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Solution
𝐷𝑓
(a) Given Mi = 0.85 and Mf = 0.50. 𝐷𝑖
=?

Assuming the area at the inlet be 𝐴𝑖 and the area at the fan be 𝐴𝑓 .
Using the Mach number relation with the area equation as given in equation (1):
𝛾+1
𝛾−1 2 2(𝛾−1)
𝐴𝑓 𝑀𝑖 1 + 2 × 𝑀𝑓
= ( )[ ] (1)
𝐴𝑖 𝑀𝑓 1 + 𝛾 − 1 × 𝑀 2
2 𝑖
Where 𝛾 is the specific heat ratio, and for air, its constant value is 1.4.
1.4+1
1.4 − 1 2 2(1.4−1) 3
𝐴𝑓 0.85 1 + 2 × (0.50) 0.85 1 + 0.2 × (0.50)2
=( )[ ] =( )[ ] = 1.31
𝐴𝑖 0.5 1 + 1.4 − 1 × (0.85)2 0.5 1 + 0.2 × (0.85)2
2

Using the relationship between the area and diameter defined by equation (2):
𝜋 × 𝐷𝑓 2
𝐴𝑓 4 𝐷𝑓 2
= = (2)
𝐴𝑖 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑖 2 𝐷𝑖 2
4
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Hence, the fan to inlet diameter ratio is:

𝐷𝑓 𝐴𝑓
= √ = √1.31 = 1.15
𝐷𝑖 𝐴𝑖
The required ratio of inlet to fan diameter to decelerate the flow is 1.15.

𝑝
(a) The resulting pressure ratio 𝑝𝑓:
𝑖
Using the Mach number relation to the pressure equation is defined by:
𝛾
𝛾−1 (𝛾−1)
𝑝𝑓 1 + 2 × 𝑀𝑖 2
=[ ] (3)
𝑝𝑖 𝛾−1
1+ × 𝑀𝑓 2
2
1.4
1.4 − 1 (1.4−1) 3.5
𝑝𝑓 1 + 2 × (0.85)2 1 + 0.2 × (0.85)2
=[ ] =[ ] = 1.35
𝑝𝑖 1.4 − 1 1 + 0.2 × (0.50)2
1 + 2 × (0.50)2

Therefore, the ratio of the pressure is 1.35.

Solution
(a) Finding the Mach numbers at stations 1 and 3, since the flow is isentropic everywhere. M2 =
2.6 and A3 = 2A1. The flow is supersonic in the test region, thus, 𝑀2 > 1 and that will make the
flow to be subsonic in the first throat (𝑀1 < 1) . Using the area and Mach number relation
equation:
𝛾
𝐴1 1 + 𝛾𝑀2 2 𝛾−1
=( )
𝐴2 1 + 𝛾𝑀1 2

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Solving for 𝑀1 2 in the expression above gives:

1
𝐴1 ( 2𝐴 ) (𝛾 − 1)
(𝐴 ) (𝛾 − 1) 1 1
𝐴1 ( ) (1.4 − 1)
𝑀1 =2 2
= = 2 = 0.122
2 2 1.4(2.6)2 − (1.4 − 1)
(𝛾
𝛾𝑀2 − − 1) 𝛾𝑀2 − − 1) (𝛾
𝑀1 = √0.122 = 0.35
Since 𝑀1 = 0.35 as the flow is isentropic everywhere, thus, 𝑀3 = 0.35
(b) When A3 = 0.5A1, and the Mach number in region 4 is supersonic (M4 > 1).
𝐴
Since 𝐴1 does not change in this new configuration, therefore 𝑀1 = 0.35 still the same. Using
2
the relation:
𝛾
𝐴1 1 + 𝛾𝑀2 2 𝛾−1
=( )
𝐴2 1 + 𝛾𝑀1 2
𝐴
(𝐴1 ) (𝛾 − 1) (2)(1.4 − 1)
2
𝑀2 2 = 2 = 1.4(0.35)2 − (1.4 − 1) = 3.5
(𝛾 − 1) − 𝛾𝑀1
𝑀2 = √3.5 = 1.87.

For the Mach number 𝑀3 , since A3 = 0.5A1. 𝑀3 = 0.5 × 0.35 = 0.18.

(c) Assuming that the reservoir pressure is the same in both situations. Using the pressure
Mach number relation equation below:
𝛾
𝑝2 𝛾 − 1 2 𝛾−1
= (1 + 𝑀2 )
𝑝𝑜 2
The static pressure at station (2) for both case (a) and (b). At case (a), M2 = 2.6 while at case
(b) 𝑀2 = 1.87.
For case (a):
1.4
𝑝2 1.4 − 1 1.4−1
= (1 + (2.6)2 ) = 19.95
𝑝𝑜 2
For case (b):
1.4
𝑝2 1.4 − 1 1.4−1
= (1 + (1.87)2 ) = 6.40
𝑝𝑜 2
6.40
The static pressure change from (a) to (b) is: 19.95 × 100% = 32% and it means the static
pressure decreases by 32%.

