Vector mechanics for engineers

statics

Analysis of Structures
Massoud Saleh
 What covered so far
• System of forces
• Rigid bodies vs deformable bodies
• Replacement of system of forces with a resultant
forces and moments
• Equilibrium of particles
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies
What covered so far
What covered so far
What covered so far
What covered so far
 Chapter 6 Objectives:
Define a structure in terms of its members to carry a
specific task, and find the relation between these members
to achieve internal equilibrium
 Chapter 6 Objectives:
Define a structure in terms of its members to carry a
specific task, and find the relation between these members
to achieve internal equilibrium
 Load Types

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 Definition of Stress
• Stress is distribution of force, over the area of cross section:
 Load Types Stress

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5 - 12
 Force Types:

Trusses

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 Force Type:

Frames

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Machines

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Trusses
Definition of a Truss
 Conditions of a
Structurally Sound Truss
 Simple Trusses
• A rigid truss will not collapse under
the application of a load.
• It only suffers change of length in
some of its members that can be
recovered if in elastic region.
• The base of a simple rigid truss is a
triangle
• A rigid truss can be expanded by
adding two members and one
connection to the basic triangular truss.
• As a result, the number of members of
a simple truss must be:
m = 2n – 3
where m is number of members and n is
the number of joints
• It does not mean that simple truss must
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only be made of triangles
 Structural Integrity
• A rigid truss will not collapse under the
application of a load.
• It only suffers change of length in some of its
members that can be recovered if in elastic
region.
• The base of a simple rigid truss is a triangle

• A rigid truss can be expanded by adding two

members and one connection to the basic
triangular truss.
• As a result, the number of members of a
simple truss must be:
m = 2n – 3
where m is number of members and n is the
number of joints
• It does not mean that simple truss must only
be made of triangles
 Concept of Determinacy

• A determinate structure is one whose unknown external

reaction or internal members can be determined using only the
conditions of equilibrium.
• In a 2D world, we have three degrees of freedom. These can be
taken away with fixture or reactions, and only three sets of
equations are available to solve these systems
• In a 3D world, the number of degrees of freedoms or unknowns
are six and we have six sets of equations to find them.
• A Truss falls under the same criteria. We can only solve a truss if
it is determinate
 Concept of Determinacy
• Truss is made of members meeting each other at joints. (hinges)
• Each of these hinges capture two degrees of freedom,

• We can say each of these joints, provide two sets of equations in

process of removing those degrees of freedoms (A truss with three
hinges, provides six equations)
• At the same time in a 2D world, we need to remove three degrees of
freedom
• As a result, the number of allowable members for a determinate truss is
Number of allowed members = 2 x number of joints – number of reactions
 Conclusion
• A truss consists of straight members
• No member can be continuous going over another joint
• Members must be 2-load bodies
• Members can not go through bending or shear
• Members can only be connected at joints,
• Loads can only be applied to joints (including the
reactions)
• The base of a truss is a 3-member, 3-joint triangle held in
place with a roller and hinge
• Trusses can be expanded by adding two members and
one joint at a time
• A truss must be determinant, fully constrained and in
equilibrium
 Trusses in Real World
• Although in real world, the members are joined together by means
of welded, bolted, or riveted connections, it is customary to
assume that the members are pinned together as long as their line
of actions intersect at the joint, therefore the forces acting at each
end of a member reduces to a single force of tension or
compression and no couple
• This causes the elements of a truss to be only under either Tension
or Compression
Coinciding
lines of
actions
creates a
pivot
 Trusses in Real World
• In general, the members of a truss are slender and can
support little lateral load
• When a concentrated load is to be applied between
two joints or when the truss must support a
distributed load, as in the case of a bridge truss, a floor
system must be provided.
 Different Classes of a Truss

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 Example 1
Determine if the following trusses are Simple (S), Statically Stable
(SS) , Determinate (D), or Indeterminate (I):
(m is the number of members, j is the number of joints and r is the
number of reactions
 Simple trusses
• If a simple plane truss has only three reaction forces it is determinate
• We can determine trusses stability using the following formula:

• Where m is the number of members, j is the number of joints and r is the

number of reactions
 Example 2
Determine whether this Truss is a simple truss
and determinate
 Class Activity 1

