Mango

(Mangifera indica L.)

Anacardiaceae
2n = 40

Indo - Burma region (India and South East

Asia)
 Introduction
• Mango (Mangifera indica), the king of fruits, is grown in India for
over 400 years.

• India shares about 56% of total mango production in the world.

• Since independence, contributing 39.5% of the total fruit

production of India.

• Andhra Pradesh tops in total production, whereas Uttar Pradesh

tops area-wise.

• Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra,

West Bengal and Gujarat together contribute for about 82% of the
total production in India
 Mango
• National fruit of India

• King of Fruits

• King Tropical of Fruits

• Ambassador of fruits
 Soil
• Mango can be grown on a wide variety of soils
under varied climatic conditions

• It can be grown from alluvial to lateritic soils

except in black cotton soil having poor drainage.

• It grows well in soils with slightly acidic pH

• Soil pH range 5.5 to 7.0.

• Soils having good drainage are ideal for Mango.

 Climate
• Mango is a tropical fruit, but it can be grown up to 1,500m above mean
sea level. In commercial scale in areas 600 m

• There should not be high humidity, rain or frost during flowering.

• The temperature between 24 and 27°C is ideal for its cultivation.

• Higher temperature during fruit development and maturity gives

better-quality fruits

• The areas experiencing frequent showers and high humidity are

prone to many pests and diseases

• Thus it can be grown best in regions with a rainfall between 25cm and
250cm

• Regions having bright sunny days and moderate humidity during

flowering are ideal for mango growing
• Low temperatures (130 C – 190 C) are good for flower bud
differentiation

• After flowering rainfall is required for fruit development.

• Moderate humidity coupled with water stress or rest for 2-3

months before flowering improves flower bud formation.

• High rainfall prior to flowering induces excessive vegetative

growth and arrest the flowering.

• Temperature, also governs the flowering and ripening of fruits.

 Varieties

• In India, about 20 - 30 cultivars are being grown commercially.

• However, only a few varieties are commercially cultivated

throughout India.

There are 2 types of mango varieties.

1. Monoembryonic

2. Polyembryonic varieties
 Monoembryonic varieties

• Presence of one embryo in a seed is called as

monoembryony.

• Mono-embryonic mangoes consist of a single embryo which

gives rise to a single hybrid plant not true to the type (i.e. do
not have the characteristics of parents) therefore, they are
raised by asexual propagation.

• Almost all the varieties of India are mono-embryonic.

 Polyembryonic varieties
• Presence of more than one embryo in a seed is called as
polyembryony.

• The phenomenon of polyembryony is known to occur in a number

of mango varieties

• Seedlings arising from the adventitious embryo of nucellar origin

are highly uniform.

• Poly-embryonic varieties are

• Bappakai, Vellaikulumban,Bellary, Chandrakaran, Dwarf,

Goa, Kurukkan, Olour, Kasargod, Mazagoan, Mylepalium,
Nakari, Nileshwar dwarf, Pahutan, Peach, Prior, Salem,
Starch.
 Alphonso
• One of the most popular variety of
India

• It is mainly grown in Ratnagiri

area of Maharashtra and to a
small extent in parts of south
Gujarat and Karnataka

• Its fruits are medium-sized

(250g), with attractive blush
towards the basal end

• Pulp is firm, fibreless with

excellent orange colour

• It has good sugar acid blend

• Keeping quality is good

• It is susceptible to spongy tissue

 Banganapalli
• A widely cultivated,
early-maturing mango
of south India.

• It is the main
commercial variety of
Andhra Pradesh.

• Its fruits are large-sized,

weighing on an average
350-400g.

• The pulp is fibreless,

firm and yellow with
sweet taste.

• Fruits have good

 Neelum

• A heavy-yielding, late-
season mango in south
India

• It has regular-bearing
habit

• Fruits are medium-

sized with good flavour

• Flesh is soft, yellow and

fibreless

• Keeping quality is good

 Mallika

Cross of Neelum x Dashehari

Developed at IARI, New Delhi.

Fruits medium sized

Good keeping quality

Mid-season variety

Regular bearer
 Bangalora
• Regular bearer

• Very good yield

• Early yielder in South India

• Large fruit weighing 400-450 g

• Shape is typical oblong

• Prominent beak

• Pulp is excellent for processing

 Rumani

• High yield good keeping

quality

• Fruit quality is only

moderate

• It remains sour if
harvested slightly early
 Dashehari

• Most popular variety

in North India

• Excellent fruit quality

• Good keeping quality

• Fruit weighs 200-250 g

• Biennial habit
 Mulgoa

• Late season

• Shy bearing

• Fruits are large size

• Fruit weighs 450-500 g

• Taste is excellent with

good keeping quality
 Himayuddin
Syn: Imampasand

• A choice variety

• Fruits – large

• Shoulder is oblique, firm

flesh, lemon yellow –
delightful flavour and taste

• Good keeping

• A shy bearer
 Salem Banglora

• Choice Variety
• Biennial bearer
• Fruits very sweet, large
• Good keeping quality
• Export variety
Salem Bangalora
 Mango hybrids and their characters
Sr.no Hybrid Place of Parentage Important characters
research

