Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

Chapter 6

Extension teaching method

6.1 Introduction

A man by his manners, behavior, speech, expression, posture etc. induces and
influences another, as a result of which the desired change is achieved. Extension
workers can create a learning environment by writing, lecturing, drawing pictures,
using charts and models, showing movies, etc. Extension workers must remember
that people learn in different ways. People learn sometimes by hearing, sometimes
by seeing, sometimes by talking, sometimes by attending lectures. The extension
worker should choose the medium through which farmers learn most.

6.2 Definition of extension teaching methods

Teaching method refers to those techniques or ways of creating a conducive

learning environment which helps in bringing about the desired change in the
behavior of the people. Therefore, "Extension teaching method refers to a set of
strategies adopted by the extension worker to bring about desired changes in
farmers' knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviour.

6.3 Steps in extension teaching method:

Overnight changes in human behavior are not usually observed. Slowly, step by
step, people's mentality and thinking power changes. The extension worker
therefore has to organize his teaching program in such a way that the students can
change their behavior step by step in order to bring about the desired change in the
behavior of the farmers. There have been many experiments with extension teaching
methods. However, Wilson and Gallup (1954) were the first to describe the 6 steps
of the teaching method. However, Bhuya (1988), Sup (1983) and Roy (1991) have
provided a detailed explanation of the six stages of the teaching method in their
books. The 6 steps are as follows:

1. Getting Attention of the Learner

2. Stimulating Interest of the Learner
3. Arousing Desire of the Learner
4. Conviction of the Learner
5. Inspiring the Learner for Action
6. Satisfaction of the learner

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Attracting students' attention:

Farmers are often not aware of the fact that farmers themselves can bring
about their own agricultural and socio-economic development by utilizing modern
knowledge, successful use of applied agricultural technology and experience of
experienced farmers. In such a situation, the first task of the extension worker is to
attract the attention of the farmers to the new agricultural techniques and
technologies. So till the attention of the farmers is drawn towards the desired change,
they will not be conscious and aware of their problems. So attracting attention is the
first step in teaching. Mass communication such as radio, television, exhibitions etc.
and communication by extension workers and local leaders are suitable teaching
mediums at this level.

Arousing student interest:

Once the farmers' attention is drawn to new ideas, techniques and
technologies, it becomes easier for the extension worker to arouse their interest.
How to develop new techniques and ideas to attract farmers they need to be
promoted in various ways that can benefit them. It is very interesting to present the
information to the farmers in their sub-crops so that they can easily grasp the new
method. A single piece of information should be presented very clearly and
precisely to the farmers to generate interest.

Farmers' interest can be created by presenting information in a good manner

on radio and television. Moreover, people's interest can be created by using
attractive posters and leaflets.

Creating the desire of the learner:

The task of the trainer and extension worker is to influence the farmers in a
continuous and sustained manner until their interest is converted into desire or
motivated into action. At this stage, the extension worker should make it clear to the
learner that the learning material is specifically applicable to him (the farmer) and
responding to it will meet his need or deficiency. Aspirations can be generated by
the opportunity for the student to interact with farmers who have already started
using the learning material and benefited from it.

Demonstration plot visits, publications, personal communication by extension

workers, group discussions etc. are significant learning mediums at this stage.

Building students' conviction:

Farmers engage in action only when their aspiration creates conviction and
they are motivated to do the work. In this step, the extension worker needs to observe
whether the student is doing the activities required to follow the lesson or engage in

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the activity. The extension worker needs to pay special attention to what the student
thinks about the subject matter in the light of his own situation. Extension workers
favor when farmers become addicted to new meditation concepts and techniques it
is easier to motivate them. In order to motivate the students, the extension worker
needs to make it clear at this stage that the teaching content is superior to the
techniques that the students have been using so far. Demonstration visits and
participation in demonstration meetings, field trips and field trips, slide shows,
training and communication of extension workers act as significant supportive
learning mediums for building confidence.

Engaging students in action:

All the educational activities of the extension worker are worthless until the
farmers' beliefs/convictions are converted into action. The extension worker should
make all arrangements so that the students can easily engage in the work. Reasons
that may prevent the student from participating in the activity or cause the student
to become upset should be communicated in advance to the extension worker and
necessary steps should be taken to remedy it. Therefore, the extension worker should
provide readily available and accessible techniques to motivate the farmers.

