real work situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual
practices; and
vi. To highlight to the students areas most profitable for research.
vii. From 6 above, following instructor–student interaction, modifications can easily be
made to the curriculum being used.

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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT
i. To present a fairly detailed review of delivering world class affordable ICT
training / Education and IT solution development
ii. To offer practicable suggestions for the improvement of these operations.
iii. To present a fairly detailed review on the engineering approach to the day to
day challenge in the global world of technology.
iv. To present a brief report on networking and information technology

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DRAINAGE
Drainage is the removal of unwanted materials above and below the road surface.
Drainage is of two ways;
1. Sub- surface: This is dangerous for the existence of the road.
2. Surface drainage: This is the removal of water or runoff which is dangerous and
destructive for the existence of the road. Surface drainage can be carried out
through the following:
i. Lined drainage
ii. Unlined drainage
iii. Culverts
iv. Bridges

2.2 TYPES OF DRAINAGE

Drainage can be lined and unlined. Line drainage constructed behave and maintains
a permanent shape. While unlined drainage are drainage that does not maintain and
have a permanent shape.
i. Drainage can be any of these following:
ii. Full concrete lined drains
iii. Concrete and block wall lined drainage
iv. Full block wall line drainage
2.2.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF DRAINAGE
Drainage performs the following functions in the road construction:
To take water off road
To take away water along the roads
2.3 CULVERT
A culvert is a drain or pipe that allows water to flow under a road, rail road,
trails or similar obstruction .Culvert differ from bridges mainly in size and
construction. Culverts are generally smaller than bridges ,ranging from 0.3metres
(1ft)pipe to large reinforced concrete structures.

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2.3.1 CULVERT SERIES DUAL PURPOSE
SLAB CULVERT: These culverts have masonry abutment with stone slab over them.
It is commonly use to about 2m in span.
PIPE CULVERT: When the stream carried low discharge and is having high
embankment, pipes are considered more suitable. It is laid slightly incline. For ease
inspection minimum diameter should be 75mm. There should be at least 900mm cover
of soil so that traffic load transmitted on pipe is of small intensity and also without
vibration.
BOX CULVERT: These culverts are constructed where the nature of the soil below
the foundation is not suitable for individual footing under pipers and abutments. It is a
monolithic rectangular drainage structure. The size of the rectangular passage should
not be less than 0.6m x 0.6m for easy cleaning of debris.

Fig: A section of box culvert

2.4 DRAINAGE
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an
area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water
supplies.

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EFFECT OF IMPROPER DRAINAGE
One of the major causes of road failure is the improper drainage system of road and
it might cause destruction in the following ways:
1. Road surface if made of soil gravel may become soft and losses its strength
2. The road sub grade may also be softened thereby reducing it’s bearing capacity
3. Failure of formation slope is also attributed to poor drainage.
4. Variation in moisture content in retentive brought about variation in volume

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 CHAPTER THREE
ASPHALTIC WORK
3.1 ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Road is a specially prepared hard surface, way for car, bicycles, buses Etc. to travel on;
it may not be lawful usable by the public at, large road are provided to make
accessibility, easy to the normal housing estate road as a width of about 4.90mm
although it is sometimes increases to 5.5mm where a large volume of traffic is to be
carried. Road should be constructed in such way that the longitudinal gradients must
be kept with a reasonable such as 1.2. To 1 in 250. This should be so because if the
road is too flat surface, water will be difficult to remove or drain and if it is to sheep, it
will become difficult to negotiate raining seasoned, when the tendency in slip maybe
very high.
ROAD CAN BE THREE CATEGORIES WHICH ARE:-
(1) Truck A road-> these are road constructed and mainly a mid by the federal
government.
(2) Truck B road->it is the road maintained and constructed by the government
(3) Truck C road-> these are road constructed and maintain by local government. It
is the road commonly in rural areas.

