RSITY OF S

IVE WA
U N

T
• NAME: FAYAZ AHMAD
• DEPARTMENT: CHEMICAL SCIENCES
• SUBJECT: COMPUTER
• SUBMITTED TO: PROF. IJAZ AHAD
• SUBMITTED BY: FAYZA AHMAD
• DATE: 7/4/2024
COMPUTER & ITS TYPES:
Computer is an electronic device, which can accept the input data. Process the data, and gives the result
of the process data according to instruction.

History of Computers:

The history of Computer is very old; i.e. it goes back to some 500 years BC.

The first computing machine was used by the Chinese before 15th century. The name of this machine
was Abacus. '

in 1812 an English mathematician from Cambridge University. Mr. Charles Babbage designed a machine
called DIFFERENCE ENGINE.

Babbage also gave the idea of an ANAEYTICAE ENGINE

In 1946, John MaUchly and J, P. Eckert developed an Electronic, Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC).

John Vons Neumann‘s Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) developed in 1950

Due to these improvements, we have now Computers, which can solve all types of problems.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

The following are advantage s/important of computer

Speed:-

Computer works at a very high speed and are much faster than humans.

Storage:-

A computer can store large amount of data permanently user can use this data at any time.

Processing:-

It can perform different type of processing like addition, subtract, division

Accuracy:-

Accuracy means to provide result without any error. Computer can Process large amount of data and
generate accurate result.

Communication:-

Most computers today have the capability of communicating with

A computer can perform different type of task. We can use computer in hospital, bank. Office or at home
etc.

Cost reduction:-

We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

BASIC COMPONENETS OF COMPUTER

There are three basic Functional Unit/elements of a computer. 1 Input Unit 2-Processing Unit

(CPU) 3-Output Unit

1) Input Unit

The devices through which we enter data and instructions (Programs) into computer is called input

devices, e.g. keyboard. Mouse, Scanner, digital camera etc

2) Central Processing Unit (CPU) -

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the administrator section of computer. It is the brain of

computer. CPU is located on motherboard.

3) Storage Unit (Primary Memory)

This memory is the place where the computer program and data are stored during processing

There is usually two type's primary storage

RAM:-

It stands for Random-Access-Memory or read/write Memory because information

can either be read from or written to the RAM. RAM is called volatile or

semiconductor memory.

ROM:-

It stands for Read-Only-Memory. Information can be read from ROM but we cannot

write information to it. This is the memory whose e information can be not

changed. The information stored in it cannot be lost if we turn off the Computer.

4) Output Unit

The device used to display information to the user is called output device. An output device can

be used to store, display or print the information, e.g. monitor, printer, speaker etc

1.3 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

computer program or a series of instructions. Software is program that allows the hardware

to perform a useful work.

A. SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System Software is a group of program that controls all the operation of computer. For example.

Operating System, utilities, device drivers.

B. Application Software.

Application Software is a type of software that is used to perform .specific task for users. St is

used to perform different task such as word processor, a spread sheet or database etc. An

application is the job or task a user wants the computer to do. Application software enables

you to perform specific task, solve problem, and perform work.

TYPES OF COMPUTER

There are three type of Computer with respect to internal structure:

Digital Computers. b) Analog Computers, c) Hybrid Computers,

1 Digital Computers:

In these Computers, information is represented by variables which having discrete value I.e.

operates on the inputs that are ON -OFF switching. Digital computers process data.

Which is in the form of digits

2 Analog Computers:-

These machines process information, which is of, continues nature and which is not discrete or

separate. An Analog computer is used for measurement. Analog computer measure

Temperature, Pressure. Current Voltage and Depth etc.

3 Hybrid Computer:-

Hybrid Computers combine the properties of both Digital Computers and Analog Computers for

solving the problems e.g. Hybrid Computers have the speed of Analog Computers and accuracy

of Digital Computers.

TYPES OF COMPUTER W.R.T SIZE

1 Super Computers: -
Super Computers are also called "Number Crunchers because, they are specialized

Computers for dealing with numbers, i.e. they are capable of performing over 10 Mega

flops (i.e. millions floating point operations per second ). These Computers are very much

expensive. Two families of commercially available Super Computers are the

GRAY-I and Cyber205 Area

of Application: weather

prediction, weapon

design,

Preparing model of chemical and biological system.

studying the neural network of brain,

Atomic reactor.

2 Mainframe Computers:

. Mainframes have the facilities to communicate with large amount of data and support

several input and output devices. The cost of typical mainframe is in million rupees and

can serve as much as 150 users.

These Computers have Memory of several hundred Mbs, and operate at a speed of measure in

nanoseconds, e.g. IBM/360, IBM/3090, etc.

3 Mini Computers:

These Computers are larger than PCs, both in size and other facilities such as “speed, storage

capacity, etc. These Computers have the capabilities to serve many Users at one time. They

are costly as compared to PCs. Their speeds are rated between 1 and 50 MIPS. E.g.

Vax/11730. IBM/8370, etc.

4 Micro Computers:

These are also called Personal Computers (PC). These are the most popular digital

Computers used in all fields of life. These are small in memory and have less processing

capability. These are also called Chip Computers, because its entire circuitry is fabricated

on a single chip, the microcomputer of today is equivalent to the main frame of

tomorrow,