### 6.

1 Introduction

A person influences and motivates others through their behavior, speech,

expressions, and gestures, resulting in the desired changes. An extension worker can
create a learning environment in various ways, such as through writing, lectures,
drawings, charts, models, movies, and more. It is important for the extension worker
to remember that people learn in different ways. People sometimes learn by
listening, sometimes by observing, sometimes through discussions, and sometimes
by participating in lectures. Extension workers should choose the teaching methods
that are most effective for farmers, as these are the methods through which they learn
best.

### 6.2 Definition of Extension Teaching Methods

Teaching methods refer to the techniques or strategies used to create an effective

learning environment, facilitating the desired behavioral changes in people. Thus,
"extension teaching methods" refer to a set of strategies adopted by the extension
worker, through which farmers gain knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors that
lead to the desired changes.

### 6.3 Stages of Extension Teaching Methods

Behavioral changes in people do not typically occur overnight. Changes in mindset

and thinking occur gradually, in stages. Therefore, to bring about desired behavioral
changes in farmers, extension workers must organize their teaching activities in such
a way that learners can gradually change their behaviors step by step. Various studies
have been conducted on extension teaching methods. Wilson and Gallup (1954)
were the first to describe six stages of teaching methods. However, Bhuiyan (1988),
Sup (1983), and Roy (1991) have provided detailed explanations of these six stages
in their writings. The six stages are as follows:

1. Getting the learner's attention

2. Stimulating the learner's interest
3. Arousing the learner's desire
4. Building the learner's conviction
5. Inspiring the learner for action
6. Achieving learner satisfaction

1. **Getting the Learner's Attention:** Farmers are often unaware that they can
bring about their own agricultural and socio-economic development through the
successful use of modern science, relevant agricultural technologies, and the
experiences of expert farmers. In such situations, the extension worker's first task is
to capture the farmers' attention toward new agricultural methods and technologies.
Until farmers' attention is drawn to the desired changes, they will not become aware
or conscious of their problems. Thus, getting attention is the first step in teaching.
Mass communication tools like radio, television, exhibitions, and direct
communication by extension workers or local leaders are suitable educational media
for this stage.

2. **Stimulating the Learner's Interest:** Once farmers’ attention is captured

regarding new ideas, methods, or technologies, it becomes easier for the extension
worker to stimulate their interest. To generate interest, it is necessary to clearly
communicate how the new methods and technologies will benefit them. Information
must be presented in a compelling way, making it easy for farmers to understand. A
single piece of information should be presented very clearly and specifically to
stimulate interest. Radio, television, and attractive use of posters and leaflets can be
effective in generating interest among farmers.

3. **Arousing the Learner's Desire:** The role of the trainer or extension worker
is to continuously influence farmers until their interest turns into a desire to take
action. At this stage, the extension worker must ensure that the learner understands
how the subject being taught specifically applies to them and how responding to it
will fulfill their needs or demands. Discussions with farmers who have already
adopted the subject matter and are experiencing positive results can help arouse
desire. Visiting demonstration plots, personal communication by extension workers,
group discussions, and publications are significant educational methods at this stage.

4. **Building the Learner's Conviction:** Farmers are inspired to take action

when their desire turns into conviction, and they are motivated to act. At this stage,
the extension worker should ensure that the learner is actually following the
necessary steps to take action. The extension worker should pay special attention to
what the learner thinks about the subject matter in relation to their own situation.
When farmers become attracted to new ideas and techniques, it becomes easier for
the extension worker to motivate them. To motivate learners, the extension worker
must clearly explain that the subject matter being taught is superior to the methods
they have been using so far. To build conviction, demonstration visits, attending
results demonstration meetings, field trips, slide shows, training, and communication
by the extension worker are helpful educational methods.