1 Mallika IARI, Neelum x Regular-bearers, high TSS, good

New Dashehari colour, uniform fruits, moderate
Delhi keeping quality
2 Amrapal IARI, Dashehari x Dwarf, Regular-bearers,cluster
i New Neelum bearing,small sized fruit,good
Delhi keeping quality
3 Ratna FRS, Neelum x Regular-bearers, free from
Vengurla Alphonso spongy tissue and fibre
4 Sindhu FRS, Ratna x Regular-bearer, stone thin
Vengurla Alphonso
5 Arka IIHR, Alphonso x Regular-bearer, attractive skin
Puneet Bangalore Banganapalli colour, medium-sized, free from
spongy tissue. Good keeping
quality,
good sugar, acid blend
IIHR Hybrids

• Arka Aruna
• Arka Puneet
• Arka Anmol
• Arka Neelkiran
• AU – Rumani
Juicy varieties

• Neeleshan
• Neeludin
• Neelgoa
• Swarnajehangir
 Botanical name: Musa sp. L.

Family: Musaceae

Chromosome no.: 2n = 22, 33 & 44

Origin: Tropical regions of South East Asia (Assam,

Burma and Indo-China region).
 INTRODUCTION
• The banana - most primitive, cultivated tropical fruits in India.

• Second most important fruit crop of India.

• Banana is one of the oldest fruit known to mankind and also important food for man.

• It is one of the oldest and commonest of the Indian fruit that has been cultivated since ancient times.

• Its antiquity can be traced back to Garden of paradise where eve was said to have used its leaves to
cover her modesty in the garden of paradise.

• It may be one of the reasons why banana is called “Apple of Paradise” and botanically named Musa
paradisiaca .

• Banana plants refer to Biblical legend as “Tree of wisdom” for good and evil in the Garden of Eden.
 Climate
• Strictly a tropical crop.

• Temperature range of 10-400C and an average of 230C.

• In cooler climate the duration is extended, sucker production is affected

and bunches are small.

• Low temperature i.e. less than 100C is unsuitable - lead to a condition

called choke throat.

• Banana grows well under high rainfall areas .

• On an average 100 mm rainfall per month appears to be satisfactory for
growth of banana.

• Hot winds blowing in high speed during the summer months shred and
desiccate the leaves.

• Stagnation of water is injurious and may cause diseases like panama wilt.

• The hill bananas in Tamilnadu are raised between elevations of

500-1500m mostly under rain fed conditions.

• Absence of strong winds and cyclones are important

 Soils
• Banana is heavy feeder and requires a well-drained soil with plentiful
organic matter.
• Banana requires heavy irrigation
• Cannot with stand water stagnation
• Soil should be well drained and deep (At least 1m depth).
• It grows successfully in loamy soils,
• Delta areas- Well drained clay soils of
• Irrigated - Medium soils
• The production in lighter soils is good.
• Saline soils with salinity percentage exceeding 0.05 are unsuitable.
• Banana can grow well even under slightly alkaline soils.
 Varieties

• Most of the present day edible banana varieties have originated from the two species viz., Musa
acuminate and Musa balbisiana

• The notation of ‘genome’ was ‘A’ for acuminate

• ‘B’ for balbisiana

• ‘A’ represent, acuminata genome with 11 chromosomes from M.acuminata .

• While ‘B’ represents genome with 11 chromosome from M. balbisiana.

Ploidy Contribution Example
2x AA Matti, Anaikomban,Sanna Chenkadali,
Kadali, Namarai, Pisang Lilin