Demonstration, communication by extension workers, supply of necessary

materials and provision of services as needed play a significant role in this step.

Gaining student job satisfaction:

The last step in teaching is gaining student job satisfaction. When the farmer
fulfills any of his problems or needs or acquires new experience through education,
there is an inevitable change in his behavior. Farmers understand their progress and
gain satisfaction through job evaluation. The extension worker should work with the
farmers with limited objectives so that the farmers achieve success in the work and
their satisfaction with the results. Seeing the success of small jobs, farmers are bold
enough to move on to bigger risky jobs. Student job satisfaction is a motivating
force for further learning.
Communication by various media, local leaders and extension workers is a
significant learning medium in this phase. Moreover, provision of related materials
and services should also be ensured at this stage.
The job of the extension worker is to create a healthy learning environment by
using extension teaching methods properly at every stage of teaching. Not all
teaching methods are suitable for all teaching stages, each teaching method may be
considered suitable in different contexts. Which teaching method is appropriate in
which situation depends on how the extension worker arranges it. Phases of
extension teaching require students to adapt to new technical decision-making
processes.

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Classification of extension teaching methods

People don't always learn the same way. Each medium of education has a
different effect on each student. What a medium may have on one person may not
have the same effect on another. Hence the extension worker has to resort to
different teaching methods. But while choosing the teaching method the extension
worker must keep in mind the student's educational qualification, financial standing,
social status etc. Extension teaching methods are divided by many. But broadly
extension teaching methods can be divided into the following 3 categories:

6.4.1 Number or Usage Based Class Division

Personal Party Mass Indirect

communication communication communication communication

1. Farm and home 1. Various types 1. Radio

visits meetings and 2. Television
2. Office speeches 3. Poster 1. Local leader
interview 2. Method 4. The movie 2. Ideal farmer
3. Telephone display 5. Slide 3. Friends
conversation 3. Display 6. Exhibition/Fair 4. Relatives
4. Personal results 7. Display card 5. Neighbor
correspondence meeting 8. Leaflet
5. Results show 4. Travel and 9. Bulletin
field visit 10. Circular letter
5. Party 11. Folder
discussion 12. Newspapers
6. Extension 13. Farm
School Publications
7. Farmer 14. Public meeting
Training 15. Campaign
Centre
8. Flash cards

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6.4.2 Structure Based Classification

Writing Hearing Vision Hearing and

vision

1. Leaflet 1. Party discussion 1. Exhibition 1. Method

2. Bulletin 2. Demonstration 2. Poster display
3. Pamphlet and training 3. Display 2. Display
4. Circular letter sessions results results
5. News talk 3. Speeches and 4. Flash 3. Meeting
6. Personal public meetings cards 4. Television
correspondence 4. Telephone 5. A silent 5. The movie
7. Newspaper conversation movie 6. VCR
5. Radio show 6. Slide
6. Personal talk 7. Chart
7. Farm and home 8. Display
visits card
8. Office interview
9. Training school
10. Institute

6.4.3 Level-based class division

Locally managed Regionally managed Centrally managed

1. Farm and home 1. Traveling 1. Radio show

visits 2. Training 2. Television show
2. Office interview 3. Farm day 3. Leaflet
3. Home meeting 4. Exhibition 4. Bulletin
4. Discussion 5. Fair 5. Poster
5. Method display 6. Festival 6. Newspapers
6. Display results 7. Seminar 7. Documentary film
7. Indirect 8. Symposium 8. Booklet
communication 9. Conference
10. The workshop
11. Correspondence
12. Research on area
based farmer land

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6.4.4 Individual teaching method

Learning is a personal process. The method in which the extension workers
personally teach the farmers about various aspects of agriculture is called personal
teaching method. The personal influence of the extension worker is a great enabling
force in eliciting the spontaneous participation and cooperation of farmers in
extension work and in adopting new techniques of agriculture. Farmers listen to the
advice and counsel of those they know, like, love or whose experience or knowledge
they respect. Extension workers should use this love or respect in their teaching
methods. In cases where he cannot solve the problem immediately, the extension
worker should take some time, knowingly, to solve the problem or answer the
question from a competent person without resorting to deception or trickery. The
more sincere one can be with the farmer, the more successful the teaching will be.
Some important methods of personal tutoring are briefly discussed below:

6.4.4.1 Farm and home inspection

Home and farm inspection is the extension officer's on-site inspection of the
farmer's farm system and household condition and giving necessary advice to the
farmer. In this way, the extension worker develops a personal relationship with the
farmer family and creates an environment in which they can discuss common
problems in an intimate setting. In this, as many farmers can learn ways to solve
their problems, on the other hand, the extension worker gets an opportunity to see
the overall condition of the farmers and the area.