5. **Inspiring the Learner for Action:** All educational efforts of the extension
worker are of no value until the farmers' conviction turns into action. The extension
worker should make arrangements so that it is easy for the learner to take action. The
extension worker must anticipate any barriers or frustrations the learner might face
in taking action and take steps to overcome them. Therefore, to inspire action, the
extension worker should make the methods easily accessible and implementable.
Demonstrations, personal communication by extension workers, providing
necessary supplies, and offering services as needed play an important role at this
stage.

6. **Achieving Learner Satisfaction:** The final stage of teaching is achieving

learner satisfaction. When a farmer solves a problem or fulfills a need through
learning or gains new experience, desired behavioral changes occur. Farmers
understand their improvement through evaluation and feel satisfied. The extension
worker should work with farmers on limited goals to ensure success, so that they
feel satisfied with the results. Small achievements encourage farmers to take on more
significant challenges in the future. Satisfaction from the learner's work serves as a
motivating factor for further learning.

Mass communication, local leaders, and extension worker communication are

important educational methods at this stage. In addition, providing relevant tools and
services is necessary to ensure satisfaction.

The extension worker's task is to create a proper learning environment by using

appropriate extension teaching methods at each stage of teaching. Not all teaching
methods are suitable for every stage; different methods may be considered
appropriate in different contexts. Which method is suitable for which situation
depends on how the extension worker organizes them. The stages of extension
teaching must be adapted to the learners' decision-making process regarding new
techniques.

### 6.4 Classification of Extension Teaching Methods

People do not always learn in the same way. Different teaching methods impact
different learners in different ways. What works for one individual might not have
the same effect on another. Therefore, extension workers need to use a variety of
teaching methods. However, while selecting these methods, they must take into
account the learner’s educational background, financial status, social standing, etc.
Extension teaching methods can be classified in various ways, but generally, they
are divided into the following three categories:

### 6.4.1 Classification Based on Number or Usage

**Personal Communication**

1. Farm and home visits

2. Office interviews
3. Telephone conversations
4. Personal correspondence
5. Result demonstrations

**Group Communication**

1. Various meetings and lectures

2. Method demonstrations
3. Result demonstration meetings
4. Field trips and visits
5. Group discussions
6. Extension schools
7. Farmer training centers
8. Flashcards
**Mass Communication**

1. Radio
2. Television
3. Posters
4. Movies
5. Slides
6. Exhibitions/Fairs
7. Display cards
8. Leaflets
9. Bulletins
10. Circular letters
11. Pamphlets
12. Newspapers
13. Farm publications
14. Public meetings
15. Campaigns

**Indirect Communication**

1. Local leaders
2. Model farmers
3. Friends
4. Relatives
5. Neighbors

### 6.4.2 Classification Based on Structure

**Written Communication**

1. Leaflets
2. Bulletins
3. Pamphlets
4. Circular letters
5. News articles
6. Personal correspondence
7. Newspapers

**Audio Communication**

1. Group discussions
2. Demonstrations and training sessions
3. Lectures and public meetings
4. Telephone conversations
5. Radio programs
6. Personal conversations
7. Farm and home visits
8. Office interviews
9. Training schools
10. Institutes

**Visual Communication**

1. Result demonstrations
2. Exhibitions
3. Posters
4. Flashcards
5. Silent films
6. Slides
7. Charts
8. Display cards

**Audio-Visual Communication**

1. Method demonstrations
2. Result demonstrations
3. Meetings
4. Television
5. Films
6. VCR

### 6.4.3 Classification Based on Level

**Locally Operated**

1. Farm and home visits

2. Office interviews
3. Home meetings
4. Discussions
5. Method demonstrations
6. Result demonstrations
7. Indirect communication

**Regionally Operated**

1. Tours
2. Training sessions
3. Farm days
4. Exhibitions
5. Fairs
6. Festivals
7. Seminars
8. Symposiums
9. Conferences
10. Workshops
11. Correspondence
12. Area-based research on farmers' fields

**Centrally Operated**

1. Radio programs
2. Television programs
3. Leaflets
4. Bulletins
5. Posters
6. Newspapers
7. Documentary films
8. Booklets

