Introduction

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
Refers to a series of paradigm shifts that fundamentally changed how
humans understand the natural world:
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
• Challenged long-held beliefs.
• Reshaped scientific thoughts.
• Gradual acceptance and integration
of new ideas.

The Fall of Constantinople marks the

end of the European Middle Ages and
the beginning of the Intellectual
Revolution.
Introduction
The intellectual revolution did not occur immediately. It was preceded by
period of gradual change in thought during and after the Middle Ages.

EXAMPLE:

The Printing Press

• Developed by Johannes
Gutenberg.

• The printing press,

allowed new ideas to
spread quickly because
of the concept of mass
production.
Introduction
The Intellectual Revolution further cement the interaction or relationship
of Science, Technology, and Society.
ANCIENT EUROPEAN
PREHISTORY
CIVILIZATION MIDDLE AGES
Survival focus
Noble-driven Religious control
inquiry
No formal
Feudal limitations
knowledge
Isolated knowledge
systems
Isolated
Practical use over Scholarship
Limited
theory
transmission

The Intellectual Revolution focused on progress itself and sharing ideas

much more freely. This helped STS rapidly advance in a more active way.
Introduction
THREE MAJOR INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
Copernican Revolution Darwinian Revolution Freudian Revolution
Copernican Revolution
The paradigm shift from Ptolemaic Model of Heavens to the
Heliocentric Model.

Ptolemaic Model of Heavens

• First proposed by Aristotle and part of an
Early Greek Astronomy.

• Crystalline spheres symbolizing celestial

objects were attached, and rotated at
different velocities with the Earth at the
center.

• The outermost sphere was the Domain of

the "Prime Mover”.
Copernican Revolution
The PROBLEM of Ptolemaic Model of Heavens
• The model could not explain varying planetary brightness and the
retrograde in their motions.

RETROGADE MOTION
An apparent sudden change in the
movement of a planet through the
sky, where it seems to move
backward, or in the opposite
direction to its usual eastward
course.

• The model was not seriously challenged until the Renaissance.

Copernican Revolution
Ptolemaic Model of Heavens integrated in Theology.
• By the Middle Ages, Aristotle and Ptolemy’s theory was merged with
medieval theology undertaken by philosopher-theologians.

RESULTS OF THE COMBINATION

1.The Prime Mover of Aristotle's universe
became the God of Christian Theology.
2.The outermost sphere of the Prime Mover
became identified with the Christian
Heaven.
3.The Earth’s center position was understood
in terms of the concern that the Christian
God had for the affairs of mankind.
Copernican Revolution
Copernican Model

• Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish priest,

proposed in 1515, but did not publish
his work until 1543.
• Positioned the Sun near the center of
the Universe, motionless, with Earth
and the other planets rotating around
it.
• His theory gained followers and some
of them faced charges of heresy.
Copernican Revolution
The Copernicus System • The center of the universe is
not a planet.
• The moon circles the Earth.
Earth has three motions:
• Daily rotation, replaces the
movement of the sphere of
the fixed start.
• Annual revolution around
sun.
• An annual rotation about an
axis perpendicular to the
ecliptic.
Copernican Revolution
The PROBLEM of Copernican Model
• The shortcoming of this model is the use of circular instead of elliptical
orbits. However, in his time, the Copernican model is a groundbreaking
discovery already.
• Copernicus’ book was only published at the end The Power of The
of his life. Church

• In the 17th century, the work of Kepler, Galileo, Galileo was arrested,
imprisoned, tried for
and Newton would build on the Heliocentric
heresy by the Papal
Universe of Copernicus and produce the
Inquisition, and
revolution that would sweep away completely
forced to publicly
the ideas of Aristotle. This is known as the
recant his views.
Copernican Revolution.
Copernican Revolution
Brahe Model
• King Fredrick II of Denmark built Tycho
Brahe a naked-eye observatory to
measure the position of planets with
high accuracy.
• He developed the practice of measuring
the error from his instruments in order
to obtain accurate observations.
• His observations of a supernova and a
comet showed inconsistencies with
Theory of Aristotle but he did not
challenge it.
Copernican Revolution

Tycho Brahe's
Uraniborg main
building from
the 1663
Blaeu's Atlas
Maior.
Copernican Revolution

Tycho Brahe's
Uraniborg main
building from
the 1663
Blaeu's Atlas
Maior.
Copernican Revolution
Brahe Model
• Brahe developed a model in order to explain Galileo’s observation of
the Venus Phases. His model had all the planets (except Earth) orbiting
around the Sun, but then the Sun orbited around the Earth.
Copernican Revolution
Kepler Model
• Refers to a set of three laws developed
by the German Astronomer Johannes
Kepler in the early 17th century.