3.2 EARTH WORK

These are engineering works created through the milling or processing parts of the
earth’s surface involving quantities of soil or informed rock work is carried out in
five (5) stages which are:
i. Excavation -: It is the process of digging out of earth surface. It is done with
the acid of hydraulic structure called excavation.
ii. Transportation-: It is the act of transferring of excavation deposited
materials such as laterals to the needed area with the aid of truck and pay
loader.
iii. Deposition-: It is the work of ensuring a level base with a specified slop for
constructing one. It is done by hydraulic structure called grader.

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 iv. Compaction-: It is the arrangement of soil or materials deposited on the road
to reduce the work.

SUB GRADE
This is the first age in the road construction where the leveling of the road started.
The sub grade consists of clay and coarse, sandy soil.
SUB BASE
It is the stage above the sub base grade coarse sub, based coarse consist of laterites.
BLINDING DRAINAGE
Blinding can simply means the prepared surface of excavated area that first spreading
concrete i.e. (granite, sand, cement, and water.) to certain area before placement or
reinforcement into area of drainage.
BASE OF DRAINAGE
The base is the prepared surface of excavated area of fill up with concrete i.e. (Sand,
gravel, cement, water, granite) to a certain level. It is prepared for the passage of water
with a smooth surface.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
Method of Electrical Installation
4.1 Surface Wiring
Prefabricated system for electrical installations in buildings, apartments and the like,
wherein at least six aluminum conductors are embedded in a core, said core is covered
by a cover means in the form of a conventional floor or ceiling molding or a
conventional doorcase and jointed at least each corner and outlet of the installation,
and wherein the material of the core is of substantially uniform thickness around the
aluminum conductors embedded in the core

4.2 Surface Wiring

A surface wiring system for electrical installations in building and the like, comprising
an elongated core means in which a plurality of elongated conductors are embedded,
said core means being adapted to be mounted along a building support surface, cover
means supported on said core means, juncture means between said core means at
which exposed ends of said conductors are connected by flexible conductors,
4.2.1 Conduit Wiring
Electrical conduit provides very good protection to enclosed conductors from
impact, moisture, and chemical vapors. Varying numbers, sizes, and types of
conductors can be pulled into a conduit, which simplifies design and construction
compared to multiple runs of cables or the expense of customized composite cable.

4.3 Types
Conduit systems are classified by the wall thickness, mechanical stiffness, and
material used to make the tubing. Materials may be chosen for mechanical protection,
corrosion resistance, and overall cost of the installation (labor plus material cost).

i. Metal: Rigid metal conduit (RMC) is a thick-walled threaded tubing, usually

made of coated steel, stainless steel or aluminum.Galvanized rigid conduit
(GRC) is galvanized steel tubing, with a tubing wall that is thick enough to

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 allow it to be threaded. Its common applications are in commercial and
industrial construction.
ii. Non-metal

iii. Plastic tubing for use as electrical conduit: PVC conduit is the lightest in
weight compared to other conduit materials, and usually lower in cost than
other forms of conduit.
iv. Flexible: Flexible metallic conduit used in an underground parking facility.
Flexible conduits are used to connect to motors or other devices where isolation
from vibration is useful, or where an excess number of fittings would be needed
to use rigid connections. Electrical codes may restrict the length of a run of
some types of flexible conduit.

4.4 Fittings
Conduit is of relevance to both firestopping, where they become penetrants, and
fireproofing, where circuit integrity measures can be applied on the outside to keep the
internal cables operational during an accidental fire. The British standard BS476 also
considers internal fires, whereby the fireproofing must protect the surroundings from
cable fires. Any external treatments must consider the effect upon ampacityderating
due to internal heat buildup.

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4.5 Transformer

A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one

electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which
induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the
same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a
metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction,
discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing
magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being

termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively.
Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as
to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-
potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power. [2] A
wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power
applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic
centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect
the power grid.

4.5.1 Applications of Transformer

Various specific electrical application designs require a variety of transformer types.

Although they all share the basic characteristic transformer principles, they are
customized in construction or electrical properties for certain installation requirements
or circuit conditions.

In electric power transmission, transformers allow transmission of electric power at

high voltages, which reduces the loss due to heating of the wires. This allows
generating plants to be located economically at a distance from electrical consumers.