### 6.4.4 Personal Teaching Methods

Learning is a personal process. The methods by which extension workers

individually teach farmers various agricultural practices are known as personal
teaching methods. The personal influence of the extension worker plays a significant
role in encouraging the spontaneous participation and cooperation of farmers and in
helping them adopt new agricultural techniques. Farmers tend to listen to the advice
of those they know, like, love, or whose experience and knowledge they respect.
Extension workers should utilize this affection or respect in their teaching methods.
If a worker cannot provide an immediate solution to a problem, they should not resort
to deception but instead take time to consult experts and offer a proper solution. The
more genuine the interaction with the farmer, the more successful the teaching
process becomes. Below is a brief discussion of some key personal teaching
methods:

#### 6.4.4.1 Farm and Home Visits

Farm and home visits involve extension officers visiting farmers' homes and farms
to observe their agricultural practices and living conditions and provide advice
accordingly. This method fosters personal connections between the farmer's family
and the extension worker, creating an environment conducive to discussing common
issues in close, intimate settings. While helping multiple farmers solve their
problems, the extension worker also gains firsthand knowledge of the overall
condition of the area and its farmers.

**Objectives of Farm and Home Visits:**

1. Create opportunities for the extension worker to become acquainted with farmers
and their families.
2. Gain preliminary knowledge of farmers' problems.
3. Provide assistance upon specific request from farmers.
4. Explain approved agricultural technologies.
5. Follow up on the results of approved technologies.
6. Encourage farmers to participate in planned activities.
7. Plan demonstrations, meetings, and gatherings.
8. Discuss government policies and programs.
9. Recruit, train, and encourage local volunteer leaders.
10. Improve public relations.

**Essential Duties for Extension Workers During Farm and Home Visits:**

1. **Love the Farmers Sincerely:** Extension workers must love farmers as

friends or relatives to create a sense of security. Since many Bangladeshi farmers
face numerous challenges, it’s important that extension workers avoid
condescension and instead treat them with warmth and respect.

2. **Respect the Farmers:** Farmers are the producers of agricultural goods, and
their work sustains the lives of people at all levels of society. Therefore, they deserve
respect. By showing respect, extension workers can boost farmers' self-esteem and
help them become aware of their own capabilities.

3. **Assist the Farmers:** The goal of extension work is to help farmers help
themselves. During visits, extension workers should offer support that enhances
farmers’ knowledge, skills, and perspectives so that they can independently solve
their own problems in the future.

4. **Praise Farmers’ Work:** Genuine praise can make an extension worker more
popular. By appreciating farmers’ good work, extension workers can inspire them
to continue improving, and farmers will be more likely to pay attention to the advice
given.

**Advantages of Farm and Home Visits:**

1. The extension worker can directly observe the farmers' farm, home, and family,
making it easier to plan future interventions.
2. A close relationship between farmers and extension workers is established,
making it easier to spread new techniques.
3. It allows for the education of farmers who do not engage with mass
communication methods.
4. The demand for agricultural inputs can be assessed.
5. The need for training in specific areas can be identified.
6. When visits are made at the request of farmers, they are more receptive to learning.
7. It helps identify potential local leaders.
8. Good public relations are developed through these visits.
9. The extension worker can gain insight into the attitudes and primary issues of the
rural population.

**Limitations of Farm and Home Visits:**

1. Time-consuming and expensive, making it difficult to visit farms and homes

frequently.
2. Only a limited number of farmers can be contacted.
3. Visits may not occur at times convenient for farmers.
4. There’s a risk of visiting wealthier, influential farmers instead of those who need
assistance the most.
5. During natural disasters or widespread crop failures, this method may not be
effective.

#### 6.4.4.2 Office Interviews

When a farmer visits the extension worker or extension officer’s office for advice
on a specific agricultural issue, it is known as an office interview. This is a type of
inspection where the farmer seeks solutions to problems and believes that the
extension officer can provide a satisfactory solution. Since the farmer is making the
effort to seek help, it requires less effort from the extension worker to teach the
techniques.