Objectives of farm and home visits:

• To create opportunities for familiarization of farmers and farmer families
with extension workers.
• To gain basic knowledge about farmers' problems.
• Helping farmers on specific request.
• Explaining approved agricultural technology.
• Follow-up of approved technology results.
• Encouraging farmers to participate in planned activities.
• Making plans for exhibitions, meetings, gatherings.
• Discussing government policies and programs.
• Recruitment, training or encouragement of local volunteer leaders
• Good public relations development.

The essential tasks of the extension worker in farm and home visits are as
follows:

(1) Loving the Farmers Sincerely: The extension worker should love the farmers
with the heart like a friend or relative so as to instill a sense of security in their
hearts. The farmers of Bangladesh are already plagued with many problems. In such
a situation, if the extension worker considers him as his subordinate or shows

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arrogance, then the farmer will not be able to ease his work or feel safe. So when
the extension worker visits the farmer's farm and home he must treat him like a
relative and a friend.

(2) Respecting Farmers: Farmers are producers of agricultural products. Because

he produces agricultural products, people of all walks of life live by consuming
them. So he is respected by all. Moreover, showing respect for people is a sign of
greatness. When the extension worker shows respect to the farmer, the farmer's
sense of self-respect grows. He is also aware of his own merits.

(3) Helping the farmers: The extension worker should help the farmers in such a
way so that they can help themselves. This is the policy and philosophy of
expansion. the farm and during home visits farmers should be assisted in such a way
that their knowledge, skills and attitudes change and help themselves by utilizing
increased skills and abilities they can do it themselves.

(4) Appreciating the work of the farmers: True appreciation makes one popular.
When you praise someone, he gets excited. Gets inspiration at work. So the
extension worker should visit the farm and house and appreciate the good work of
the farmer. Of course, you can later explain how the work could have been done
better. Farmers feel valued once they are appreciated and listen attentively to the
extension worker's advice.

Facilities for farm and home visits:

• The extension worker can have direct knowledge of the farmer's farm, house
and family, thereby facilitating future planning.
• Closeness is created between farmers and extension workers, thereby
facilitating the spread of techniques.
• It is possible to teach people who are not exposed to mass media.
• Demand for agricultural inputs can be estimated.
• The type of training required by the farmers in the area can be determined.
• Farmers are ready to learn from extension workers when farm and house
visits are organized on farmers' request.
• Farm and home visits can play an active role in finding local leaders.
• Good public relations are developed through farm and home visits.
• Through farm and house visits the extension worker can get to know the
attitude of the village people and the basic problems of the village.

Restrictions on farm and house visits:

• It is time consuming and expensive, so it is often not possible to visit farms
and homes even if desired.

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• Very few farmers can be contacted. Farm and home visits may not be
organized at the convenience of the farmer.
• Not organized where farm and house visits of small and medium farmers are
essential therefore, the possibility of visiting the farms and houses of
wealthy and influential farmers is more likely.
• This method is not very effective if the farmer's crops are affected in the
form of natural calamities or epidemics.

6.4.4.2 Office Interview

When a farmer goes to the office of an extension worker or extension officer for
advice on a complex issue of farming, it is called an office interview. Office
interview is a type of visit. Farmers do not spend time or money visiting any office
for no reason. In this case, the extension worker or the extension officer can teach
the technique with very little effort. The farmer approaches the extension worker or
officer with a firm belief that he can find a fair solution. So extension worker should
be careful in giving information.

Advantages of office interview:

• Extension worker time is less.
• Expenditure on extension workers is almost negligible.
• Extension workers can make good use of time.
• Acts as farm and house inspection assistant. 5. Content access is facilitated
by live chat.
• Farmers can easily get to know the extension workers.
• Helps to increase farmer leadership.