3x AAA Robusta, Dwarf Cavendish, Red banana,

Gross Michel

4x AAAA Bodless Altaford

Not existing in nature but is a synthetic
hybrid
 Ploidy Contribution Example

2x AB Ney Poovan, Kunnan

3x AAB Poovan, Rasthali, Pachanadan,

Virupakshi, Nendran

3x ABB Monthan, Peyan, Karpuravalli

4x ABBB Klue Teparod

 Dwarf Cavendish (AAA)
• Suitable for wind prone areas.
• Synonyms: Pachavazhai, Mauritius,
KullaVazhai, Kuzhi Vazhai,
Kuttavazhai.
a. Plant stature is dwarf
b. Crop duration is 10-12 months
c. Each bunch weight 18-20 kg
d. Fully ripped fruits will be greenish
yellow in colour
 Robusta (AAA):
• Variety with big fruits and heavy bunches.
a. Semi tall sport of Dwarf Cavendish.
b. Average bunch weight is 40 kg.
Red Banana (AAA):
• Medi banana with medicinal properties.
• Synonyms: Lalkela, Chenkadali, Sevvazhai Rathambala.
a. The colour of the pseudostem, petiole midrib and fruit is
purplish red.
b. Bunch weight 20-25 kg with 100 fruits.
c. Crop duration from planting to harvest: 18 months.
Ney Poovan (AB):
• Small fruited.
• Synonyms: Rasakadali, Elakki, Senoreeta, Nallippovan.
a. Rind of the fruit is very thin and papery with yellow
colour.
b. Bunch weight – 12kg with 150 fruits/bunch
c. Duration : 13 months.
 Kunnan (AB) :
Small fruited
• a. Quality variety of Kerala
• b. Fruits with firm pulp.
Poovan (AAB):
• Synonym: Champa, Lalvelchi, Mysore, Palayam kodan, Fill basket.
• a. Individual fruit has prominent nipple.
• b. Average bunch wt. – 15 kg having 8-12 hands each hand with
11-18 fingers.
• c. Crop duration - from 11 to 14 months.
Rasthali (AAB):
• Synonym: Silk fig, Amruthapani, Rasabale, Vellai thuzhuvan.
a. Plant is tall and can be identified by the yellowish green pseudo
stem with brownish blotches, reddish margins of the petiole and leaf
sheath.
b. Bunch wt. – 12 kg. Fruit peel is thin with silk flesh.
c. Easy dropping of ripe fruits from the bunch (Poor pedicle
attachment)
d. Formation of hard lump in the pulp.
e. Duration 14 months.
 Hill Banana (AAB):
Synonym: Virupakshi, Sirumalai, Malavazhai, Vella
Vazhai.
a. Perenial banana liked for its good flavour and
keeping quantity.
b. Bunch weight 10-12 kg with 7 hands.
c. Duration 14 months.
d. Each fruit has 5 ridges/sides.
e. Peel is thick. It has 5 ridges/sides.
f. It peels off easily from the pulp.
Ladan (AAB):
• Synonym: Nadan, Singan.
• Variety with large leaves can be grown under
shade.
• Stem is greenish with purple tinge.
• Duration – 12 ½ months.
 Nendran (AAB)
• Synonym: Ethankai, French Plantain.
a. Pseudostem has a distinct shade of pink colouration.
b. Fruit is longer, peel is thick.
c. Bunch wt. – 12-15 kg.
d. Fruit with 3 prominent ridges strongly held.
e. Duration : 11 to 12 months.

Monthan (ABB):
• Synonym : Bontha, Kanch kela, Bluegoe.
a. Culinary banana
b. Duration 12-14 months.
c. Bunch wt. 20-25kg with 80-100 fruits per bunch.

Sambarani Monthan (ABB)

• A mutant of monthan with fruits having an ashy coated rind.
 Karpoora valli (ABB)
• Synonym Raja vazhai, Karpura vazhai,
Pisang Awak.
• a. Pseudo stem is light green with
purplish tinge. Huge and tall
• b. Peel yellow with ashy coating.
• c. Pulp is very sweet with pleasure
flavour.

Naatu Vazhai (ABB)

• Synonym : Vayal Vazhai.
• d. Popular in Southern districts of TN
– unripe fruits are used for culinary
purpose.
• e. Ripe fruits for dessert purpose.
Good coolent.
 CO-1 (Hybrid) from TNAU, Coimbatore (1983)
• It is a multiple hybrid developed from

Ladan (AAB) x Musa balbisiana clone sawai (BB)

F1 (AB) x Kadali (AA)

Co.1 Banana (AAB)

a. The fruits have flavour and taste similar to Hill banana,
at the same time, the plants can be grown in plains.
b. Bunch weight 10.5kg having 7 hands with 80-85 fruits
/ bunch. Each fruit weight about 150g.
c. TSS 22.6o Brix.
d.Crop duration is 14-15 months.
e. The fruits will be sweet only after ripening.
 CO 2

• Karpooravalli (ABB) X Pisang lilin (AA)

• (AAB)
• Resemble like ney poovan
• Tolerant to nematode
• Moderately resistant to fusarium wilt
• Yield -14-15 kg, 13-14 hands/ bunch
 Matti (AA):

• It is commonly grown in Kanyakumari district. Fruits are small – taste is good. Good
male parent.

SannachenKadali (AA):

• It resembles red banana. It performs well even under full shade. Hence, it can be grown
in coconut gardens.

