Jing Topics: Initial value theorem, Fi troduction orm is used in the study of various areas of ce and engineering like communication, control wy, system designing and digital signal processing sforms discrete time domain to discrete domain. It plays an important role in analysis as Laplace Transform and Fourier m in continuous systems. perties of Laplace transform, and Z transform pptained for lar. The Z transforms can be ces of discrete integer valued arguments, Laplace transform is obtained for arguments jous functions. crete systems lead to difference equations plution and analysis can be carried out with [of transforms. In this chapter you will earn d the Z transform of standard functions: rent properties with examples are als? You will also learn how to find inverse 2 by partial fraction method and convolution: The Z Transform of @ $208 O= Fe) = Sp ayet kt : sabia), °C ablict sin(ak+p), (sinh akh{ck cosh ak). f Z Transform : on of Z Transform : Change of Scale, Shifting Property, Multiplication, and Division by k, Convolution Z transform : Partial Fraction Method, Convolution Method. al value theorem, Inverse of Z Transform by Binomial Expansion whenever the infinite series converges. Where 2 '5 complex number, Z is an operator of 2 Transform and F(2) js the Z-Transform of a sequence f(K). } where T denote the Ex. 3.1.1 : Ith) 4 corresponds to k-0. Find Z (1(8)] Soln.: ‘We Know, by definitior £00, mn of Z transform of a sequence zirqg) = © f0d2™ since tothe left off there are three elements therefore lower limit is -3 Since tothe right oft there are two elements therefore upper limit is 2 2 zig = LF Gor* . Z{FOO = FC3) af (-2) 2? +f (-1)2' +f (0) 2 +f()z+f(Q)27 Z{F(0Q)) = 22°+322+ 62! + 42° Tete? a 2, BECO) = 22432? + 624 4 a? ee (3-2,4,-8,0,1,2,3,4) where T denote the Bx. 9.1.2: Ii(h)= (-9.-2 ‘+ elament corresponds to k=0. Find z/1(K)] - ‘Soln.: We Know, by definition of Z transform of a sequence £09,Z{FOO) = Endo a. +A We know su! — Since to the left of ¢ there are five elements therefore lower limit is -S, Since to the right of 7 there are three ‘elements therefore upper limit is 3 3 = ZI) = Dragz* 3 DEQ] = £5) 2548 (4) 2* + (3) 23+ £ (-2) 2? + £1) 21+ £(0) 2% £ (1) 24 £2) 2 +f£@)z9 = ZIFQQ) = (3) 25+(-2) 24 + (4) 23+ (8) 27+ (0) 24 + (1) 2+ @ 244 )z7+ (4) 29 Sac aia Z (6G) = £(-2)2?+£(-1)2"+ £(0) 29 +80) 244 £(2)2? et yi + 21609) = Beg hth » Z{f (9) = Bet Ses 19g eoh Ex. 3.14211 (k)=7%20.FindzZ [1]. Soin. : We Know, ZI) = Z sya HO) = OMe Fayed (aye : ee 200) = 142,20 2 78 +o * Zitoo= 1+ @ @ * @ 1m of infinite Geometric series a= avereor?+ os oa ete “200 = 77 hk <0 24 ex. 3.15: ={3c Sg ten tind ZY ( Soin. : ‘We Know, Zif ao) = E fu) z* Here y(k)) = (..2°, 2-2, 2-1, 9°, 91, oe ZAF()] = mnf(-3) 23 + f(-2)2? + FEA) SCE" + $2)? + £3) 23 + MFO] = (27) 29+ (2) 27 + 2 Het ay + (9) + (97) 27 + (97) 29 Benge 9 9 2 ayton = 2B od ore8 #0) - £8). sn6 8-0. We know sum ofinfinite Geometric series _ S.= atartarésary z HALA] ces aSon ek 2709) = 52,2 ae ‘ = He-9)+2(2- zi) = ayes — ion, 2, 8 * 21f09) = a ~ 2109) = =72 @-2 =a “ = Ta * ZEf09) = eaeZTransform GYFRL), a Y Y Ejooe* ° £(0) 2°+ F(1) 27+ £2) 27 +£(3) 2%, 2 93 8 Soest sta Be 3 £000 sum of infinite Geometric series _ ROC, [zl 1! * 3.3_Z-Transform of Standard Functions — Ex. 3.3.1 : Find Zia‘), k2 0. Soin. : We know 2709] = Zf0)2* ~ Ta] = Es09 x Tak) = f0)2” oe re +5+ © sh . Dat] = 145 aa) 6-0 ‘We know sum of infinite Geometric series a peltl<4 go = atarsart+ar+iss.