**Advantages of Office Interviews:**

1. Takes less time for the extension worker.

2. Involves minimal costs for the extension worker.
3. Allows the worker to make better use of their time.
4. Supports farm and home visits.
5. The subject matter is easier to understand through direct conversation.
6. Farmers can easily become acquainted with the extension worker.
7. Helps in developing leadership skills among farmers.

**Limitations of Office Interviews:**

1. Farmers may not feel comfortable immediately upon visiting the extension
worker's office.
2. Farmers tend to place more value on the opinion of the extension worker or officer.
3. The language used by the extension worker may not be fully understood by the
farmer.
4. Due to time constraints, the extension worker or officer may rush the answer,
leading to an incomplete solution.
5. If the extension worker does not know the solution to a problem, there is a risk
they may provide a superficial response.
6. The extension worker is not always present in the office.
7. Office interviews may not solve the root problems on the farm or in the home.

### 6.4.4.3 Personal Correspondence

When a farmer communicates through letters with an extension worker or another

relevant individual to inquire about agricultural matters, it is referred to as personal
correspondence. This can also be called a "technical inquiry letter." Farmers
typically write letters when they encounter a problem, addressing them to an
extension worker, officer, Bangladesh Radio, or the Agricultural Information
Service's respondent. Since these letters reflect genuine concerns, extension workers
or respondents should treat them with utmost importance. Farmers generally seek
information on current issues, so it’s essential for the respondent not to delay in
providing answers. Moreover, farmers might lose patience if there is a delay in
response. To ensure that the farmer fully understands the answer, the respondent
should adhere to the following guidelines:
1. Keep the response as concise as possible.
2. Use simple and straightforward language in the response.
3. Write clearly and legibly.
4. Ensure the answer is direct and practical.
5. Provide accurate information with honesty.

**Advantages of Personal Correspondence:**

1. Expert opinions on complex matters can be obtained.
2. It is relatively cost-effective.
3. Communication is possible in remote areas.

**Limitations of Personal Correspondence:**

1. Lack of postal service in remote areas.
2. Farmers' illiteracy.
3. The possibility of letters being lost due to negligence in the postal service.

### 6.4.4.4 Result Demonstration

Result demonstration involves showcasing the beneficial aspects of an approved

modern technique through practical application. No matter how much an extension
worker explains the technique, farmers often show a "seeing is believing" attitude.
Thus, before recommending a new technique, the extension worker should arrange
to demonstrate its usage themselves. Comparative analysis is an essential component
of result demonstrations. That is, by demonstrating both the old and new methods
side by side, the superiority of the new technique over the old one is proven. This
strengthens farmers' trust in the new approach.

**Steps in a Result Demonstration:**

1. Create a comprehensive plan for the demonstration.
2. Gather all information and materials related to the technique.
3. Discuss the issue with local leaders and seek their assistance in the demonstration.
4. Install signboards at the demonstration site.
5. Select a location for the demonstration that is central and easily accessible for
farmers.
6. Arrange a meeting at the demonstration site so that people can witness the results
firsthand.
7. Ensure the extension worker frequently visits the demonstration site, holds
meetings, and allows the farmer to describe the technique.
8. Take photos of the demonstration and display them elsewhere.
9. Keep records and compare the results with traditional methods. At the final stage,
arrange a farmers' gathering for this purpose.
10. Discuss the results of the demonstration at other meetings, and promote them
through newspapers, radio, or magazines.

**Advantages of Result Demonstration:**

1. The superiority of the new method over the old one is proven locally, motivating
farmers to adopt it.
2. It is an effective way to build confidence in newly developed techniques among
farmers.
3. Farmers can directly see the value of the new technique.
4. It helps identify enthusiastic farmers.
5. Farmers gain strong trust in the extension worker's abilities.
6. It assists in the development of local leadership.
7. It serves as a source for meetings, radio talks, and news articles.
8. Since the demonstration is conducted locally, there is no doubt in farmers' minds.
9. The result demonstration serves as an excellent venue for farm and home visits,
study tours, and other similar activities.
10. It provides accurate information about the technique.