Limitations of Office Interview:

• It cannot be easy too soon after the farmer comes to meet the extension
worker's office.
• Farmers give more value to the opinion of the extension worker or officer.
• The language of the extension worker or officer may not be fully understood
by the farmer.
• Due to lack of time, the extension worker or officer may respond to the
farmer's questions in a hurry, as a result of which the questions may not be
answered properly.
• Even if the extension worker or officer does not know the solution to the
farmer's query, there is a possibility that the farmer will be sent away by
saying something.
• It is not always possible for the extension worker to be in the office.
• Real problems of farms and homes are not solved through office interviews.

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6.4.4.3 Personal correspondence

When the farmer communicates through letters to the extension worker or any
other concerned person to know about any agricultural matter, it is called personal
correspondence. Personal correspondence can also be called a technical inquiry
letter. Farmers only write letters to extension workers or officers, Radio Bangladesh
or Agricultural Information Service responders when they encounter any problems.
Therefore, extension workers or other respondents should give utmost importance
to the letter as the meaning of the farmer's letter is very clear. Farmers usually write
letters asking about current issues. The respondent should therefore not delay in
replying. Moreover, it is not unusual for the farmer to wait for some time and then
get annoyed with the respondent. In order for the common farmer to understand the
meaning of the letter well, the respondent should adhere to the following points in
replying:

1. Make the answer as short as possible

2. Answer in simple language
3. Texts are written in clear letters
4. Answers should be direct and factual
5. Giving correct answers with honesty.

Advantages of Personal Correspondence:

1. Getting expert opinion on complex issues

2. Relatively less cost
3. Communication is possible in remote areas

Restrictions on Personal Correspondence:

1. Lack of postal service in remote areas of villages

2. Illiteracy of farmers
3. Possibility of loss of letter due to negligence of postal department.

6.4.4.4. Display results

Demonstrating the beneficial aspects of an approved modern technique to the
public through practical application is the demonstration of results. No matter what
the extension worker says about the technique, the farmers do not listen to "just talk"
but express "believing when they see it". Therefore, the extension worker should
make arrangements to observe the use of new techniques before asking them to
adopt them. Comparing or contrasting is an essential element of presenting results.
That is, the superiority of the new method over the old method is proved by

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comparing the old method with the new method side by side by showing the results.
This strengthens the farmer's faith in the new method.

Steps to Display Results:

• Develop a thorough plan of demonstration.
• Collecting all the information and materials related to the craft.
• Discussing the problem with selected village leaders and seeking their help
in demonstration.
• Placing signboards in the exhibition grounds.
• Demonstration area of area so that farmers can easily visit or see select the
side of the road in the center.
• Arranging meetings near the demonstration grounds so that the public can
get visual evidence of the demonstration results.
• Frequent field visits by extension workers, holding meetings and arranging
for demonstrations by the farmers themselves.
• Taking pictures of the display and displaying it elsewhere.
• Keeping records and comparing results with local methods. And for this, the
last stage of showing the results is to organize the farmers' assembly.
• To raise the issue of showing results in meetings held elsewhere and
arrange for publicity in newspapers, radio or periodicals.

Advantages of displaying results:

• Farmers are motivated to adopt the new technology as it is locally proven
superior to the old technology.
• It is a very effective method to gain the trust or confidence of the common
farmer in a newly developed technology.
• Farmers can see the value of new technologies on the ground.
• Enthusiastic farmers can be identified.
• Cultivators have strong faith in the work of extension workers.
• Helps develop local leadership.
• Acts as a source for meetings, radio-talks, news etc.
• Demonstration of results is done locally, so the farmer has no doubts.
• It is a good place to display results for farm and household meetings, tours
and other such activities.
• Accurate information about the technique is available by displaying the
results.

Restrictions on displaying results:

• Due to bad weather many times the show fails.
• If the demonstration of results fails for any reason, it becomes very difficult
to gain the confidence of the people of that area in that particular technique
or later in other techniques stands up

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• Demonstration of results is a time consuming and costly process, consuming

a lot of extension worker's time remains.
• Finding good advertisers or users is sometimes difficult.
• Display of results When it is time to see visually, maybe very few farmers
get the chance to see it.

