* Biological Classification *

* Axistotle was the earliest classify Plants into heabs.

Shaubs and trees. and animals into those which had ged
blood and those that did not

* Linnaeus - proposed two- Kingdom system of classification

ie Plantae and Animalia

This system of classification is based on Extexnal Chasacess.

* Dxowbacks of Two- Kingdom System:

This system did not distinguish bettee nu pomo_

unicellulax and multicellulad

Photosyntbetic. and Don photosuptbetic

* Five Kingdom Classification

proposed by R.H whittakas (1969)
This classification based on
cell stauctuse

Thallus exganisation
Mode of nutxition

Reproduction
Phylogenetic_ Relationship

* Kingdom Monexa: (includes

Bactexia axe Sole members of
kingdom Moneta
Struchbse is simple but complex in beheviaus
Photosynthetic - Pepazes. food with. sunligh!
Chemosynthetic S with the help of chemicals.
 Saprophytic-i feed on deod

Eubacteriq•
Found in extreme CoNd i cell wail made Up OF

cell wall made by pephi.

Pseudopeptidoglycan
salty axeas- Halopbiles_
2 hot Springs - Theamoacidophles
Magshy oxeq- Methanogens
Methanogens_ axe also found
in guts of Momingnt animals:

Autorophs.

Photosynthetic Autotsopbs
Ex- cyanobacteria (blue Oxidise Nitsates Nitaites
Ammonia , Sulphates
unicellulas, > used the Released eneagy
They may be
colonial Filamentous fox A1P Production

suxooudded by gelatinous Sheath

like
moxe gaowth - Alga bloom, xecycling Of u nutaients

Ex-Nostoc

Helps in N2.
* Hetexotsophic bactediq.
> . Most abundant _ mostly_ decomposers
> saprophytes eg decomposeds
Parasite disease causing lex! cholexq. typhoid , tetanus
citous cankeri
Benefits.

Antibiotics paoduction
N2 fixation

Nutsient xecycling

* Mycoplasma (PPLO)
completely lock cell t) Qil

Smollest Cell
Con live without oxygen
Pathogenic in animgls aDd PlanEs

* Kingdom Protista
They all age eukaryotes mostly single celted
some axe multicellpja8

Repaodiction is Asex0o_ and Sexual

link between plants h animals and

fungi
2 Some have flagella ox ciliq

Found in freshwates and maxine wates

They oxe planktons (floats passively tith wated

Mostly photosyn the ric
It includes Diatoms and golden algae
 Diatoms age like soap box the wolls of diatoms axe male by
silica

Diatomaceous ea&th cells deposits of diatoms

used 10 polishing, filtration of oils
aDd Syaup , Soundp soof wall
Diatoms axe. Chief producess in o ceon.

Dinoflagellates
Mostly maxine and photosynthetic
cell wal has stiff cellulose plates
Red dincflagellates (ex Ganyauax) - causes Red tide
Gonyauiax velease toxin (Sqxitoxin) kills othes maxine an1 ogs

3)

Majoaity aae freshmatea found in Stagnant wate

Instead of cell wall they have pxotein vich layes called Pellick
Photosynthetic in poesence of sonlight in absence of
Sunligbt: they age hetexotsophs
Pigments vexy similas to those of highes plants

4) Slime moulds

They ase Sapsophyres

DUding favousable condition they foam plasmodiu
Dosing DDFavousable condition tbey fosm Exuiting bodies
beading spoxes at theis tips . Spoges bove tave cet wall
Extremely xesistont- cad susvive fos many years
Dispeased by
*s) Protozoans.
All abe hetexotxophs (Pacdatos ox Pasasite)
Believed to be paimitive xelative oF animals

Flagellated

live in fresh watex ->Have Flogeliq >Have citq_ -2 Have AD Infections

Sea rates 0% Soil Faee living > coozdingted Spose like Stage
Pseudopodia (Apoeby) movement of Pex-plasmodium
Some have Silica Shell -Ex-Taypanasanq Cilia boings cause malaria

Some age Paxasite cause Steeping water laden food

Entamoeba sickness into gulled Cy- Pazamoeciom:

