MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

By

Prof Dr Safia Akram

VECTOR ANALYSIS

(Vector in two-dimensions)

Lec # 1

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 Vector Analysis
Vector in two-dimensions

Basic Definitions
1) SCALAR

A quantity which is completely specified by its magnitude is called

a “ SCALAR ’’
Scalar
Example Magnitude
Speed 35 m/s

Number value Distance 25 meters

with units Age 16 years
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2) VECTOR

A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is

called a “ VECTOR ’’

Vector Magnitude and

Example Direction
Velocity 35 m/s, North

Acceleration 10 m/s2, South

Displacement 20 m, East

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3) REPRESENTATION OF A VECTOR

A vector is represented by directed line segment

For Example: 𝐴𝐵 represents a vector whose magnitude

denote by 𝐴𝐵 is the length 𝐴𝐵 and its direction is from A to B

Terminal
point

B
An arrow over a letter 𝐴Ԧ
A
Or
Initial point
a letter in bold face A
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4) COMPONENTS OF VECTORS

If 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ

the vectors 𝑎𝑖Ƹ and 𝑏𝐽መ are the vectors components of 𝑣Ԧ in

the direction of 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽.መ

The number 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the scalar components of 𝑣Ԧ in

the direction of 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽.መ

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5) EQUAL VECTORS / EQUALITY OF VECTORS

Two Vectors are equal if they have same magnitude and have
the same or parallel directions.
Algebraic Definition
If 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ and (a, b)

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ then

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ𝟏
𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ
⇔
𝑎 = 𝒂𝟏 and 𝑏 = 𝒃𝟏

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 REMARK
A Vector may be translated from one location to
another, provided neither the magnitude nor the
direction is changed.

6) SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF 𝑣Ԧ
If c is a Scalar and 𝑣Ԧ is a vector, then 𝑐 𝑣Ԧ is defined as.

“A vector whose magnitude is |C| times the magnitude of 𝑣Ԧ

and whose direction is either the same as that of 𝑣Ԧ (if C > 0)
or opposite that of 𝑣Ԧ (if C < 0) ”
𝑣Ԧ
2𝑣Ԧ
Illustrations are given in
Figures. We refer to 𝑐 𝑣Ԧ as a
½ 𝑣Ԧ
scalar multiple of 𝑣Ԧ .
-3/2 𝑣Ԧ
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 SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Scalar multiplication can be accomplished component
by components
If C is a scalar and 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ is a vector, then
𝒄𝑣Ԧ = 𝐜 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ
= 𝒄𝒂 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒄𝒃) 𝐽መ
REMARK
The length of 𝒄𝑣Ԧ is |c| times the length of 𝑣Ԧ

| 𝒄𝑣Ԧ | = | 𝒄𝒂 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒄𝒃) 𝐽መ | = 𝒄2 𝑎2 + 𝒄2 𝑏 2

= 𝒄2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝒄2 (𝑎2 +𝑏 2 ) = | 𝒄 | | 𝑣Ԧ | 8
 For Example

If 𝑐 = −2 and 𝑣Ԧ = −3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ then

| 𝑣Ԧ | = (−3)2 +(𝟒)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

𝒄𝑣Ԧ = −𝟐 −3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ = 𝟔 𝑖Ƹ − (𝟖) 𝐽መ

| 𝐜𝑣Ԧ | = (6)2 +(−𝟖)2 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10

| 𝐜 | = | −𝟐 | = 𝟐
| 𝒄𝑣Ԧ | = | 𝒄 | | 𝑣Ԧ |

10 = 2(5) = 10
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REMARK

Non-zero vectors 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 have

1. the same direction if 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒄𝑣Ԧ𝟏 for some scalar

𝒄 > 𝟎.

2. the opposite direction if 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒄𝑣Ԧ𝟏 for some

scalar 𝒄 < 𝟎.

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7) ADDITION OF VECTORS
Algebraic Addition
Vectors may be added algebraically by adding their
corresponding Scalar components.

If v1 = a1 iƸ + b1 Jመ

and v2 = a2 iƸ + b2 Jመ then

v1 + v2 = (a1 + a2 ) iƸ +(b1 + b2 )Jመ

For example: Let v1 = 2iƸ − 4Jመ and v2 = 5iƸ + 3Jመthen

v1 + v2 = ( 2+ 5) iƸ +(−4+ 3)Jመ

= 7 iƸ − Jመ 11
 Graphical Addition
(1st method)
Two non-zero vectors 𝑣Ԧ1 and 𝑣Ԧ2 can be added
geometrically by placing the
initial point of the 2nd vector on the terminal point of the
1st vector and
then drawing the line segment from the initial point of
the 1st vector to the terminal point of the 2nd vector.