6.4.5 Group communication/teaching methods

Group communication is a method of teaching a number of people together. Any

type of meetings, such as method demonstration and demonstration meetings, field
trips, training meetings, group discussions, lectures, seminars, field or farm days are
included in group discussions. Team communication skills are very useful in the
validation and decision-making stages of the adoption process. If the party response
is favorable to adopting the technique, most people in the society decide to adopt it.
A well-managed team process allows team members to provide feedback on each
others ideas, and the extension worker can thus gently steer the entire team toward
a correct approach. Below are some of the team communication methods discussed.

6.4.5.1 Method Display

Demonstration is a teaching method by which farmers are taught a new

technique or method of cultivation by demonstrating it. Method demonstrations are
organized by extension workers or trained local leaders. He is a step-by-step process
of the technique demonstrate and explain manually. Students observe the procedure,
listen to the lecture and ask questions if necessary to better understand. Therefore,
the method reinforces learning by having the advantage of watching, listening, and
hands-on practice. Line sowing of jute seeds, seed treatment, use of agricultural
machinery for making compost, making fruit tree grafts etc. can be easily taught to
the farmers by demonstration.

Method Demonstration Steps:

• Determine the objective of the demonstration and check whether the farmers
are actually interested in learning it or have the capacity to follow the
method.
• Collecting all information about the art of exhibition and familiarizing
oneself with the subject.
• Talk to some village/local leaders about the problem and seek their help in
demonstration.
• Collecting all the necessary materials for the demonstration.
• Plan the presentation step by step.

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• until 2/3 times if possible or until each stage of presentation is completed

rehearsed
• Making arrangements so that all students present can see and hear.
• Invite questions from students after demonstrating each step.
• Speaking in simple language and distributing necessary books.
• Ask the participant to demonstrate.

Benefits of demonstrating the method:

• It is very effective in teaching skills.

• Performance is accelerated as viewing and discussion are done
simultaneously.
• Builds confidence in the demonstrator and extension worker.
• The extension worker's identity is widened.
• Farmers can be converted at low cost.

Method display limitations:

• Not suitable for all subjects.

• The extension worker has to make extensive preparations, which is often not
possible.
• Supply of educational materials at exhibition venue is not possible at times.
• Lack of skills of extension workers, teaching materials and demonstration
materials the situation worsened dramatically
• Uninterrupted observation of all participants present is not possible.
Comparison of Results Display and Method Display:
basis of Display results Method display
comparison

1. purpose 1. Proving the superiority of 1. Teaching skills and

2. executor new techniques over old procedures step by step.
3. student techniques. 2. Extension workers,
4. place 2. Members of farmers or youth trained local leaders or
5. time limit associations. youth association
6. Information 3. Farmers and all others. members.
4. A farmer's farm or house. 3. Farmers present.
5. A few weeks to a few months. 4. training session
6. Can act as a source of 5. During the meeting
information 6. May not be source of
information.

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6.4.5.2 Travel and field visits

Excursions and field visits are extension teaching methods in which a group of
farmers visit a place or field under the guidance of an extension worker to witness
the results or procedures of a technology. Travel requires precise planning. It
involves deciding the place, subject of study, purpose, date, time, transport,
accommodation, financing and other related matters long before the trip. Moreover,
the extension worker has to liaise with the travel center authorities as per the plan.

Stages of Tour and Field Visit:

• Setting objectives by prioritizing the interests of the team.
• Making advance travel plans.
• Ensuring that every participant can see, hear and participate in the
discussion.
• Time for question and answer.
• Writing down necessary information and helping others in this regard.
• To provide as much pleasure as possible.
• Keeping the participants together on the day of the trip and keeping them
comfortable at all times.
• Provision of food if the journey is prolonged.

Benefits of Tour and Field Visit:

• Participants are instantly motivated to work.

• Familiarity with new environments and techniques.
• Attitude of cooperation is born.
• Enhances harmony between extension workers and team members.
• Participants' observation ability increases.
• Leadership is developed.
• Variety comes from the traditional life and gets the opportunity to observe
the natural scenery.

Restrictions on travel and field visits:

• Cost is high.
• It is not possible to travel at the right time due to adverse weather or any
other reason.
• Accommodation and transportation may be difficult.
• A trip is not successful unless good communication is established with the
authorities of the travel center.
• Many times the real purpose of education is not realized.

