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ELECTRONICS

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Abhay singh Thakur
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ELECTRONICS

Uploaded by

Abhay singh Thakur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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FLIP FLOP ,

RS FLIP FLOP USING NOR GATE

A
seminar report submitted
in partial fulfillment for the degree of
MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS
By

ABHAY SINGH THAKUR


ROLL NO. :230502
ENROLLMENT NO. : ABVV/GERS/2023/0836
SESSION: 2023-24
SUBJECT : ELECTRONICS

Under the guidance


Of
Dr. Sandhya Yadav

Department of Physics

Govt. E. Raghavendra Rao P.G. Science college


Bilaspur(C.G)
Affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya,Bilaspur(C.G)

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FLIP FLOP , RS FLIP FLOP USING NOR GATE

➢ FLIP FLOP :

A flip-flop is a basic digital memory circuit that can store one


bit of data. It is a sequential circuit, meaning its output depends
not only on the current inputs but also on its previous state.
Flip-flops are used in a wide range of digital systems, including
computers, communication devices, and control systems.

Among various types of flip-flops, the SR (Set-Reset) flip-flop


is one of the simplest. It can be constructed using logic gates
like NOR or NAND gates. Below is a detailed explanation of
the SR flip-flop built with NOR gates.

It is also known as a Bistable multivibrator .

❖ Types of Flip-Flops -
Given Below are the Types of Flip-Flop
➢ SR Flip Flop
➢ JK Flip Flop
➢ D Flip Flop
➢ T Flip Flop

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➢ SR Flip-Flop Using NOR Gates :

An SR flip-flop consists of two inputs:


• S (Set): Used to set the flip-flop (output = 1).
• R (Reset): Used to reset the flip-flop (output = 0).
It also has two outputs:
• Q: The primary output that represents the stored
state.
• Q' (Q-bar): The complementary output, which is
always the opposite of Q.

➢ Circuit Diagram :
The SR flip-flop built using NOR gates consists of:
1. Two NOR gates arranged in a cross-coupled
configuration.
2. The output of the first NOR gate is connected to
one input of the second NOR gate, and vice versa.

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➢ Logic Circuit Design :

• The inputs to the SR flip-flop are S and R.


• The first NOR gate receives inputs S and Q'.
• The second NOR gate receives inputs R and Q.

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➢ Truth Table

S R Q Q'

0 0 No Change No Change

0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0

1 1 Invalid Invalid

➢ Operation :

1. When S = 1 and R = 0:
o The Set input dominates.
o The output Q becomes 1, and Q' becomes 0.
2. When S = 0 and R = 1:
o The Reset input dominates.
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o The output Q becomes 0, and Q' becomes 1.
3. When S = 0 and R = 0:
o This is the no-change state.
o The flip-flop maintains its previous state (Q
and Q' remain unchanged).
4. When S = 1 and R = 1:
o This is an invalid state because both outputs Q
and Q' would be 0, violating the
complementary nature of the outputs.
o This state should be avoided in practical
circuits.

➢ How It Works Internally:

1. NOR Gate Logic:


A NOR gate outputs 0 if any of its inputs is 1 and
outputs 1 only when both inputs are 0.
2. Feedback Mechanism:
o The flip-flop's state is stored due to the
feedback connection between the NOR gates.

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o This feedback ensures that once the state is set
or reset, it remains stable until new inputs are
applied.

➢ Advantages of SR Flip-Flops :

1. Simple and easy to design.


2. Can store one bit of data, making it a fundamental
building block for more complex memory
elements.
3. Provides insight into sequential logic operations.

➢ Disadvantages :
1. The invalid state (S = 1, R = 1) makes it less
reliable without additional logic.
2. Cannot handle certain practical scenarios without
modifications (e.g., the clock signal for
synchronization).

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➢ Applications :

1. Memory Storage: Acts as a basic memory cell for


storing one bit of data.
2. State Machines: Used in finite state machines to
store states.
3. Control Systems: Manages binary control signals.

➢ Conclusion :

The SR flip-flop using NOR gates is a fundamental


building block in digital electronics, demonstrating the
basic principles of memory storage in sequential
circuits. It highlights the use of feedback mechanisms to
maintain a stable state until a change in input occurs.
Despite its simplicity, the SR flip-flop has limitations,
such as the invalid state when both inputs are high (S =
1, R = 1), which restricts its practical application in
some scenarios.
By understanding and designing an SR flip-flop, we
gain insights into:

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1. How digital circuits handle memory and state
storage.
2. The principles behind more advanced flip-flops and
sequential circuits.
This serves as an excellent introduction to sequential
logic and provides a strong foundation for learning
more complex digital systems like D, JK, and T flip-
flops, as well as larger memory architectures.

………………………………………………………….

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