= Ex. 3.3.2 : Find Zja*], k> 0. ‘Soln. : We know, zyoo] = Ese 2. Ufa*) = Saket ° Bfa*) = f(0)2°+ f(z? + f(2) 27+ {B) 2° + s gee a ate) = 143+ tat if fa") = ad ‘wp We know sum of infinite Geometric series tera sarvars ar suis. 72y. rlWH Engineering Mathematics-IV 3-6 Ex. 3.3.3 : Find z[al'!] (1-xy? = 142x43x7 + 4x3 +. 3.33: a ‘Soin. : We know, Zfka) = 44-9) 2001 = E509 2* Wun ® i . + Zak) = Daksky Dalek ; ee : ve 2 kat] = 2 Here f(K) = (..a5,a7, a, a°, al, a2, ..) = Mal] =. €-3)23 + f(-2) 22+ sC-1) 2! + f(0) eye as + f(1) 21 + f(2) 2? + f@3)z%... 22a] =. (a8) 23+ (a2) 22+ (24+ (1) + Ex. 3.3.5 : Find Z[k" a"), k>0 (atx + (2) 27+ (a4) 2. coe 3 STAM) = Peat earer ete Wess: Mab] =~ (a2)*+ (a2)? (az)! ¥1+(2) ayool = Esey2 -@-0): beset ee cic omciic 5 series “fay = Dvater ° LU ah = 2 Sie-1 ak Oe oe 2h" a 22h aka a + 4a jaz} here f(g <1 By multiplication by K Z(kF)] a= 25) Senate -» (ena 2K = 25ange) = 23 F da 2 mel = (G35) i. es) ot) (241 , ea) z(erl) G1? : ge = 222+ 1-22" +2: erm fe @-0* ze =. =a ’ Z-Transform Ex, 3.4.21 : Find Zick+1)a4), k> 0 Soin. : Ulket)a‘} = Aka + Z[a") We know Za) = 34 Be property of Multiplication by K aah = -28 aka") = ee sDfkal] = eaites na = ae cages at) = SEE oe cmon = oe 3.4.5. Division by k 17400) = Fe ten | 22] = FE ee us We know Z[1] = 77 By property of division by K 1e2[f()] = Fle) then 4 F lee ceAL] = -zlog(i-2) mie 3.4.6 Convolution Theorem If (h(16)} the convolution of two * zt] = -tog (4) 2 LE] = aoga-24 Ex. 3.4.23: Find A] ace (id) then pay et *2(g0) ‘Soin: Where Welnow Za] = 345 hoo = (£00) * (@C10) ee ng = s(m) gtk-m) 1 k=0 Wz = Fe then LA)] -- Faw ) | Ex. 3.4.25: WK) = UlR) & aK) = 2° Ulk) Find 2 Soln. : zo] = ZIU0)] =FF& By change of scale property, & 2 209] = Z [2 ugg] = — 2 By convolution theorem, = FO) *809] = 2700} * ze} ee aad FAW) = 4 Ul) and g(k) = ZIK{k) * g(k), Soin. : “214 uag) = Soin, ; SZBEU(Q) = We know from revio a0 low from py ous BE og ) By left shitting Property q exon 'Y convolution theorem, = F(z) then ney ANS f e j Riis is U0) * g(a) = 2EF0) *2{(g 0} peo 209 * gag) = 2Eaky J a W)*Z 3k yy $ ir] = 2F(z) BY UG) “AGS )- aeZ-Transform ‘transforms of standard sequences kenge gk aye fa "Ca O 0 Ee aapireltt a <6 c 2 (2 cosm ) +) "+ cosnk| = : 2) zcstna_ iE “|< [@ oe Fed ~ 2zcosn+ C¥sinak, k>0 peeaerceay oF 1 io 2] GS ¢ 2(z+1) 3)'+ cos: 2) 22-W)\g +2241 2{2-ccosa C*cosak, k= 0 in 1 =) sg “sinhak, k> 0 zesinha— |e| <1 [Qos] = (GH) Ga esa Ftaccoshare| z-accosha___ |e ; [ze azecosha Jel < ms of standard sequences CKcoshak, k>0 =a 1 Z transforms of standard seque o F@), ,k20 | 1,k21 7 1,k20 ak21 ai kz ! (ah k22 as ‘impulse function Ga) k20 ay = {¥k=0 = lokeo oa 3.5 _ Inverse Z Transform Inverse Z transform is a process of transforming the discrete frequency domain to discrete time domain. The Jnverse 2 transform of a function F(z) is denoted by Z*(F@) = 109Ca) ko Ca) ke0 Soin. : Consider z F(@) = A(z-2) + B(z-1) 2 Ba) ZF) 2a ZF) = 10) 4221 ~ ZF) -1+2%ke1 DUF@) = -1+2kx>0 Ex. 3.8.2 : Find inverse Z transform of Fz) = Soin. : Consider AG@-6) +B — 4) 4 4 = AC2) Az -2 Putz ce S253 “Fel = 223. 