Namarai (AA):

• Grown in Kanyakumari district. Good male parent – produce fertile pollen grains.

Gross Michel (AAA):

• Has desirable fruit characters. It is susceptible to wilt. Now not grown commercially.
 ACID LIME
Botanical name: Citrus aurantifolia
Chrosome No.: 2n = 18
Origin: India
Introduction
• Acid lime also known as Sour lime, Kagzi lime or Mexicain lime ,Keylime, West
Indian lime etc.
• In Hindi it is calles as Neebu.
• It is a good source of Vitamin - C and extensively used for culinary purposes.
• Salted lime peel is recommended for indigestion.
• India is the largest producer of acid limes in the world, but ranks fifth in the
production of limes and lemons.
• Acid lime is the third important citrus fruit after orange and mandarins.
• It is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Assam and Rajasthan.
Climatic and soil requirement
• Tropical & sensitive to frost

• It thrives well in a dry climate.

• The optimum temperature is 20-30o C.

• upto 1500 m above MSL

• Lime grows well in deep (2-2.5m) well drained soils rich in organic matter.

• pH range of 6.5 to 7.0

• It can not grow in water logged soils, alkaline soils with high lime
content.

• Lemons grow better in shallow soils also if well drained.

 Important varieties
• Kagzi lime : is the best most popular one. susceptible to tristeza virus and bacterial canker diseases

• Some of the improved varieties of limes are: Pramalini, Vikram and Saisarbati - Supposed to be
canker free and prolific bearers.

• Chakradhar: Seedless strain of acid lime

• PKM-1 - Heavy yielder. Average 934 fruits/plant per year weighing 36.9kg

• Selection 49: Tolerant to canker, tristiza and leaf miner. It is also a prolific bearer.

• Seedless lime: Fruits are oblong and prolific bearer.

• Tahiti lime - Plants nearly thornless, leaves much larger of different shapes. Fruits also much larger
and seedless – Triploid

• Mithachikna (Thin rind) and Mithotra (Thick rind): Two varieties of sweet lime with less acid, sweet
fruits and are mostly used as stocks.

• Rangapur lime is grown for root stock purpose.

GRAPES
Botanical name: Vitis vinifera
Chromosome no.: 2n = 38
Family: Vitaceae
Origin: Armenia (USSR)
 Introduction
• Introduced in India during 11th century

• Grapes cultivation - Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Nasik and Poona in

Maharashtra, Hyderabad and Aurangabad in Andhra Pradesh,Punjab
and Haryana.

• Cultivation of grapes is also called as Viticulture

 Climate and soil
• It originated as a temperate plant only by subsequently acclimatized to
subtropical and tropical conditions
• The grapevine is a subtropical plant
• Tropics the vine is evergreen, growing continuously.
• Requires long warm to dry summers and cool winters in temperate
regions.
• Temperature goes upto 120 C - 350 C due to warm winter condition there is
practically no rest period.
• Early December pruning yields a sweet crop during April
• Summer pruning (May) yields a slightly sour crop during September.
• Grapes can be cultivated in a wide range of soils, from low to high fertility.
• Well drained, rich loamy one with low water table.
• The soil depth should be at least 60 cm
 Purpose

• Table grapes
• Raisin grapes
• Juice grapes
• Wine grapes
• Canning grapes
Table grapes
• Utilized either as a fresh fruit or for decorative purpose

• They must have an attractive appearance, good eating

quality, good shipping and storage qualities

• Thompson Seedless, Beauty Seedless, Bangalore Blue.

Beauty Seedless
 Raisin grapes

Thompson seedless
• Grapes which produce an acceptable dried
product are called raisin grapes.

• Seedless cultivars with high sugar content

production yellowish or greenish raisins are Black Corinth

preferred.

• E.g. Black Corinth, Sultan, Thompson seedless.

Sulta
n
 Juice grapes

The juice of some cultivars with muscal flavour produces an acceptable

unfermented beverage when it is preserved by pasteurization

E.g. Bangalore blue, Beauty Seedless.

Bangalore blue Beauty Seedless.

 Wine grapes:

• Cultivars which have high sugar content and low acid with can produce
satisfactory wine is called wine-grapes.

E.g: Muscat Canelli, Black champa.

Canning grapes:

• Seedless cultivars with white grapes with larger barriers are preferred for
canning.