What leads to the discovery?

• Kepler is Tycho Brahe’s assistant. Brahe

felt threatened and assigned Kepler to the
difficult task of observing Mars.

• It was from the meticulous and extensive

record of observation of Mars that Kepler
formed his model of the solar system.
Copernican Revolution
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Law of Ellipses
• Planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun located
at one of the two foci of the ellipse.

• This law refuted the idea that planetary orbits were perfectly circular,
which was a central tenet of previous models.
Copernican Revolution
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Law of Equal Areas

• A line drawn from a planet to the

sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.

• This means that planets move

faster when they are closer to the
sun and slower when they are
farther away.
Copernican Revolution
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Law of Harmonies
• The square of a planet's orbital
period is proportional to the
cube of the semi-major axis.
• Orbital Period
⚬ The time it takes to complete
one orbit.
• Semi-Major Axis
⚬ Half of this major axis,
extending from the center of
the ellipse to one end of the
ellipse.
Copernican Revolution
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of
modern science and made major contributions to the fields
of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and
philosophy.

A B ▼
A. Two of Galileo's
first telescopes; in
the Museo Galileo,
Contrary to the popular belief, Florence.
he was not the inventor of the Scala/Art Resource, New
York
telescope. It was the Dutch
B. Galileo's
eyeglass maker Hans illustrations of the
Lippershey who first applied for Moon

GALILEO the patent of the telescope.

Galileo improved upon this
Galileo's sepia wash studies
of the Moon, 1609; in the
Biblioteca Nazionale,
Florence.

GALILEI
Dutch design. © Everett-Art

AND HIS VIEW OF THE In 1610, he discovered “stars” orbiting He published his discoveries in
UNIVERSE Jupiter and named them after the “Siderius Nuncius” (meaning The
grand duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de Starry Messenger). This included
Medici ~ Medician Stars. This made observations of the moon’s surface
him famous! and descriptions of a multitude of new
stars in the Milky Way.
Copernican Revolution

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

ISAAC NEWTON
► Contributions to different fields:
⚬ Mathematics, both pure and applied
⚬ Optics and the theory of light and
color
⚬ Design of scientific instruments
⚬ Synthesis and codification of
dynamics
⚬ Invention of the concept and law of
universal gravity
⚬ Alchemy
⚬ Chronology, church history, and
⚬ interpretation of the Scriptures

“ If I have seen further it is by standing on the

shoulders of giants.
Isaac Newton
Darwinian Revolution Pre-Darwin
Before Darwin, life was generally attributed to GOD.
WATCHMAKER ANALOGY
• Basically, this argument says that after seeing a watch, with
all its intricate parts, which work together in a precise fashion
to keep time, one must deduce that this piece of machinery
has a creator, since it is far too complex to have simply come
into being by some other means, such as evolution.

CRITICISMS

(DAVID HUME)
1.The universe does not exhibit that much order as there are
many indications of disorder. WILLIAM PALEY
2.Analogy fails because there are no other universes to (1743-1805)
compare our universe.
He was an English clergyman, a Christian
3.The argument does not prove the existence of only one god apologist, a philosopher, and a utilitarian.
He is best known for his natural theology
4.The argument does not prove that the creator is infinite and his argument for the existence of God,
rather than several gods.
He made use of the “watchmaker analogy.”
Darwinian Revolution Pre-Darwin

THE GREAT CHAIN OF BEING

GOD

• The natural world was cast in the image of

a ladder, ranking all created forms from
the brightest angel to the humblest worm ANGELS

in a descending order.
HUMANS

• The Almighty, embodied the highest form ANIMALS

of perfection.
PLANTS

• The whole chain was seen as a graded

ladder of perfection. It was complete,
NON LIVING
THINGS

continuous, and harmonious. No chasms

or gaps existed.
1579 drawing of the great chain of being from Didacus
Valades, Rhetorica Christiana.
Darwinian Revolution Pre-Darwin
THE GREAT CHAIN OF BEING

At the end of the 18th century, the idea of a Scale GOD

of Being struggled with many difficulties.