Determine whether this Truss is a simple

truss and determinate
 Class Activity 2

Determine if this truss is:

simple? Determinate? Stable?
 Class Activity 3

Determine if this truss is:

simple? Determinate? Stable?
 Class Activity 4

Determine if this truss is:

simple? Determinate? Stable?
 Class Activity 5
A truss can be Non-simple and still determinate and stable
Solving Trusses
Special loading conditions
F

y
Zero Force
Member

x
 Special loading conditions

Forces in opposite The forces in two

members intersecting opposite members are In absence of the load,
equal when a load is the member with no
in two straight lines at
aligned with a third counterpart is a zero
a joint are equal.
member. load member
 Example 3
Find the zero load members
 Class Activity 6
Find the zero load members
Truss Analysis
Method of Joints
 Method of Joints
• Check and see if the truss is determinate
• Solve externally for reactions
• Dismember the truss and create a freebody
diagram for each member and pin.
• Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss
can be used to solve for 3 support reactions.
• The two forces exerted on each member are
equal, have the same line of action, and
opposite sense.
• Forces exerted by a member on the pins or
joints at its ends are directed along the member
and equal and opposite.
• Conditions of equilibrium are used to solve for
The forces of action and reaction 2 unknown forces at each pin (or joint), giving a
between two bodies in contact total of 2n solutions, where n=number of joints.
have the same magnitude, same Forces are found by solving for unknown forces
line of action, and opposite sense. while moving from joint to joint sequentially.
Steps in Solving a Truss with Joint Method

• Create the Free Body Diagram

• Check to see if the truss is properly
constrained
• Check to see if the truss is determinate
• Find the zero load members
• Solve the truss as a whole for external
reactions
• Start solving the joints selecting those with
only two unknowns
 AB=0 , AD = 7 C, BD = 34 C,
Example 4 DE = 30 T , BE = 8 T

determine the force in each member of the truss and

decide if the member is in tension or compression
 Class Activity 7
determine the force in each member of the truss and
decide if the member is in tension or compression

AB=20 T, AD = 20.6 C, BD = 11.18 C, BC = 30 T , CD = 10 T

Compound Trusses
 Compound Trusses
• Compound trusses are statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
constrained.
m  2n  3

• Truss contains a redundant member

and is statically indeterminate.
m  2n  3

• Additional reaction forces may be

necessary for a rigid truss.

• Necessary but insufficient condition

non-rigid rigid for a compound truss to be statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
m  2n  3 m  2n  4 constrained,
m  r  2n
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Method of Sections
 Method of Sections

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 Method of Sections
• When the force in only one member or the
forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.
• To determine the force in member BD, form a
section by “cutting” the truss at n-n and
create a free body diagram for the left side.

• Notice that the exposed internal forces

are all assumed to be in tension.

• With only three members cut by the section,

the equations for static equilibrium may be
applied to determine the unknown member
forces, including FBD.

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 Method of Sections
• Using the left-side FBD, write one
equilibrium equation that can be solved to
find FBD. Check your equation with a
neighbor; resolve any differences between
your answers if you can.

p k p
• Assume that the initial section cut was made
using line k-k. Why would this be a poor
choice? Think, then discuss with a neighbor.
• Notice that any cut may be chosen, so
long as the cut creates a separated section.
k
• So, for example, this cut with line p-p is
acceptable.

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 Example 5
Find forces in
members FD and
DG

Ay = 27 kips
H = 45 kips
FD = 60.0 kips C
GD = 15.00 kips C
 Class Activity 8
Find forces in
members BD and
AC

Ay = 27 kips
H = 45 kips
BD = 36.00 kips C
AC = 45.00 kips T
 Class Activity 9
Find forces in members DG and FI

DG = 3.75 kN T FI = 3.75 kN C
 Class Activity 10
The diagonal members in the center panels of the truss shown are
very slender and can act only in tension; such members are known as
counters. Determine the force in member DE and in the counters that
are acting under the given loading.
 Space Trusses
• Most actual structures are made of several 2D
trusses joined together to form a space
framework.
• The exact same rules of a 2D truss applies to a
3D truss:
 Externally in equilibrium: six degrees of
freedom taken away with help of fixtures &
reactions
 They must be determinate: the number of
members must follow this relation with the
joints and external reactions:
m = 3j - 6
 Structurally stable: the base of a space truss
consists of 6 members connected at 4 joints
to form a tetrahedron.
 Space Trusses
• A simple space truss can be expanded when 3 new members
and 1 joint are added at the same time.
 Example -6
The truss shown consists of six
members and is supported by
a short link at A, two short
links at B, and a ball-and-
socket at D.
Determine if the truss is a
simple truss, stable and
determinate, then Determine
the force in each of the
members for the given loading
Results:
 Class Activity 11
The truss shown consists of 18
members and is supported by a
ball and socket at A , two short links at B
, and one short link at G .
( a ) Check that this truss is a simple
truss, that it is completely
constrained, and that the reactions at
its supports are statically
determinate. ( b ) For the given loading,
determine the force in each
of the six members joined at E .