E.g. Thompson seedless, Pusa seedless, Perlette A

 Commercial varieties
Coloured seeded Bangalore Blue and Gulabi (Muscat)

Coloured seedless Beauty Seedless and Sharad Seedless

White seeded Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkhush (clone of Anab-e-Shahi

White seedless Perlette, Pusa Seedless, Thompson Seedless,

Clones Tas-AGanesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman
Seeded Varieties Seedless Varieties Table Grapes Wine Grapes

Anab-e-Shahi Thompson Seedless Arka Shweta (E-11/29) Arka Soma (E-9/3)

Bangalore Blue Pusa Seedless Arka Majestic (E-14/20) Arka Thrishna (E-21/28)
(Bangalore Purple)

Cheema Sahebi Perlette Arka Chitra (F-5/4)

(Selection No.7)

Paccha Draksha (Bhokri) Delight

Black Champa Beauty Seedless

Champion Sarath seedless

Early Muscat Kish Mish

Gulabi (Panneer
Drakshai)

Dilkush
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO
Botanical name : Lycopersicon esculentum
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No : 2n = 24
 Introduction
• Tomato is essentially a tropical vegetable.

• The probable origin is the Peru in the South America.

• The ripe fruits are used as vegetable, soup, salad and in the
preparation of products such as pickles, sauce, jam and ketchup.

• The fruit is a rich source of vitamin A (590 microgram / 100g) and C

(27 mg/100g).

• Lycopene is the red carotenoid pigment present in tomatoes.

• Major producers are USA,China,Turkey,Italy,Egypt, Spain,Iran and

Greece

• Dr.C.M.Rick and Dr.G.Kalloo -Vegetable improvement in Tomato

 Species:
Tomato belongs to the family solanaceae.

The genus Lycopersicon differs from Solanum by the absence of

spines and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal divisions.

The genus Lycopersicon was divided into two sub genera.

Eu lycopersicon.
Erio persicon.

Eu lycopersicon is characterized by red fruited edible species with

carotenoid pigmentation and they are annuals. Cultivated tomato is
included in this. The species included are
1. Cultivated tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum and.
2. Small fruited tomato- Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium

Eriopersicon is characterized by green fruited species, anthocyanin

pigmentation. The species included are peruvianum, hirsutum,
persicae and glandulosum, cheesmanii.
 Growth habit
Indeterminate: terminal buds ends with a leafy bud and
continue it vegetative growth. Ex: Pusa ruby.

Determinate fruits: terminal buds ends with floral bud

and further its vegetative growth is checked and are
called as Self topping or self pruning types. Ex. Pusa
Early Dwarf

Semi-determinate: have semi dwarf growth and it

is between determinate and indeterminate. Number of
nodes between two consecutive inflorescences will be
around one. Ex: S-12, Roma.
 Determinate Indeterminate

Bush tomatoes Vining tomatoes

Compact height (approx. 4 feet). 6 feet is considered the norm up to 10 feet

When fruit sets on the terminal or top bud it They will bloom, set new fruit and ripen fruit
stops growing, ripen all their crop at or near all at the same time throughout the growing
the same time (usually over a 2 week season.
period), and then die.
They may require a limited amount of They require staking for support
staking for support

Should not be pruned or "suckered" as it Pruning and the removal of suckers is

severely reduces the crop, and will perform practiced by many but is not mandatory
relatively well in a container

Rutgers, Roma, Celebrity (called a semi- All the hybrids

determinate by some), and Marglobe
 Climate

• Warm season vegetable

• Optimum temp 21-24°C
• <16°C & 27°C –not desirable
• Max. seed germination-30°C
• Max. fruit setting-night temp 15-20°C
• >32°C-lycopene formation inhibited
• Highly susceptible to waterlogging
Colour development:

Red colour - pigment Lycopene.

Lycopene is highest at 18 to 26 C
Pigment drops off rapidly above 30 C
'nil' above 40C.

If fruits exposed to direct sunlight, their tops may turn

whitish yellow & become leathery in texture.

This is common in late varietes during summer season.

This condition is known as sun - scald.

A warm, sunny weather is most suited for proper

ripening, colour, quality & high yield
 Soil

• Well drained fertile loamy soil

• pH 6.5-7.5

• Acidic soil-liming

• Heavy soils-improper drainage-affects quality

 Choice of varieties
Cultivars suitable for growing in the hills
Sioux (IARI)
• Indeterminate
• American variety, resistant to growth cracks
• Fruits medium to large with yellow stem end
• Round fruits
• Sub-acidic in flavour
Suitable for short distance market
Best of All (IARI)
• Indeterminate
• Fruits round with green stem end
• Borne in bunches
• Fruits firm and good yielder
Marglobe (IARI)
• Late in maturity
• Indeterminate fruits
• large round with green stem end
• Smooth, juicy
 Cultivars suited for processing
Roma (IARI)
• Prolific bearer
• Determinate
• Good foliage cover
• Excellent bearing, elliptical fruit shape with yellow stem end
• Fruits thick at stem end
Punjab Chhuhara (PAU)
• Determinate good foliage cove prolific bearer
• Fruits elliptical in shape with yellow stem end
S-152 (IARI)
• Prolific bearer
• Determinate
• Good coverage
• Fruits egg-shaped with yellow stem end
• Borne in bunches
• Suitable for canning and long distance transportation
All-purpose variety -known as Pusa Gaurav
• In certain varieties of tomato, the vegetative growth automatically
stops, giving rise to bushy growth. They are called self pruning
varieties.