**Limitations of Result Demonstration:**

1. Bad weather can often result in the failure of the demonstration.
2. If the result demonstration fails for any reason, it becomes difficult to build trust
in that technique or other techniques in the area in the future.
3. It is a time-consuming and costly method, requiring a significant amount of the
extension worker's time.
4. Finding a good demonstrator or user can sometimes be challenging.
5. Only a limited number of farmers may get the chance to see the demonstration at
the critical time when it should be observed.
### 6.4.5 Group Communication/Teaching Methods

Group communication involves educating a group of people together. Any kind of

meeting, such as method demonstration, result demonstration meetings, study tours,
training sessions, group discussions, lectures, seminars, field days, or farm days,
falls under the category of group communication. Group communication is very
effective in the belief and decision-making stage of technique adoption. If the
group’s reaction is favorable toward adopting the technique, the majority of the
community will decide to follow it. Properly conducted group methods enable
participants to express their opinions, and the extension worker can gradually guide
the entire group toward the right method. Below is a discussion of a few group
communication methods.

### 6.4.5.1 Method Demonstration

Method demonstration is a teaching method that educates farmers by practically

demonstrating a new technique or an old method in a new way. This demonstration
is organized by an extension worker or a trained local leader, who shows the step-
by-step procedure of the technique and explains it. The participants observe the
process, listen to the explanation, and ask questions if necessary to gain a better
understanding. Since the method demonstration combines observation, hearing, and
hands-on practice, it strengthens the learning process. Techniques like line sowing
of jute seeds, seed treatment, compost preparation, use of agricultural tools, and
grafting of fruit trees can be easily taught to farmers through method demonstrations.

**Steps in a Method Demonstration:**

1. Set the objective of the demonstration and assess whether farmers are genuinely
interested in learning the technique and have the capacity to adopt it.
2. Gather all information related to the technique and familiarize oneself with the
subject matter.
3. Discuss the issue with local leaders and seek their assistance in the demonstration.
4. Collect all necessary materials for the demonstration.
5. Prepare a step-by-step presentation plan.
6. Rehearse the presentation 2-3 times, or as many times as necessary, until each step
is mastered.
7. Ensure that all participants can see and hear the demonstration clearly.
8. After demonstrating each step, invite questions from the participants.
9. Use simple language and distribute necessary books or pamphlets.
10. Ask participants to demonstrate the process themselves.

**Advantages of Method Demonstration:**

1. It is highly effective in teaching skills.
2. The process is expedited since observation, listening, and discussion occur
simultaneously.
3. Trust in the demonstrator or extension worker is established.
4. The extension worker's reputation expands.
5. Farmers can be influenced at minimal cost.

**Limitations of Method Demonstration:**

1. It is not suitable for all topics.
2. Extensive preparation is required, which is sometimes challenging.
3. Supplying educational materials at the demonstration site may not always be
possible.
4. If the extension worker lacks skill or necessary materials, the situation deteriorates
significantly.
5. Not all participants can observe the demonstration without interruption.
**6.4.5.2 Travel and Field Visits**

Travel and field visits are extension teaching methods where a group of farmers,
under the supervision of an extension worker, visit a place or a field to directly
observe the results or procedures of certain techniques. These visits require specific
planning. The place, subject matter, purpose, date, time, transportation,
accommodation, funding, and other associated matters need to be finalized well in
advance. Additionally, the extension worker must communicate with the relevant
authorities at the travel site as per the plan.

**Steps for Organizing Travel and Field Visits:**

1. Prioritize the group's interest in setting the objective.

2. Develop a detailed itinerary ahead of time.
3. Ensure every participant can observe, listen, and engage in discussions.
4. Allocate time for questions and answers.
5. Take notes and assist others in gathering necessary information.
6. Provide opportunities for enjoyment and relaxation.
7. Keep participants together on the travel day and ensure their comfort.
8. Arrange meals if the trip is prolonged.