*
Kingdom Fungi

Example of Parasitic Fungus

wheat Rust- Poccnia

Root of highes
Fungus
caused by Albuga Con dido

Provide food

to
fungus
Fou plants

Sousce of antibioticsleg Penicillium

used to make bread and beex eg- Yeast
 StäUctUze_OfFungi

Hyehaee
nptun
ycelium a) sepłte h ph c
(ThYenlike)Net 0 k of
hyphae)
0 spoxe gexmin9te coenocy Hc
byRphge
CellL l mOdeu ▇ Chitin

Rep oduction

vegetative Asexal SexU l

FragmenłaHon Spo es 0asp s

Fiss ioD (conidią A6cospo
Bud ding sp 0ngiospoxs basidiaspor
zo0 p sa

Piasmogamy Fusion of Pxotoplasm beH H 0 otle 0 n0.n-

motle games
kaxyogany Fusión of tu0 nuclei
Dika yan 2 Nuclei / cell

Dikazyoph982 Pha6 ofDikaxyon

Dika yonpha5eSeen i Ascoycees_nd Basidiomycetes

Found in quahchabı ▇ Decaying w00d1Dame pl ▇ u ▇

Myceliumisasept te and Coerocytic:
Asexüal Reproduction tOkes_place by za0sp e. (motie),or oplanospose
(non-motile
—
Ex- Muco ,Rh)zopuS Alb go
2)
Ascomycetes
commonly Kn0 n as Sac fungi
Myceliu is b anched ndSeptte

Thexe axe_Sap opbytic decompose5„paasitic. 0f coprophilous

Asex spores axe conidig_păduR On conidiophores(azo on dung
Sexlspo es axeascos po es
Ex Yegst uniceilul 2) Aspex9illuS Cla cepS nd NeuxOSp
NeuX0spong isuSed in bioche mi caa0d genetc otK

3) Basidiomycetes
Commonly knon as Baacket fungi 0t poffbalis
They_0ze Sa zophytes a0d_Paasites
)
Myceti is branched and epł▇
ASexUal ep0ductio0 genexally bsen.
Sexual RepModucton Sex 03gans_0te Qbsen
Sexual Re prdD Hakes ploce by_PlOsmogamy,Kanyogany 4 meisi
Ex- Agazicus (Mush 00m)Ustilago (smut dise9se) Poc inbLRus

) Deutexomycetes
common Knon as impexfect fungibecaus Sexa Stage i nkma
AsexDaLSpo eS Conidia
Mycetium is băanched Ond sep te
They ne_Sapro byłos and Paxasite
Decomposedshele_inminexal cycting
Ex- Altenaziq) colle t michum and TichodesQ
couse Red zO Of suga cane
 VizUS

They xe_ obligate. Pamasite

czystallised Stauctue outsidecell
Lohen infect the host cell they
l

eplicałthermsel v host cei

Hisł0zy )LouisPasteu ▇ Ghave. the name vi ▇
DJ Ivanousky Discovexed_Yus in Tobacco M
3)
M w Beijezinek Stated that fluid containing Vi us is
infectiouscalled as ConłagimMivUm
Eluidom Linfectio0s living_fluid)
wMSante opesed that Y us_0re_Czysłallised
Head
capsid=made by SmalLuns copsomer
Genetic. motzią RNA Ot DNA
coat (cqpSid) Planł viăUS has 8S RNA
col|Qð
Sheot
Bactesio phage double_SHndeDNA
ajlFibes Animol vi us 8sZds RNA OX oS DVA

Anima) iO diseases
mump3 tmall_po ,hexpes ,inFluenz9,A Ds

antVi Q| Symptom
mosaic _fo matiOs leaf Xolling YellD ) veinS Stunted ga ult

*Vi oids
Discovexed by 0.Diene ▇
Potato Sp|Nd letUbed disease
2only RNA lou mojecobr eigh
Nop50tein cogt
Smalle thq Vi uS
Pxions
Abnoxmaly folded P30łein
Disense coused Bovine_SpongıRoom encephalopatty (BSE)
S0 kno n as ad Co disegSe
Cr-Jacob disease(ctD) -in humon

Lichens

Phycobion Mycobione
(AlG Compneni) (FngComponent

Pae ares foad – AbsOð bs Wołer and utrient

P30 ide Shelł

chens0xevezygaodindicołors_Of PolloHon.