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6.4.5.3 Party Negotiations

"Negotiation" is a process in which two or more people exchange ideas,

knowledge, and feelings and find a solution to the issue through mutual agreement.
Extension workers or local leaders meet with a group of farmers for a quick solution
to a problem or before starting something new. It is always true that collective
thinking is more qualitative and constructive than individual thinking. The leader or
convener of the discussion meeting must ensure that everyone can hear and
participate in the discussion. Seating arrangements for party discussions should be
arranged in such a way that everyone can see everyone's faces. There are some
people in the group who dominate the discussion and want to push their opinion on
everyone in the group, even if it is wrong. The extension worker or team leader has
to manage these people strategically. The best approach is to bring him or her to sit
down or write down the content of the discussion. Some notable group discussions
are “brainstorming”, symposium, buzz session, panel etc.

6.4.5.4 Speech

A speech is an oral presentation of a speech by a speaker on a specific topic in

front of a group of people. Speech can vary from place to place.

The subjects of speech are (1) the speaker, (2) the subject, and (3) the
audience. Speech can be multifaceted. For example: public meetings, training
meetings, results display meetings, special meetings, conferences, classrooms etc.
In these cases the speech is delivered by the speaker. Speech is a teaching method,
so it is essential for the extension worker to know the art of delivering a good and
effective speech. There are three main aspects of speech (Kris, 1988).

▪ Introduction
▪ Presentation
▪ Conclusion

Through the beginning of the speech, the listeners are given general to specific,
unknown to known, vague to clear ideas. That is, the listener is given an initial hint
and introduction to the main topic of the speech. The opening should be simple,
clear and inspiring. If necessary, the speaker can introduce himself at the beginning
of the speech. To introduce the lecture, the main points of the topic can be presented
on the board or some other visual material to facilitate contextual discussion.

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The second step of speech is presentation. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish

between the initiation and presentation stages. The purpose of the speech is to
provide information in a continuous manner, but in the presentation phase, the
speaker will present the main content in a consistent manner. Useful examples in
this case would be: Help the audience understand key aspects of the content and use
relevant visual aids if necessary. They should ask questions and give opportunities
to the audience to ask questions and discuss based on the questions to ensure that
the audience is understanding the content properly.

The last step of the speech is the conclusion. This step is to summarize the main
main aspects of the main topic discussed in the introduction and presentation steps.
List of relevant books, periodicals, pamphlets etc. may be provided after discussion
of the gist of the lecture at the conclusion stage. Finally, everyone present should be
thanked for their cooperation in the speech.

Speech steps:
• Prepare well about the content of the speech.
• Determining the audience's interest.
• Communicate the main points of the speech to the audience.
• Not apologizing for incompetence or inability to speak.
• To make the speech lively and expressive, speaking with eye contact with
the listener.
• Narrating personal experiences while giving a speech.
• Do not memorize speech. The "sequence" of the speech can be arranged in
small notes. However, continuous reading from text can cause the listeners
to lose patience. Presentation of visuals such as flip charts, slides, flash
cards etc. in harmony with the speech makes the speech effective.
• Rehearsals can be given before lectures.
• In the first place, the audience can be shown flexibility without being tied to
the content. A fascinating story can be narrated. Care must be taken in this,
because not everyone can successfully tell a story.
• Clothing should match the environment.
• The audience should not be considered inferior.
• No member of the audience should be spoken to in an offensive manner,
thereby injuring oneself.
• Ask questions from the audience.
• Speech should be summarized after expressing all valuable points.
• While summarizing in the conclusion it is necessary to state only the main
point without repeating the entire speech.

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Advantages of the speaker:

• Easy to understand.
• Suitable for large number of listeners simultaneously.
• Opportunity to communicate directly with the audience.
• No practical complications.
• Educated, illiterate, male, female equally applicable.

Limitation of speech:
• The atmosphere of the speech is not very pleasant if the audience is not
encouraged.
• Not suitable for a small audience.
• It is not possible to present all subjects.
• More labor is required for preparation.
• Sometimes personal promotion becomes more important than carrying out
the purpose of the speech.

6.4.5.5 Extension Schools and Farmer Training Centers

Farmers are formally given intensive training periodically in extension schools

and farmer training centers. This training can be for four days, one week, fifteen
days or one month. The list of training participants is prepared in advance and they
have to ensure to attend all the sessions. In these training there is an opportunity to
learn new information. Curriculum and teaching methods should be efficiently
managed so that the participants can learn all aspects of agricultural farm
management with interest. In our country, agricultural extension training centers
and upazila training and demonstration farms impart advanced farming methods to
farmers.

