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Lecture 1:
Matters and Energy: Classification
of matter, states and properties of
matter, temperature, energy,
specific heat, energy and nutrition
 What Is Chemistry?

Chemistry
• is the study of
composition, structure,
properties, and reactions
of matter

• happens all around you everyday

Example:
Antacid tablets undergo a chemical
reaction when dropped in water.

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 Branches of Chemistry

The field of chemistry is divided into branches, such as

• organic chemistry, the study of substances that contain
carbon
• inorganic chemistry, the study of all substances except
those that contain carbon
• general chemistry, the study of the composition,
properties and reactions of matter

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 Chemistry + Other Sciences

Chemistry is often combined

with other sciences:
Geology + Chemistry =
Geochemistry
Biology + Chemistry =
Biochemistry
Physical Science + Chemistry =
Physical Chemistry

Biochemists analyze lab samples

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 Chemicals

Chemicals are
• substances that have
the same composition
and properties
wherever found
Example:
Toothpaste is a combination
of chemicals.

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Chemicals Commonly Used in Toothpaste

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1.1 Classification of Matter

 Matter (Materi)

Matter is another word for all substances (zat) that make up our world.
• Antacid tablets are matter.
• Water is matter.
• Glass is matter.
• Air is matter.

Note: Matter = Substance

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 Matter

Matter
• is the material that makes
up all things
• is anything that has mass
and occupies space

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 Pure Substances (Zat)

A pure substance is classified as

• a type of matter with a fixed
or definite composition
• an element that is
composed of one type of
atom
• a compound that is
composed of two or more
elements always combined
in the same proportion

Zat murni (pure substance) :

1. Unsur, atau elemen (element)
2. Senyawa (compound)

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 Elements

Elements
• are pure substances that
contain only one type of
material
• include
copper, Cu
lead, Pb
aluminum, Al

The element copper consists

of copper atoms.

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 Compounds

A compound
• contains two or more
elements in a definite ratio,
such as
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
table salt (NaCl)
sugar (C12H22O11)
water (H2O)

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 Elements in a Compound

“Table salt” is a compound that contains the elements

sodium and chlorine.

The decomposition of salt, NaCl, produces the elements

sodium and chlorine.
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 Mixtures

A mixture is a type of matter that

consists of
• two or more substances that are
physically mixed but not
chemically combined
• two or more substances in
different proportions
• substances that can be separated
by physical methods

A mixture of a liquid and a solid is

separated by filtration.
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 Homogeneous Mixtures

In a homogeneous mixture,
• the composition is uniform
throughout
• the different parts of the
mixture are not visible

Brass is a homogeneous mixture

of copper and zinc atoms.

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 Scuba Breathing Mixtures

Breathing mixtures for scuba

are homogeneous mixtures. Some
examples are
• Nitrox (oxygen and nitrogen
gases)
• Heliox (oxygen and helium
gases)
• Trimix (oxygen, helium, and
nitrogen gases)

A Nitrox mixture is used to fill

scuba tanks.
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 Heterogeneous Mixtures

In a heterogeneous mixture,
• the composition varies from
one part of the mixture to
another
• the different parts of the
mixture are visible

Oil and water form a heterogeneous

mixture.

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Classification of Matter

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1.2 States and Properties
of Matter

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 Properties of Matter

Matter has characteristics called physical and chemical properties.

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The States of Matter

Classification

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 Physical Properties

Physical properties
• are characteristics observed or measured without
changing the identify of a substance
• include shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points, density,
and color of that substance

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 Physical Properties of Copper

Example Copper has these

physical properties:
• reddish-orange color
• shiny
• excellent conductor of
heat and electricity
• solid at 25 C
• melting point 1083 C
• boiling point 2567 C
Copper, used in cookware, is a good conductor
of heat.

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 Physical Change

A physical change occurs in

a substance if there is
• a change in the state
• a change in the physical
shape
• no change in the identity
and composition of the
substance
In a physical change, a gold ingot is hammered
to form gold leaf.

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 Examples of Physical Changes

Examples of physical
changes:
• paper torn into little
pieces (change of size)
• gold hammered into
thin sheets of gold leaf
(change of shape)
• water poured into a
glass (change of shape)
Water as a liquid takes the shape of its container.

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Chemical Properties and Changes

Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance

• to interact with other substances
• to change into a new substance

When a chemical change takes place, the original

substance is turned into one or more new substances
with new chemical and physical properties.

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 Chemical Change

During a chemical change, a new

substance forms that has
• a new composition
• new chemical properties
• new physical properties
Sugar caramelizing at a high
temperature is an example of a
chemical change.

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 Some Chemical Changes

Examples
Silver tarnishes Shiny metal reacts to form a black, grainy
coating.

Wood burns A piece of wood burns with a bright flame

to form ash, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat.