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Solution

Using the separable variable for the slope of the Fanno line expression gives:
1 𝑀2
. 𝑑𝑇 = − . 𝑑𝑠
𝑇 𝑐 (1 − 𝑀2 )
𝑣
Integrating both sides:

1 𝑀2
∫ . 𝑑𝑇 = − ∫ . 𝑑𝑠
𝑇 𝑐𝑣 (1 − 𝑀2 )
Solving the integration yields:
𝑀2
ln(𝑇) = − (𝑠 − 𝑠0 )
𝑐𝑣 (1 − 𝑀2 )
𝑇
Taking the exponential of both sides and by rearranging for 𝑇 :
0
2
𝑀
−[ (𝑠−𝑠0 )]
𝑇 𝑐 (1−𝑀2 )
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑣
𝑇0
Where 𝑇0 and 𝑠0 are the initial constants due to the integration.

𝑠−𝑠0
In order to obtain , we take the logarithm of each sides of expression above:
𝑐𝑣
𝑠 − 𝑠0 (1 − 𝑀2 ) 𝑇
=− × log ( )
𝑐𝑣 𝑀2 𝑇0
𝑇 𝑠−𝑠0
Hence the result of 𝑇 versus can be plotted by assuming the ideal values for the Mach
0 𝑐
𝑣
number, Temperature (T) for the Fanno flow.

𝑇 𝑇
Assuming 𝑇0
= (1.0: 2.345: 100), and 𝑀 = 3. Thus the result of the computation of
𝑇0
versus
𝑠−𝑠0
is done with MATLAB, the code is given below, while Figure 1 gives the plot.
𝑐𝑣

clc
clear all;
M = 3.0; % Mach number
T_To = linspace(1.0, 2.345, 100);% Temperature range
delta_s_cv = -((1 - M^2)/M^2) .*log(T_To); % c/s exoression

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figure
plot(delta_s_cv, T_To) % Plot the T/To versus s/cv
xlabel('s/cv');
ylabel('T/To');
title('Fanno Flow Line')

Figure 1.1: The Fanno Flow Line

Solution
(a) The pipe exit flow is sonic because the Mach (𝑀2 = 1) as the flow from the reservoir inlet to
the nozzle exit (1) is isentropic in the long duct with friction and heat transfer present, and
the Mach increase by the length of the duct.

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(b) To determine the Mach number 𝑀1 at the nozzle exit (pipe entrance) through integral
conservation formulas:
Using the constant flow duct table with friction, and at (𝑀2 = 1)
𝑝2
= 1; 𝑝2 = 𝑝∗
𝑝∗
Since, 𝑝1 = 3.0𝑝𝑎, where 𝑝𝑎 is the ambient temperature and equals to 100 k𝑝𝑎 , therefore;
𝑝1 = 3.0 × 100 k𝑝𝑎 = 300k𝑝𝑎
𝑝2 = 1.5 × 100 k𝑝𝑎 = 150k𝑝𝑎
Thus,

𝑝1 𝑝1 300k𝑝𝑎
= = =2
𝑝∗ 𝑝2 150k𝑝𝑎
Through the checking of the constant flow duct table, the corresponding ratio of 2 for the
Mach (𝑀1 ) is 0.53, therefore, 𝑀1 = 0.53.

(c) Calculating the pressure ratio across the pipe

Using the constant flow duct table with friction.
𝑝 𝑝2
At 𝑀1 = 0.53, 𝑝 1 = 0.8259. Also, At 𝑀2 = 1, 𝑝02
= 0.5283.
01
𝑝1 𝑝 𝑝1 𝑝02 0.8259
𝑝01
× 𝑝 2 = 0.8259 × 0.5283. But, 𝑝01
× 𝑝2
= 0.5283
(∗∗)
02

Substituting for 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 in the equation (∗∗) gives:

𝑝02 0.8259 × 𝑝2 0.8259 × 150k𝑝𝑎
= = = 0.7816.
𝑝01 0.5283 × 𝑝1 0.5283 × 300k𝑝𝑎

(d) The reservoir pressure ratio to the ambient pressure .

𝑝𝑎 = 100 k𝑝𝑎
𝑝1
From, at 𝑀1 = 0.53, = 0.8259, since 𝑝1 = 300 k𝑝𝑎
𝑝01
𝑝1 300 k𝑝𝑎
𝑝01 = = = 363.24 k𝑝𝑎
0.8259 0.8259
And, since 𝑝0 = 𝑝01 = 363.24 k𝑝𝑎.
Thus, the ratio is calculated as:
𝑝0 363.24 k𝑝𝑎
= = 3.63
𝑝𝑎 100 k𝑝𝑎