6.4.6 Mass communication/mass teaching methods

The method that can be used to communicate with a large number of people
nationwide in a short period of time is known as mass communication/mass
education method (Kris, 1987). Personal and party the mass education system makes
it possible for those who cannot be reached through this method. In this way, large
groups of people are made aware of new techniques and necessary advice and
instructions are given regarding cultivation. Aware or encouraged by the mass
education system, farmers approach neighbors, friends, model farmers or extension
workers to gather additional information. Below is a brief discussion of some mass
teaching methods.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

6.4.6.1 Radio

Radio is an excellent listening aid for national education and a powerful teaching
method for disseminating agricultural information. With the help of radio,
information/messages can reach more people faster than any other medium. In the
remote areas of the country where farmers do not have the opportunity to participate
in public meetings, those who do not know education, do not travel to the
agricultural office, they can easily listen to agricultural programs at home and get
information about agriculture. Agriculture programs broadcast kathikas, news,
lectures etc. based on the current crop problems in the field. Currently Radio
Bangladesh broadcasts (1) Golden Crop, (2) Krishi Samachar (3) Krishi Khamar,
(4) Krishi Katha, (5) Farming-Abad, (6) Today's Agriculture, (7) Kshete
Khamar, (7) from various regional centers of Radio Bangladesh. 8) Sabujbangla,
(9) Samachar, (10) Shyamal Sylhet etc. agricultural programs are broadcasted.

Objectives of using radio in agricultural development:

• Informing the farmers about the latest extension activities
• Advanced technology education.
• Informing the farmers immediately about the dangers of weather, storms
and insects, diseases, etc.
• Informing farmers about agricultural markets.
• Informing the farmers about the supply of agricultural inputs including
agricultural loans.
• Those who are illiterate can also benefit through radio.
• The farmers who do not regularly attend extension meetings or other
meetings, of radio information can be reached through them.

Restrictions on use of radio:

• The period is often not enough to promote agriculture.
• There is no opportunity to ask counter questions.
• Propagation may be interrupted due to mechanical disturbances.
• Inability of farmers to purchase batteries regularly.
• Many farmers do not have their own radio.

6.4.6.2 Television

Television is an audio-visual educational aid that is used to stimulate and arouse

interest in the adoption of new arts among countless audiences. Based on the
content, it is possible to show charts, maps, films, illustrated lectures,
demonstrations, interviews, models, real objects, samples, etc. through television.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

Advantages of television:
• At the same time the speech is heard and the performance of the speaker's
technique is seen.
• It is possible to perform the technique to countless people at the same time.
• Spectators can be transported to incredibly remote locations that would not
normally be possible.
• Methods and results can be demonstrated.
• Using “time lance photography” it is possible to demonstrate complex
processes in a very short period of time.

Limitation of Television:

Initial cost is very high. Many farmers cannot afford televisions.

Many areas do not have electricity. Battery operated television is favored by many
not possible
3) Propagation may be interrupted due to mechanical disturbances.

6.4.6.3 Posters

A single sheet of paper or cardboard containing a picture and a few simple words
on a particular topic is called a poster for basic information of the farmers. The main
purpose of the poster is to create an impression about the idea or information by
attracting the attention of the passerby and encouraging them to act accordingly.

Characteristics of a good poster:

• Poster should be made based on only one idea or idea.
• The language of the poster should be attractive, short and simple.
• Poster image should be in color.
• Poster letters should be very clear and legible.
• The poster should be such that the passerby can see and understand it at a
glance.
• As far as possible the idea of the poster should be presented through
pictures.

Advantages of posters:
• Relatively low cost.
• Posters are good for basic awareness and wide promotion of a craft
medium .
• A large number of farmers can be informed about the technique in a short
period of time.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

Poster Restrictions:
• Posters are not very important to illiterate people.
• Posters may be used for personal purposes without appropriate use.
• The appeal of the poster may not be understandable to everyone.

6.4.6.4 Exhibition
Exhibitions are special arrangements for showing the public various information
about advanced technologies, methods of using technologies and results, samples of
agricultural machinery and equipment, models, charts, etc. Exhibitions create
interest in art in the public, stimulate curiosity and desire to learn, and create
opportunities for decision-making.