Iron rusts A shiny nail combines with oxygen to form

orange-red rust.

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1.3 Energy

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 Energy
Energy is the capacity for
doing work:
• makes objects move
• makes things stop
• is needed to “do work”
When water flows from the top
of a dam, potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy.
Work
• Work is done when
• you climb
• you lift a bag of groceries At the top of the rock, a
• you ride a bicycle climber has more potential
energy than when she started
• you breathe the climb.
• your heart pumps blood
• water goes over a dam
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 Potential Energy

Potential energy is energy

stored for use at a later time.

Examples are
• water behind a dam
• a compressed spring
• chemical bonds in
gasoline, coal, or food
Diesel fuel reacts in a car engine to
produce energy.

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 Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of

matter in motion.
Examples are
• swimming
• water flowing over a dam
• working out
• burning gasoline

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 Units for Measuring Energy or Heat

Heat is measured in joules or calories. The SI unit of energy

is the joule (J).
The unit calorie is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C.
4.184 joules (J) = 1 calorie (cal)

1 kJ = 1000 J

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal)

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Examples of Energy in Joules

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Temperature

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 Temperature

Temperature
• is a measure of how hot or cold an object
is compared to another object
• indicates the heat flow from the object
with a higher temperature to the object
with a lower temperature
• is measured using a thermometer

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 Temperature Scales

The temperature scales

• are Fahrenheit, Celsius,
and Kelvin
• have reference points for
the boiling and freezing
points of water

A comparison of the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin

temperature scales between the freezing and boiling points of
water. 37
Temperatures

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Quantifying The Energy

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 Calorimeters

A calorimeter
• is used to measure heat transfer
• consists of a steel container
filled with oxygen and a
measured amount of water
• indicates the heat gained by
water, which is the heat lost by
a sample during combustion

In a calorimeter, the burning of a food sample increases the

temperature of water, which is used to calculate the energy
value of the food.
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 Caloric Food Values

The caloric or energy

value for 1 g of a food
is given in kilojoules (kJ)
or kilocalories (kcal).

1 Cal = 1000 calories

1 Cal = 1 kcal

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 Energy Requirements

The amount of energy

needed by a human each
day depends on
• age (see Table 2.10)
• gender
• physical activity (see
Table 2.11)

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 Changes of State

When a gram of steam condenses, 2260 J are released.

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 Melting and Freezing

A substance
• is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid
• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid
• such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 C

A solid requires heat to change to a liquid; a liquid gives off

heat to change to a solid.
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 Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion

• is the amount of heat released when 1 g of liquid
freezes (at its freezing point)
• is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 g of solid (at its
melting point)
• for water (at 0 C) is

80. cal or 334 J

1 g H2O 1 g H2O

Sublimation and deposition are reversible

processes.
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 Evaporation and Condensation

Water
• evaporates when
molecules on the surface
gain sufficient energy to
form a gas.
• condenses when gas
molecules lose energy
and form a liquid.

During evaporation, molecules of the liquid are converted

to gas at the surface of the liquid.
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 Boiling of Water

When water is boiling,

• all the water molecules
acquire enough energy to
form a gas (vaporize)
• bubbles of water vapor
appear throughout the
liquid

During boiling, molecules of the liquid are converted to gas

throughout the liquid as well as at the surface.
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 Heat of Vaporization

The heat of vaporization is the

amount of heat
• absorbed to change 1 g of liquid to
gas at the boiling point
• released when 1 g of gas changes to
liquid at the boiling point Vaporization and condensation are
reversible processes.
Boiling Point of Water = 100 C

Heat of Vaporization (water)

540 cal or 2260 cal
1 g H2O 1 g H2O

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 Sublimation

Sublimation
• occurs when a solid changes directly
to a gas
• is typical of dry ice, which sublimes
at −78 C
• takes place in frost-free refrigerators
• is used to prepare freeze-dried foods
for long-term storage
Dry ice sublimes at –78 °C.
Heat of Sublimation (water)
620. cal or 2590 cal
1 g H2O 1 g H2O

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 Summary of Changes of State
A solid melts to form a liquid and sublimes to form a gas; a liquid boils
to form a gas and freezes to form a solid; a gas condenses to form a
liquid and undergoes deposition to form a solid.

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 Heating Curve
Correlating the temperature, quantity of energy, and states

On a heating curve,
diagonal lines indicate
changes in temperature
for a state, and
horizontal lines
(plateaus) indicate
changes of state.

(a) A heating curve diagrams changes in state as temperature increases.

(b) A cooling curve for water diagrams changes in state as temperature decreases.

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 Test
• Why is the copper in copper wire
an example of a chemical, while
sunlight is not?
VIDEO: MENGENAL ILMU KIMIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAE3-XPclE4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPxge74VsOw

https://youtu.be/uTQuf-Wqguk?si=ubozSnQF0Vaq62V5