• Certain varieties like Pusa rubi, Pusa early dwarf, Marutham, Arka vital,
Pusa 120, HS – 10, sweet 72, S-12, Co I are suitable for cultivation
in plains.

• Varieties like Sioux, Best of all, Pusa early dwarf are suitable for hilly
areas. Varieties like Roma and Punjab chuharra are suitable for
processing.

• Varieties released by IIHR Arka Abha, Arka Abhizit, Arka Ahuthi, Arka
Aloukik, Arka Meghali, Arka Sourab, Arka Sourab, Arka Srasika, Arka
vartnan, Arka vikas, Arka visal.
• Pusa Sheetal: Cold resistant variety

• Best of all: Mid season variety

• IVRI -2 : variety developed from IVRI, Varanasi

• Floradade: it is a variety brought from Florida

• SL – 120 : resistant to nematode and released by IARI, New Delhi.

• S-12: Evolved by PAU, Luthiana, fruit round to flatish with

persistant pedicel suitable for summer crop all over the India
Varieties released from TNAU
CO1
• Pureline selection isolated from ‘Pearl
Harbour’.
• Tropical plains of Tamil Nadu.
• Plants-dwarf, semi spreading.
• Flowering -50-55 DAT
• Fruits-round and smooth without any
grooves.
• Proportion of flesh to seed content is high
• Fruits are susceptible to cracking.
• Fruits contain
• -0.69% acidity
• -17.5 mg/100g of ascorbic acid and
• -2.7 % reducing sugars
• Yields -35 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of
135 days.
 CO 2

• Plants are semi-dwarf with erect habit

• Fruits are smooth, medium sized, flat with 4 to
5 furrows.
• Fruit weight -55 to 60 g.
• Unripe fruits are green in colour that turn
capsicum red after ripening.
• Fruits are borne in clusters (4 to 5)
• 20 to 25 fruits per plant.
• Withstand long distance transport.
• Duration-140 days
• Yield -41 tonnes/ha.
• The fruit are nutritionally superior to CO 1 with
a higher ascorbic acid content of 19.5 mg of
100 g juice.
CO 3 (Marutham)
• Plants-compact, small spread, dwarf and determinate.
• High density planting (spacing of 60 x 30 cm)
• Fruits -round, globular in shape, medium sized, smooth,
attractive
• Fruit weight 45 to 50 g
• Flowering -50 to 55 DAS and first harvest -30 days later
• Fruits-parrot green colour when unripe and reach capsicum
red on ripening
• Each plant yields 30 to 40 fruits
• The variety is a cluster bearing type (4 to 5 per cluster).
• The fruits contain 3.8% acidity and 25 mg/100 g of Vitamin
C.
• Yield-40 t/ha
• Duration-100 to 105 days.
PKM 1
• Induced mutant from a local variety
called Annanji.
• Determinate plant
• Fruit-flat–round, attractive capsicum red
colour with prominent green shoulders
even after ripening
• Fruits-uniform in shape, firm and ideal for
long distance transport
• Fruits contain 0.99% acidity and 23.7
mg/100g of Vitamin C
• Yield-30 to 35 t/ha are typical in a crop
duration of 135 days
 Paiyur – 1
• Hybrid derivative of Pusa Ruby x CO 3
• Suitable for rainfed tomato growing areas of Salem and
Dharmapuri districts.
• Early flowering (20-25 days from transplanting)
• Extended harvest period of 10 to 12 pickings.
• Fruits-round, medium sized, with a slight ribbing at the
calyx and medium firmness,
• Ensures keeping quality and suitability for distant
transport.
• Tolerant to fruit borer and diseases such as leaf spot and
leaf curl virus.
• Yields-30 tonnes/ha.
 COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato
• Developed and released from HC & RI,
Coimbatore.
• Plants need staking with wooden sticks
• Fruits -round to slightly oblong, medium sized (50
g/fruit), deep red in colour with thick flesh
• Borne in clusters of 4 to 5
• Fruits are acidic (0.61%)
• Yield-96 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 110 - 115
days after transplanting
• Adapted for cultivation in Coimbatore,
Dharmapuri, Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Cuddalore,
Villupuram, Pudukkotai, Erode and Kanyakumari
districts
BRINJAL
- Solanum melongena
-Solanaceae
INTRODUCTION
Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value.
It is rich in minerals Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe.
It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C.
Bitterness in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids.
Glycoalkaloids content vary from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100
g
of fresh weight.
Purple variety has higher copper content and polyphenol
oxidase activity
Iron and catalase activity is the highest in the green
cultivars.
Amino acid content is higher in purple variety.
▣ Native –Tropical India
▣ 3 Botanical varities
- S.esculentum - egg shape (fruit is long, round and oval)

- S.serpentinum - long slender type (snake brinjal. Fruit is

extra ordinarily long. Leaves are prickly)

- S.depressum - dwarf type

 Classification on the basis of fruit shape:

Egg shape fruit -Pusa kranti.