**Advantages of Travel and Field Visits:**

1. Instantly inspire participants to take action.

2. Introduce new environments and techniques.
3. Foster a sense of cooperation.
4. Strengthen the bond between extension workers and group members.
5. Enhance participants' observation skills.
6. Promote leadership development.
7. Add variety to routine life and provide opportunities to enjoy nature.
**Limitations of Travel and Field Visits:**

1. Expensive.
2. Unfavorable weather or other factors may prevent timely travel.
3. Accommodation and transportation issues may arise.
4. The trip may not be successful without good communication with the authorities
of the destination.
5. The intended learning objectives may not always be achieved.

**6.4.5.3 Group Discussion**

A "discussion" is a process where two or more individuals exchange thoughts,

knowledge, and feelings to find a solution to a problem through mutual
understanding. Before taking action on a problem or initiating a new activity, an
extension worker or local leader might meet with a group of farmers for discussion.
It is widely recognized that collective thinking is more advanced and constructive
than individual thought. The leader or facilitator of the discussion must ensure that
everyone can hear and participate. Seating arrangements should allow participants
to see each other's faces. Some individuals may try to dominate the discussion and
impose their views, even if incorrect. The extension worker or group leader must
tactfully manage these individuals. The best approach is to sit them nearby or assign
them the task of documenting the discussion points. Noteworthy group discussion
formats include "brainstorming," symposiums, buzz sessions, panels, etc.

**6.4.5.4 Lecture**

A lecture is a method of orally presenting a predetermined subject to a group of

people. Depending on the context, lectures can take various forms. The key elements
of a lecture are (1) the speaker, (2) the subject matter, and (3) the audience. Lectures
can take place in public meetings, training sessions, demonstration meetings, special
gatherings, conferences, classrooms, etc. A lecture is an important teaching method,
so it is crucial for an extension worker to master the art of delivering effective and
engaging lectures. The three main stages of a lecture are:
1. **Introduction**
2. **Presentation**
3. **Conclusion**

**Lecture Preparation:**

1. Thorough preparation on the subject matter.

2. Determine the interests of the audience.
3. Inform the audience about the key points of the lecture.
4. Do not apologize for lack of expertise.
5. Make eye contact to keep the lecture lively.
6. Share personal experiences during the lecture.
7. Avoid memorizing the lecture; use notes for structure.
8. Rehearse the lecture in advance.
9. Start with a light, engaging introduction.
10. Dress appropriately for the environment.
11. Do not underestimate the audience.
12. Avoid speaking in a way that could offend the audience.
13. Encourage questions from the audience.
14. Summarize the lecture succinctly.

**Advantages of Lectures:**

1. Easy to understand.
2. Suitable for large audiences.
3. Direct communication with the audience.
4. No complex technical requirements.
5. Applicable to both literate and illiterate audiences.

**Limitations of Lectures:**

1. A lack of audience engagement can make the lecture dull.

2. Not suitable for small groups.
3. Not all topics can be covered in a lecture.
4. Requires significant preparation.
5. Sometimes lectures focus more on personal promotion than the actual learning
objectives.

**6.4.5.5 Extension Schools and Farmer Training Centers**

In extension schools and farmer training centers, formal, in-depth training is

provided to farmers over a set period, such as four days, a week, fifteen days, or a
month. Lists of participants are prepared in advance, and their attendance at all
sessions is ensured. These training programs offer opportunities to learn new
information. The curriculum and teaching methods must be organized efficiently so
that participants can eagerly learn all aspects of farm management. In our country,
agricultural extension training centers and Upazila training and demonstration farms
provide farmers with education on advanced cultivation techniques.

**6.4.6 Mass Communication/Mass Education Methods**

Mass communication or mass education methods are those through which a large
number of people across the country can be reached within a short time (KrisA,
1987). Through mass education, those who cannot be reached through personal or
group methods can be informed. This method raises awareness about new techniques
and offers necessary advice and guidance on farming practices. Farmers, encouraged
by mass communication methods, seek further information from neighbors, friends,
model farmers, or extension workers. Below is a brief discussion of some mass
education methods.

