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Crisp Cut-Raman Spectroscopy

The about in vimalraj master

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23 views

Crisp Cut-Raman Spectroscopy

The about in vimalraj master

Uploaded by

erwin einstein
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Physics

A gateway to all Physics exams

Crisp cuts
Raman Spectroscopy

1 Basic Principle:

 Raman spectroscopy is based on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light,


usually from a laser.

 When light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons, or other excitations in the
system, the energy of the laser photons is shifted up or down. This shift provides
information about vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in the
system.

2 Raman Effect:

 Named after Indian physicist C.V. Raman, who discovered the effect in 1928.

 It involves the scattering of photons with a change in energy corresponding to the


energy difference between the initial and final states of the molecule.

3 Stokes and Anti-Stokes Lines:

 Stokes Lines: Result when scattered photons have lower energy than incident
photons (energy is transferred to the molecule).

 Anti-Stokes Lines: Result when scattered photons have higher energy than incident
photons (energy is gained from the molecule).

 Stokes lines are more intense than anti-Stokes lines because more molecules are in
the ground state at room temperature.
Raman Spectroscopy 2

4 Instrumentation:

 Laser Source: Provides monochromatic light, usually in the visible, near-infrared,


or near ultraviolet range.

 Sample Illumination System: Focuses the laser on the sample and collects
scattered light.

 Monochromator or Spectrograph: Disperses the scattered light to measure the


Raman spectrum.

 Detector: Typically a CCD (charge-coupled device) that records the spectrum.

5 Applications:

 Chemical Analysis: Identification of molecular composition and structure.

 Material Science: Characterization of materials like semiconductors, nanotubes,


and polymers.

 Biology and Medicine: Studying biological tissues and cells, detecting diseases.

 Forensic Science: Identifying substances in crime scenes.

6 Advantages:

 Non-destructive: Does not damage the sample.

 Minimal Sample Preparation: Little to no preparation required.

 High Specificity: Can differentiate between different chemical compounds and


molecular structures.

7 Limitations:

 Fluorescence Interference: Can overshadow the Raman signal, making detection


difficult.

 Weak Signal: Raman scattering is a weak process, requiring sensitive equipment


and strong laser sources.

 Cost: High-quality Raman spectrometers and lasers can be expensive.

2
Raman Spectroscopy 3

Key Equations in Raman Spectroscopy

1 Raman Shift:

 The Raman shift (𝚫𝝂) is the difference between the wavenumber of the incident
light (𝝂𝟎 ) and the wavenumber of the scattered light (𝝂𝒔 ) :

𝜟𝝂 = 𝝂𝟎 − 𝝂𝒔

2 Energy Difference:

 The energy difference between the incident and scattered light can be expressed as:

𝚫𝑬 = 𝒉(𝝂𝟎 − 𝝂𝒔 )

where 𝒉 is Planck's constant.

3 Raman Intensity:

 The intensity of Raman scattering is proportional to the polarizability change (𝛼)


during molecular vibration:

𝒅𝜶 𝟐
𝑰∝( )
𝒅𝒒

where 𝜶 is the polarizability and 𝒒 is the vibrational coordinate.


4. Stokes and Anti-Stokes Shifts:

 Stokes Shift: Occurs when the scattered photon has less energy than the incident photon
(molecule gains energy):

𝑬Stokes = 𝒉𝝂𝟎 − 𝒉𝝂𝒔

 Anti-Stokes Shift: Occurs when the scattered photon has more energy than the incident
photon (molecule loses energy):

𝑬Anti-Stokes = 𝒉𝝂𝟎 + 𝒉𝝂𝒔

3
Raman Spectroscopy 4

5 Selection Rule:

 For a Raman active vibration, there must be a change in the polarizability (𝜶) of
the molecule:

𝚫𝜶 ≠ 𝟎

6 Quantum Mechanical Description:

 The transition probability for Raman scattering involves the transition dipole
moment (𝝁) :

𝟐
𝑻 ∝ |⟨𝝍𝒇 |𝝁|𝝍𝒊 ⟩|

where 𝝍𝒊 and 𝝍𝒇 are the initial and final vibrational states, respectively.

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