Pusa purple long (PPL):
Long slender type

Dwarf type
 Classification on the basis of fruit colour:
• Purple brinjal: they have no anthocyanins. Eg: PPL.
• Green brinjal: more of chlorophyll. Eg: Arka kusumakar.
▣ Flowers 4 types
- Long styled
- Medium styled
- Pseudo short styled
- Short styled
 CULTIVARS
CULTIVAR FEATURES

Pusa Purple Long All over india

Pusa Purple Cluster Tolerant to bacterial wilt

Jamuni Gole Autumn winter crop in Punjap

BR 112 Haryana

Type 3 Uttarpradesh

Arka Kushumkar Mild climate of Southern India

Arka Sheel Mild climate of Southern India

Arka Shirish Mild climate of Southern India

CULTIVAR FEATURES
Pusa Kranti All over india

Pusa Bhairav Resistant to phomosis fruit rot

Pusa Anupam Resistant to phomosis fruit rot

Pusa Uttam Northen Plains, Guajarat, Maharashtra

Pusa Bindu Northen Plains, Guajarat, Maharashtra

PH 4 All over india

Pb .Neelum All over india

Pusa Hybrid 9 Maharashtra & Guajarat

NDBH 1 Northern &central India

Pb .Barsati All over india

Pb . Sadabahar Punjab

Hisar Shymal Haryana

Hisar Jamuni Haryana

Pant Rituraj All over india

Vaishali Maharashtra

Pragati Maharashtra

Arka Navneet Mild climate of southern india

Pusa Hybrid 5 Northern central & southern states

Pusa Hybrid 6 Northern &central India

PLR 1 North eastern zone of TN

KKM1 Southern zone of TN

NDBH 6 Maharashtra & Guajarat

ABH 1 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS OF

Northern &central India

ABH 2 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS OF

Northern &central India

- S.Thamburaj,Narendra Singh (2001) ,Text

book of vegetables , tuber crops ,& spices
 TNAU RELESED VARIETIES
• CO 1
It is a pureline selection with crop duration of 160 days.
Fruits are oblong and medium sized with pale green shade under a
white
background.
Each fruit weighs on an average 50 - 60 g.
The fruits are soft seeded even at full maturity and have good storage
qualities.
20 to 25 t/ha and is preferred southern districts of TN
• CO 2
Developed from the local variety
‘Varikatthari’ of Negamum,Coimbatore
district through pureline selection.
The fruits are slightly oblong with
smooth calyx and dark purple stripes
of different lengths and widths under
a pale green background on the upper
surface.
The fruit storage quality is very good
and is highly sort after in Coimbatore
and Periyar districts of Tamil Nadu.
Yields about 35 to 38 t/ha with a crop
duration of 150 days.
MDU 1
The variety is a selection produced in
Kallampati, near Madurai.

The variety is adaptable to the tropical plains

of Tamil Nadu

Fruits are round, bright purple in colour, large

in size with each weighing about 280 g and a
pulp to seed ratio of 9 to 8.

The purple colour fades to pale pink as the

fruit matures.

It has a yield potential of 30 - 34 t/ha in 135 –

145 days crop duration.
• PKM 1
It is an induced mutant from a local type
known as ‘Puzhuthi kathiri’.

The variety is drought tolerant and adapted to

rainfed cultivation in Madurai and Dindugal
districts.

The fruits are small and slightly oblong, ovate

with green stripes and weight between 50 and
55g.

The fruit can withstand long distance transport

and stores well at normal room temperature.