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All but a tiny fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of
transformers by the time it reaches the consumer.

In many electronic devices, a transformer is used to convert voltage from the

distribution wiring to convenient values for the circuit requirements, either directly at
the power line frequency or through a switch mode power supply.

Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match
devices such as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers. Audio
transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a
single pair of wires. A balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground
to a signal that has balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and
internal circuits. Isolation transformers prevent leakage of current into the secondary
circuit and are used in medical equipment and at construction sites. Resonant
transformers are used for coupling between stages of radio receivers, or in high-
voltage Tesla coils.

Fig 1: TRANSFORMER
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 Fig 2: Transformer
4.6 SOLAR SYSTEM
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module, PV panel or solar
panel is an assembly of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular)
frame, and a neatly organised collection of PV panels is called a photovoltaic
system or solar array. Solar panels capture sunlight as a source of radiant energy,
which is converted into electric energy in the form of direct current (DC) electricity.
Arrays of a photovoltaic system can be used to generate solar electricity that supplies
electrical equipment directly, or feeds power back into an alternate
current (AC) grid via an inverter system.

4.7 SOLAR LIGHT

Solar street lights are raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic
panels generally mounted on the lighting structure or integrated in the pole itself. The
photovoltaic panels charge a rechargeable battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED
lamp during the night.
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4.7.1 FEATURES

Most solar panels turn on and turn off automatically by sensing outdoor light using a
light source. Solar streetlights are designed to work throughout the night. Many can
stay lit for more than one night if the sun is not available for a couple of days. Older
models included lamps that were not fluorescent or LED. Solar lights installed in
windy regions are generally equipped with flat panels to better cope with the winds.

Latest designs use wireless technology and fuzzy control theory for battery
management. The street lights using this technology can operate as a network with
each light having the capability of performing on or off the network

Solar street lights consist of 5 main parts:

i. Solar Panel
The solar panel is one of the most important parts of solar street lights, as the
solar panel will convert solar energy into electricity. There are 2 types of solar
panel: mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline. Conversion rate of mono-
crystalline solar panel is much higher than poly-crystalline. Solar panel are
varies from wattage systems.
ii. Lighting Fixture
LED is usually used as lighting source of modern solar street light, as the LED
will provide much higher Lumens with lower energy consumption. The energy
consumption of LED fixture is at least 50% lower than HPS fixture which is
widely used as lighting source in Traditional street lights. LEDs lack of warm
up time also allows for use of motion detectors for additional efficiency gains.
iii. Rechargeable Battery
Battery will store the electricity from solar panel during the day and provide
energy to the fixture during night. The life cycle of the battery is very important
to the lifetime of the light and the capacity of the battery will affect the backup
days of the lights. There are usually 2 types of batteries: Gel Cell Deep Cycle
Battery and Lead Acid Battery and many more.

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iv. Controller

Controller is also very important for solar street light. A controller will usually
decide to switch on /off charging and lighting. Some modern controllers are
programmable so that user can decide the appropriate change of charging, lighting
and dimming.

v. Pole

Strong Poles are necessary to all street lights, especially to solar street lights as
there are often components mounted on the top of the pole: fixtures, panels and
sometimes batteries. However, in some newer designs, the PV panels and all
electronics are integrated in the pole itself. Wind resistance is also a factor.

Fig 3: Solar Street Light

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
It could be concluded that I have gained and benefited a lot with the student industrial
work experience scheme (SIWES). The program has provided me with the opportunity
to improve my practical in the school.
5.2 Recommendations
It is recommended that the student should take the scheme more serious by being
more focus and result oriented. This will ensure proper and genuine training of the
student. The federal government should also make provision for enough funds to I.T.F
so as to ensure the opportunity of the program. The college should also take the issue
of supervision of the scheme more seriously as this will make the program meaningful
to students because many students cannot find suitable place to do the SIWES and also
to let those organization know the area they are expected to introduce the students in
order to avoid not making use of the advantage of this programme.

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