**6.4.6.1 Radio**

Radio is an excellent auditory teaching aid and a powerful method for disseminating
agricultural information. Radio allows information to reach a large number of people
quickly. In remote areas where farmers cannot attend public meetings, those who are
illiterate or do not visit agricultural offices can easily learn about urgent agricultural
issues by listening to radio programs at home. Based on current crop problems,
agricultural programs are broadcast in the form of talks, news, lectures, etc.
Currently, various regional stations of Bangladesh Radio broadcast agricultural
programs such as (1) Sonali Fasal, (2) Krishi Samachar, (3) Krishi Khamar, (4)
Krishikatha, (5) Chash-Abad, (6) Ajker Krishi, (7) Khete Khamare, (8) Sabuj
Bangla, (9) Samachar, and (10) Shyamol Sylhet.

**Objectives of Using Radio for Agricultural Development:**

1. Inform farmers about the latest extension activities.

2. Teach advanced technologies.
3. Alert farmers about weather conditions, pests, diseases, etc., and provide advice
on how to tackle them.
4. Inform farmers about agricultural markets.
5. Educate farmers about agricultural loans and inputs.
6. Benefit illiterate farmers through auditory information.
7. Reach farmers who do not typically attend extension or other meetings.

**Limitations of Radio:**

1. Time slots for agricultural programs may not be sufficient.

2. No opportunity for interactive questioning.
3. Mechanical issues can disrupt broadcasts.
4. Some farmers cannot afford regular battery replacements.
5. Many farmers do not own radios.

**6.4.6.2 Television**

Television is an audiovisual teaching aid that can inspire and encourage a large
audience to adopt new techniques. Depending on the content, television can show
charts, maps, films, illustrated lectures, demonstrations, interviews, models, actual
objects, and samples.

**Advantages of Television:**

1. Allows simultaneous listening and viewing of techniques.

2. Capable of reaching a large audience.
3. Can take viewers to remote areas that are otherwise inaccessible.
4. Can demonstrate procedures and results.
5. Complex processes can be shown quickly using "time-lapse photography."

**Limitations of Television:**

1. High initial cost; many farmers cannot afford a TV.

2. Many areas lack electricity, and operating a TV on batteries is not feasible for
everyone.
3. Technical issues can disrupt broadcasts.

**6.4.6.3 Posters**

A poster is a single-sheet paper or cardboard containing pictures and a few simple,

understandable words designed to inform farmers about a specific issue. The purpose
of a poster is to catch the attention of passersby, create an impression about the
message, and encourage them to act accordingly.

**Characteristics of a Good Poster:**

1. A poster should be based on a single idea or concept.

2. The language should be appealing, concise, and easy to understand.
3. The poster's pictures should be colorful.
4. The text should be clear and legible.
5. The poster should be understandable at a glance.
6. The concept should be presented primarily through images.

**Advantages of Posters:**

1. Relatively low cost.

2. Posters are an excellent medium for creating awareness and widespread publicity
about a technique.
3. Large numbers of farmers can be informed quickly.
**6.4.6.5 News Stories**

The information printed in newspapers for public awareness in the form of news is
called a news story. For those farmers who cannot take advantage of personal and
group teaching methods, news stories can be very effective.

**Advantages of News Stories:**

1. A large number of people can be informed simultaneously.

2. The public has great trust in printed material.
3. It is relatively inexpensive.
4. If the same news is published in several newspapers, the endorsed technique gains
popularity.

**Limitations of News Stories:**

1. It holds little value for illiterate people.

2. Proper training is required to write good news stories.
3. Unskilled editing by an editor can sometimes reduce the quality of the news story.
4. It is difficult to evaluate the impact of a news story.