Purpose of the exhibition:

• Introducing farmers to new techniques.
• Influencing new and improved habits.
• Attracting and encouraging non-farmers to expand agriculture.

Stages of organizing the exhibition:

1. Arrange the exhibition space attractively.

2. Providing materials as per purpose.
3. Placing labels in clear letters on the exhibits.
4. To the public in simple, plain and lucid language by the person explaining the
content in the exhibition understand
5. Distribution of relevant brochures and other documents.
6. Publicizing the exhibition through newspapers, radio and television.
7. Evaluating the exhibition.

Advantages of the exhibition:

1) Exhibition can be seen by many people.

2) People's perception towards agricultural expansion is high.
3) The desire to live a better life arises and gives interest to cultivate in a new way.

Exhibition Restrictions:

• Relatively high cost.

• Most visitors flock to exhibitions for entertainment.
• Few people are influenced to adopt the new technique even though many
people see it.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

6.4.6.5 News Stories

The information that is printed in the form of news in newspapers to inform the
public is called news talk. Sangam Kathika is very fruitful for those farmers who
cannot take advantage of individual and group teaching methods.

Advantages of news talk:

• A large number of people can access the information simultaneously. The

public has immense faith in print.
• Relatively low cost.
• Approved techniques gain popularity when the same news is published in
several newspapers.

Restrictions on News Talk:

1) News talk has no value to illiterate people.

2) Good news writing requires training.
3) Editor's clumsy editing sometimes reduces the quality of news stories.
4) Evaluation of news stories is difficult.

6.4.6.6 Leaflets/Folders

When information is provided to the public on a one-page paper in printed letters

based on a particular aspect of a subject, it is called a leaflet. As rice cultivation is a
subject, one aspect of it is pest control. So, leaflets can be prepared on the control
of rice borer.

When leaflets are folded, they are called folders. A folder usually has two folds
and this makes 3 pages in the folder. For example: first page, middle page and last
page. Each page can have writing on both pages.

Benefits of Leaflet/Folder:
• It is possible to provide information to a large number of people
simultaneously.
• Relatively cheap.
• Accurate information can be communicated to the people.
• Passion for work arises among the masses.
• Acts as a communication base with farmers.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

Leaflet/Folder Restrictions:
• It does not apply to illiterate people.
• It is less important as a single medium without the help of other mediums.
• It becomes worthless if not made and used by skilled hands.

6.4.6.7 Bulletin

A printed pamphlet of several pages on a particular subject is called a bulletin.

For example, paddy cultivation, poultry farming, fish farming are different subjects.
Bulletins may be published on any such subject. The bulletin presents an overview
of the selected topic.

Benefits of Bulletin:
• Farmers can get complete information about a particular subject through
bulletin.
• Farmers read it in their spare time and gain knowledge.
• It can reach more people at a lower cost.

Limitation of Bulletin:
• It is of no use to illiterate people.
• It has to be revised and reprinted frequently with time.
• Providing wrong information can cause a lot of loss to the farmers.

6.4.6.8 Circular Letter

A circular letter is a circular letter or circular letter which is circulated by the

extension officer to the farmers (on the work to be done by the farmers) on the flow
of a particular event or every few days. For example: (1) Upazila Agriculture Officer
can circulate circular letter to suppress large-scale infestation of Gandhi beetle in
any area, (2) Upazila Animal Husbandry Officer can use it if cattle in any area are
affected by scabies disease in large scale, (3) In any area during flood or cyclone. In
case of heavy loss of fish, or fish plague occurs for any reason, Upazila Fisheries
Officer can issue a circular letter to them to deal with the situation.

Advantages of Circular Letter:

• Time and cost is relatively less.
• Information can be reached to a large number of farmers.
• Sending the right information at the right time brings benefits.
• Works well as a supplement to other teaching methods.
• It can be read by the farmer in free time or between work.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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Course: FHT-4707 Fisheries Extension

Limitations of Circular Letter:

• It can be used only by educated farmers.
• If the subject and presentation of the circular letter is not good, the objective
will not succeed.
• It is of no value if it is not disseminated on time.

MD Mahfuzur Rahman, 20th Batch, Department of Fisheries, RU

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