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Immunization

immunization program in india

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6 views

Immunization

immunization program in india

Uploaded by

amruthaks28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMMUNIZATION

Background note on Immunization :-

o Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched in 1978. It was renamed as


Universal Immunization Programme in 1985 when its reach was expanded
beyond urban areas. In 1992, it became part of Child Survival and Safe
Motherhood Programme and in 1997 it was included in the ambit of National
Reproductive and Child Health Programme. Since the launch of National Rural
Health Mission in 2005, Universal Immunization Programme has always been an
integral part of it.
o Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is one of the largest public health
programmes targeting close of 2.67 crore newborns and 2.9 crore pregnant
women annually.
o It is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and largely
responsible for reduction of vaccine preventable under-5 mortality rate.
o Under UIP, immunization is providing free of cost against 12 vaccine preventable
diseases:
o Nationally against 9 diseases - Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles,
Rubella, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and Meningitis &
Pneumonia caused by Hemophilus Influenza type B
o Sub-nationally against 3 diseases - Rotavirus diarrhoea, Pneumococcal
Pneumonia and Japanese Encephalitis; of which Rotavirus vaccine and
Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine are in process of expansion while JE vaccine is
provided only in endemic districts.
o A child is said to be fully immunized if child receives all due vaccine as per
national immunization schedule within 1st year age of child.
o The two major milestones of UIP have been the elimination of polio in 2014 and
maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in 2015.

New vaccines

o Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV): IPV has been introduced in UIP as part of
Global Polio end-game strategy, to mitigate the risk associated with tOPV to
bOPV switch. IPV was introduced in November 2015 initially in 6 states, which
was expanded across the country by April 2016.
o Rotavirus vaccine (RVV): RVV has been introduced to reduce mortality and
morbidity caused by Rotavirus diarrhoea in March 2016. It has been introduced in
11 states (Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha,
Assam, Tripura, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh). The
vaccine will be expanded across the country in 2019-20.
o Measles Rubella (MR) vaccine: India is committed to the goal of measles
elimination and rubella control and to achieve the goal MR vaccine was
introduced in the country through a campaign mode in a phased manner in 2017.
MR campaign target around 41 crore children in the age group of 9 months to 15
years (covering ⅓ of the total population of the country) followed by 2 doses in
routine immunization at 9-12 months and 16-24 months. Rubella component is
now under routine immunization as MR vaccine.
o Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV): PCV has been launched in May 2017
for reducing Infant mortality and morbidity caused by pneumococcal pneumonia.
It has been introduced in Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, 19 districts
of Uttar Pradesh and 18 districts of Rajasthan.
o Tetanus and adult diphtheria (Td) vaccine: TT vaccine has been replaced with
Td vaccine in UIP to limit the waning immunity against diphtheria in older age
groups. Td vaccine to be administered to adolescents at 10 and 16 years of age
and to pregnant women.

Mission Indradhanush

o Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched in December 2014 and aims at


increasing the full immunization coverage to children to 90%.
o Under this drive focus is given on pockets of low immunization coverage and
hard to reach areas where the proportion of unvaccinated and partially vaccinated
children is highest.
o A total of six phases of Mission Indradhanush have been completed covering 554
districts across the country.
o It was also identified as one of the flagship schemes under Gram Swaraj Abhiyan
(16,850 villages across 541 districts) and Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (48,929
villages across 117 aspirational districts).
o While the first two phases of Mission Indradhanush resulted in 6.7% increase in
full immunization coverage in a year, a recent survey carried out in 190 districts
covered in Intensified Mission Indradhanush (5th phase of Mission Indradhanush)
shows 18.5% points increase in full immunization coverage as compared to
NFHS-4 survey carried out in 2015-16.

New Initiatives in Vaccine Logistics & Cold Chain Management

1. Capacity building
o National Cold Chain Training Centre (NCCTE), Pune and National Cold Chain
& Vaccine Management Resource Centre (NCCVMRC) -NIHFW, New Delhi
have been established to provide technical training to cold chain technicians in
repair & maintenance of cold chain equipment

1. System strengthening

o Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) rollout:


o The Government of India has rolled out an Electronic Vaccine Intelligence
Network (eVIN)system that digitizes the entire vaccine stock management, their
logistics and temperature tracking at all levels of vaccine storage – from national
to the sub-district.
o This enables program managers to have real time view of the vaccine stock
position and their storage temperature across all the cold chain points providing a
detailed overview of the vaccine cold chain logistics system across the entire
country.
o eVIN system has been completed in 12 states in the first phase – Assam, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur,
Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
o Second phase is ongoing in 9 states – Andhra Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, Tripura and Uttarakhand.
o eVIN is to be scaled up to entire country.
o National Cold Chain Management Information System (NCCMIS)to track the
cold chain equipment inventory, availability and functionality.

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