**6.4.6.6 Leaflets/Folders**

When information on a specific aspect of a topic is provided to the public in printed

form on a single page, it is called a leaflet. For example, rice cultivation is a topic,
and one aspect of it is controlling stem borers. Therefore, a leaflet can be prepared
on controlling stem borers in rice.

When a leaflet is folded, it becomes a folder. Typically, a folder has two folds,
creating three pages: the front, middle, and last pages. Each page can have writing
on both sides.

**Advantages of Leaflets/Folders:**

1. Information can be delivered to a large number of people at the same time.

2. It is relatively cheap.
3. Accurate information can be conveyed to the public.
4. It inspires a spirit of action among the public.
5. It serves as a basis for communication with farmers.

**Limitations of Leaflets/Folders:**

1. It is not suitable for illiterate people.

2. Its importance as a standalone medium is limited without the help of other media.
3. If not skillfully produced and used, it becomes ineffective.

**Poster Limitations:**

1. Posters hold little value for illiterate people.

2. If not used properly, posters may be used for personal purposes.
3. The message of the poster may not be clear or understandable to everyone.

**6.4.6.4 Exhibitions**

An exhibition refers to the organized display of modern techniques, their usage, and
results, along with agricultural machinery and equipment samples, models, charts,
and other information for the public. Exhibitions spark interest in techniques among
the public, arouse curiosity and eagerness for learning, and provide an opportunity
to make informed decisions.

**Objectives of Exhibitions:**

1. Introducing farmers to new techniques.

2. Influencing the development of new and improved habits.
3. Attracting and encouraging non-farmers towards agricultural extension.

**Steps in Organizing an Exhibition:**

1. Plan the exhibition based on local problems.

2. Arrange the exhibition site attractively.
3. Provide necessary materials according to the purpose.
4. Clearly label all exhibition items.
5. Explain the exhibited content to the public in simple, easy-to-understand
language.
6. Distribute relevant leaflets and other materials.
7. Promote the exhibition through newspapers, radio, and television.
8. Evaluate the exhibition.

**Advantages of Exhibitions:**

1. Many people can attend an exhibition.

2. It enhances public perception of agricultural extension.
3. It fosters a desire for an improved lifestyle and encourages new farming methods.

**Limitations of Exhibitions:**

1. It is relatively expensive.
2. Most attendees participate primarily for entertainment.
3. Despite many viewers, few are influenced to adopt new techniques.

**6.4.6.7 Bulletin**

A bulletin is a printed booklet spanning several pages on a specific topic. For

example, topics like rice farming, poultry farming, or fish farming can each have
individual bulletins. A bulletin provides a comprehensive view of the selected topic.

**Advantages of Bulletins:**

1. Farmers can obtain complete information on a specific topic through bulletins.

2. Farmers can read and gain knowledge during their leisure time.
3. It can reach a large number of people at a low cost.

**Limitations of Bulletins:**

1. It is not useful for illiterate people.

2. It needs frequent updates and reprints to stay relevant.
3. Incorrect information can cause significant harm to farmers.

**6.4.6.8 Circular Letter (Promotional Letter)**

A circular letter is a printed or cyclostyled letter distributed by extension officers to

farmers on specific occurrences or periodically. It provides instructions on what
farmers need to do. For example, (1) if there is a widespread attack of stem borers
in an area, the Upazila Agriculture Officer can distribute a circular letter; (2) if cows
in an area are heavily affected by foot-and-mouth disease, the Upazila Livestock
Officer can use it; (3) in the case of widespread fish damage during floods or
cyclones, the Upazila Fisheries Officer can use it to address the issue.

**Advantages of Circular Letters:**

1. They are cost-effective and save time.

2. Information can be distributed to many farmers at once.
3. Timely and accurate information brings positive outcomes.
4. They work well as a supplementary tool for other teaching methods.
5. Farmers can read them during their leisure or work breaks.

**Limitations of Circular Letters:**

1. They are only effective for educated farmers.

2. If the content and presentation are poor, the purpose may not be achieved.
3. If not distributed in time, they lose their value.