2 TFG) = zak) ZR) = oD RQ) =When region of convergence is given then to find 2: transform of fnetions we use the following method. mee Ex. 3.55 : Find the inverse Z transform “ it Region of convergence (ROC) is. Iz ‘soln. : “The given function partial fraction asSince in the denominator of above inequalities we ‘can take 2 common from the first and second term of Fe Se Aited ote evens ertlo en 13 4 =F + t.2. 2 Fla) = FQ) We know (1-x)"? 2: = 4eet 0 tee Soin, The given funcio (46. 23H 2 rer 4 2 CHT 9" G3" = exes. +m0$G)--0).-) #0) O'+-@--) oo ) Se ea Zao 23") rhyey 234 k21 = 4 15.8 : Find the inverse Z vanetorm of F(z) «223 ‘Region of convergence (ROC) is Paeg ) can be writen as by method of = AGB Pur = 0 29 = hep 3 = 2As5, ites Fe) = a‘We know (1-3) = 149x242" + = wry = 21+ @-O+-Os-) AEG are = (15-5 +8- 1. OEE Som: : i oe 10 etre teAns, :——Z8in7_ 2-22008744 | Q.37 Fat] ‘Ans, :-;22£08; (ka) Ans. : 222008744 | 0.38 Fina A] Ans. 22-2082) _ Meets eta)? 2zcos244 | 2.39 Find 2 [sin (k + 1) 6] ising Rieke ys A ace Tt BR 2ecoahae | TAZ lsn+3)9) s Raps x conns, ‘Ans, ; 28108 (2200826-2c0s0+2) are ai 2? -22.c080+1 (oath e Q.41 Find Zi(k+2)a¥], k>0 ans, ; 22 == as0-5 | 5 os er By 1. 42. Find Z]ka*), k>0 nce —ahe 7WayEsy alles . “ea? reo et ind Zike™}, k> 0 Ane 222 Ans. = 32) (@-3) ee i Q. 44 Find ZK oP), k > Pz (zre) analls 4 Lk20 0 2 —2zc0s1 +1 ok 0 it i e 45 ind]. K>1 Ans. :~ log (1-227!) 2—2zc081 +1 ae 1 ak (zsin1 + sin(2 0.46 Find 42) 21 Ans. :~5zlog (1-22-1) 2zcos3 Hae aging an Q.47 reg a Ans. = = 2zc0s6 +1 ee 14 se Hensal) sain(§ 4) @.48 Find = I: Ans. Bay A) © Bee | aaa Find Zh) ait sh) = (3) and ot = snc tein an(§-8) te emi eer ae @..50 Find the inverse Z transform of Fiz) = Garey by Ans. 279 z cos +25 ke : ioe ‘i ‘az sint 0.51 Find the inverse Z transform of F(z) = area by faeces! +16 partial fraction method. (Ans. : 2(5- 45) Tasedt €40"| 0.82 Find the inverse Z vanstorn of F2) = 32 — #2 — by partial fraction method. (Ans. : (-1) "2°**S_ 7(-3)§) Ze 4z @.53 Find inverse Z transform of F(z) = Brees partial fraction method. in, @.54 Find the inverse Z transform ot F(z) = ‘by partial traction method. (ans. : ee 11K") = 107 0.58 Find the inverse 2 waster of Fa) = = a ear (ans. :§(2 ka" + 32 9) + 8rd partial fraction method.W Engineering Mathematics-IV .56 Find the inverse Z transform of Fla) = tap eay i Region of convergence (ROC) is (i) [z| > 6 @.61 Find the inverse Z transform of convolution theorem. Let F(a) = 72g and G2) =2— 2) e+8) Region of convergence (ROC) is (i) jz] > 6 (Ans, : -52*%((-3)*- 1) @.58 Find the inverse Z transform of Fa) = 25 it Region of convergence (ROC) is (i) |z| >3 (Ans. : 3° (8k-5)) =e Q.59 Find the eee ed inverse Z transtom of F(z) = ES - on of convergence (ROC) se] >5 S yatgew (ans. : pa Z*(F@) -G(2)) Z*TF@) Ge] a otra = 7 {3%5] =s*=s09 2 EGG) = rit] =6 "= g(k) + TFG) GG] = f0W) * g(k) = 5** 6X k + DF) -G@)) 2 sm) g(k-m) 5 Bart: G@] a a FFE) -c~y = 6(6 6-@") ber + DMF@)-c@y = of {=}} 6 + Z*[FG])-G(z)) = giet_gke Q. 62 Find the inverse Fe TIF) -G(@)) = fg *g(e) = 14-2 : P * TAF) cto) = E semgtem= E rmgen aN m=0 Z*(FG@)-G(e] = 2s 21,22 44 + ZAPG)-G(a)) = 24214 22 okk 2 TFQ)-G(a)) = Aes eee 3) 2 4-0" 7G) Gan = ke apy 4 2") Ga) = 2(2-2% 7" [F(2) Gea) = ght “T*TF(2)- Gey] =