𝑣Ԧ𝟐

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 12
 (2nd method)

If we construct parallelogram RPQS, then Since

𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 , it follows that 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑆 . If 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅
are two forces acting at P, then 𝑃𝑆 is the resultant forces
that is, the single force that produces the same effect as
the two combined forces.
𝑆

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟐
𝑅 𝑄

𝑃 13
 8) SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Algebraic Subtraction
Vectors subtraction follows the algebraic law which says that
corresponding scalar components are subtracted.

If 𝑣Ԧ1 = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏1 𝐽መ

and 𝑣Ԧ2 = 𝑎2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ then

𝑣Ԧ1 − 𝑣Ԧ2 =(𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑖Ƹ +(𝑏1 − 𝑏2 ) 𝐽መ

Geometric Subtraction

The negative of a vectors 𝑣Ԧ is the vector −𝑣Ԧ = (−𝟏)𝑣Ԧ . It has the

same length as 𝑣Ԧ but points in the opposite directions.
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 Geometric Subtraction

To subtract a vector 𝑣Ԧ2 from a vector 𝑣Ԧ1 we add −𝑣Ԧ2 to

𝑣Ԧ1 . This can be done geometrically.

1st way: Draw as 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 +(−𝑣Ԧ𝟐 )

Now drawing −v2 from the tip of v1

and then drawing the vector from the initial point of v1
to the tip of −v2 as shown in Fig.
𝑣Ԧ𝟏
−𝑣Ԧ𝟐

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2nd way:
Draw as the vector from the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 to the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

To Draw 𝑣Ԧ1 −v2 is to draw v1 and v2 with a common

initial point
and then draw 𝑣Ԧ1 −v2 vector from the tip of v2 to the tip
of v1 . This is illustrated in Fig.

𝐂𝐁 = 𝐂𝐀 + 𝐀𝐁 𝐶 𝐵
= −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏
= 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

𝐴
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3rd way: Draw as −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

To Draw −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 is to draw 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 from the tip of −𝑣Ԧ𝟐

−𝑣Ԧ𝟐

𝑣Ԧ𝟏

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 9) POSITION VECTOR
To find the components of the vector from a point 𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to a
point 𝑷𝟐 𝑥𝟐 , 𝑦𝟐 by
subtracting the components of 𝑶𝑷𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒚𝟏 𝐽መ from the
components of 𝑶𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒚𝟐 𝐽መ (as shown in fig)

𝑦 𝑷𝟐 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 )𝐽መ

𝑥
𝑂

𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

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 The vector from 𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to 𝑷𝟐 𝑥𝟐 , 𝑦𝟐 is
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 )𝐽መ

EXAMPLE : The vector from 𝑷𝟏 3,4 to 𝑷𝟐 5,1 is

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 5 − 3 𝑖Ƹ + 1 − 4 𝐽መ
= 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ

EXAMPLE : 𝐆iven the point𝑠 𝑃 −2, 3 and 𝑄 4,5

a) Sketch 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃
b) Find vectors 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 that corresponds to 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃
(Also sketch)
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 SOLUTION
(a) The Vectors 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃 are sketch in Figure

𝑄 4,5

𝐴
𝑃 −2, 3 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 6, 2
𝑄 4,5

𝑂
𝑃 −2, 3

𝑣Ԧ𝟐
𝐴
−6, −2
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 (b)

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 4 − (−2) 𝑖Ƹ + 5 − 3 𝐽መ = 6𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ = 6, 2

𝑄𝑃 = 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = −2, −4 𝑖Ƹ + 3 − 5 𝐽መ = −6𝑖Ƹ − 2𝐽መ = (−6, −2)

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 10) MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR

The magnitude or length of 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ is

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

The bars in 𝑣Ԧ (read “the magnitude of 𝑣Ԧ or the length

of 𝑣)
Ԧ are the same bars we use for absolute value.

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10) UNIT VECTORS

Any vector whose length is 1 is a unit vector.

The vectors 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽መ are unit vectors.

𝑖Ƹ = 𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝟎 𝐽መ = 𝟏2 + 𝟎2 = 𝟏

𝐽መ = 𝟎𝑖Ƹ + 𝟏 𝐽መ = 𝟎2 + 𝟏2 = 𝟏

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10) LENGTH vs DIRECTION
If 𝑣Ԧ ≠ 0, then is
𝐯
1. is a unit vector in the direction of 𝑣.
Ԧ
𝐯

𝐯
2. The equation 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ ( ) express 𝑣Ԧ in terms of its
𝐯

length and direction.

EXAMPLE;
Express 𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒𝐽መ as a product of its length and
direction
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 Solution;
Length of 𝑣Ԧ

𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑 𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒 𝐽መ = 𝟑2 + (−𝟒)2 = 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟓

Direction of 𝑣Ԧ

𝐯 𝟑 𝑖Ƹ −𝟒 𝐽መ 𝟑 𝟒
= = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ
𝐯 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

𝟑 𝟒
መ
so 𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒𝐽 = 5 ( 𝑖Ƹ − መ
𝐽)
𝟓 𝟓

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EXERCISE

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