• Geology, a new science, discovered many fossil ANGELS

records which documented the successive

extinction of species.
HUMANS

• Breaks existed in the chain. ANIMALS

• Scholars like (Hutton and Lyell) began to doubt

the traditional view that the Earth was just a
PLANTS

few thousand years old. They thought that the NON LIVING
THINGS

age of the Earth was much greater than

previously conceived (thousands to million
years).
1579 drawing of the great chain of being from Didacus
Valades, Rhetorica Christiana.
Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin

• An English Naturalist whose book named

the “Origin of Species”, became the
foundation of modern evolutionary
studies.
• He first studied medicine unsuccessfully
and then theology at Cambridge University

• After graduation, he took an unpaid

position as a naturalist and companion to
Captain Robert FitzRoy in the 5-year
voyage around the world in the HMS
Beagle.
Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin
In his 5 year trip, he:

a.Collected specimens of
South American plants and
animals
b.Observed that fossils
resembled living species in
the region
c.Visited Galapagos Islands
and hypothesized that
species from South
America had colonized and
speciated on the islands.
In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived that adaptation to the
environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes.
Darwinian Revolution
Flinches on Galapagos Island
• During his visit, Darwin noticed that finches
on different islands had beaks of varying
shapes and sizes.
• Some finches in South America had larger,
stronger beaks for cracking nuts, while
Galapagos island’s flinches had slender
beaks for catching insects.
• These beak differences were adaptations to
the birds' specific diets and environments
Evolution
• The process by which different kinds of living
organisms are thought to have developed Geospiza parvula
and diversified from earlier forms during the
Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza fortis Certhidea olivasea

history of the earth.

Darwinian Revolution
Giraffes

• Their long necks are resulted to

natural selection, especially
during times of food scarcity.

• Giraffes with longer necks had a

survival advantage because they
could access food that shorter-
necked giraffes couldn't, allowing
them to survive and reproduce.

• A perfect example on how

adaptation to environmental
pressures can drive evolutionary
change and potentially lead to
the development of new species.
Darwinian Revolution

The Theory of Natural Selection

Freudian Revolution

• Sigmund Freud's work developed during a period

of rapid scientific and intellectual growth in
Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Prior to Freud, mental health was largely

misunderstood, with conditions such as hysteria
or neuroses often being treated through physical
or moral means.
• Freud's work introduced a new framework for
understanding the human mind that emphasized
the role of the unconscious and psychological
processes.

Father of Modern Psychology

Freudian Revolution Freud’s Major Theories
THE CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND
The Conscious Mind
• The tip of the iceberg.

• The conscious mind contains all the thoughts, feelings,

cognitions, and memories we acknowledge.

The Unconscious Mind

• Major bottom-part of the iceberg.

• Freud proposed that much of human behavior is

influenced by unconscious desires, fears, and
motivations.

• Unconscious mind holding repressed memories,

thoughts, and emotions that shape behavior.
Freudian Revolution Freud’s Major Theories

THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Id
• Represents primal urges and desires,
operating based on the pleasure principle.
Ego
• Acts as the mediator, making decisions
based on the reality principle to balance the
id's desires and the superego's morals.
Superego
• Represents the internalized societal norms,
morals, and ideals, often in conflict with the
id.
Freudian Revolution Freud’s Major Theories

DEFENSE MECHANISM
• Freud introduced the concept of defense
mechanisms.

• Psychological strategies used by the ego

to protect the individual from anxiety
caused by conflicts between the id, ego,
and superego.
Common mechanisms include:
• Repression
• Denial
• Projection
• Rationalization
Activity Output #5

To wrap up our lesson today, please respond to these two questions in no

more than five sentences each. (1/2 yellow pad paper)

• Do you believe that modern science and technology would have

developed in the same way without the Intellectual Revolution?
Why or why not?

• Do you think the principles established during the Intellectual

Revolution are still relevant in today's scientific discourse? Why
or why not?