Yields are typically 35 t/ha with a duration of

150 to 155 days.
• PLR 1
This variety is a reselection from
Nagpur ecotype.
The variety can be grown in all
seasons.
The fruits are small to medium in size,
sometimes borne in clusters, egg
shaped with bright glossy dark purple
colour.
The fruit fetches a higher price than
Annamalai variety in the markets of
Cuddalore, Chenglepet and Chennai
and has an extended shelf life of 8 to
10 days under ambient temperatures.
Yields on average 15 to 25 t/ha
• KKM 1(Killikulam 1)
This variety is a pureline selection from
Kulathur local in Tirunelveli.
It is suitable for cultivation both under
rainfed and irrigated conditions in
Tirunelveli district.
The plants are compact with small to
medium sized, milky white coloured, egg
shaped fruits in clusters of 2 to 4 with a
green calyx.
Yields are typically 36 to 37 t/ha over a
130 to 135 day cropping season.
This variety has the best preference in
Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.
• Annamalai
The fruits are oblong, deep purple
in colour with a characteristic
yellowish mark along the calyx
border and a few thorns on the
surface of the calyx.

The fruits are preferred in the

Cuddalore, Villupuram, Vellore,
Thiruvannamalai and Chengalpattu
district and Chennai markets.

Yields are typically 20 to 22 t/ha.

• PPI(B)1
The variety is a single line selection from Karungal local type, Vazhuthunangai.
The plant is medium spreading with lengthy pale green fruits, low in seed and
not bitter in taste.
The variety is medium tolerant to brinjal shoot and fruit borer and wilt disease.
Typical yields of 50 t/ha are produced in a fruiting period of 185 days.
The variety is suitable for cultivation during April-May, and Oct-Nov as a rain-fed
or irrigated crop in Kanyakumari district.
• COBH 1 Brinjal
F1 hybrid released from Horticultural College and
Research Institute, Coimbatore.
The fruits are medium sized, oblong shaped and
dark violet in colour.
Yields of up to 56 t/ha can be obtained in a crop
duration of 120-130 days after transplanting.
April to December is the ideal season for
cultivation of this variety and it is grown as an crop
irrigated in Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Namakkal,
Trichy, Karur, Dharmapuri and Tiruvannamalai
districts.
Fruits possess high ascorbic acid content (16.65
mg/100g).
• COBH 2 Brinjal
• F1 hybrid developed by crossing EP65xPusa Uttam.
• Medium sized, slightly oblong and glossy violet
colour fruits.
• High ascorbic acid (16.5 mg/100g)
• Moderately tolerant to shoot and fruit borer
• Duration - 120-130 days. Yield - 58-60
 VRM 1
• Pureline selection,
• High yielding
• Spines on leaf, stem and calyx, Cluster bearing,
• Fruits oval in shape, glossy pink in colour with
green tinge in the distal end
• Resistant to leaf spot, veriticilium wilt and
epilachna beetle
• Duration - 140-150 days
• Yield - 40-45 t/ha
 CULTIVATION
• SOILS
- A well drained soil with medium to high fertility is best suited.

- Sandy soils for early crop production

- Clay loam for heavy production
- Generally Sandy-loam soils preferred
- pH 6.5-7.5
• Climate

- Suceptible to severe frost

- 21ºC - 27º C favourable
- Day neutral plant
- 21ºC - 30ºC optimum temp
• Light ,temperature ,nutritive factors had significant effects on
chlorophyll content & stomatal density and length of GH
grown egg plants
 PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF CHILLIES
INTRODUCTION

Chilli Capsicum annuum

2n = 24

Origin Mexico

Family Solanaceae

Pungent Capsaicin
principle and Capsanthin
pigment
Characters of the five cultivated species of chillies

Species Corolla Corolla Anther Seed Flowers

colour shape colour colour per node

C. annuum White Rotate Blue Tan 1

purple

C. frutescens Greenis Rotate Blue Tan 1-3

h white

C. chinense White Rotate Blue Tan 1-5

to
greenis
h white
C. baccatum White Rotate Yellow Tan 1-2

C. pubescens purple Rotate Purple Black 1

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS

• Tropical and subtropical

• 2000 m altitudes – India

• Warm humid climate – growth

• Warm dry weather – Fruit maturity

• Rainfed – 850 to 1200mm

• Heavy rainfall and high RH – poor fruit set,

rotting
Contd….

• Temperature – 20 to 30o C

• Soil temperature – 17o C

• Fruit development affected at 37.8o C or more

High night temperature responsible for

high capsaicin content

• Day length of 9 to 10 hours light – growth and

high productivity
 Soil conditions

• Well drained, aerated and rich in organic matter

• Poor drained soils – leaf shedding and fruit

drop due to water logging

• Ideal soil – light loamy or sandy loam rich in

lime and organic matter

• Black soil suitable for rainfed conditions

 Choice of
varieties
Zones Varieties Districts
Cuddalore, Villupuram,
Northern zone PLR - 1
Kancheepuram,

Ramanathapuram,
Southern zone PKM - 1 Kanyakumari, Tuticorin,
Tirunelveli

Central South K1, K2 Madurai, Virudunagar,

Paramakudi

CO.4 - Vegetable
Western Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore
Co.1, CO.2 & CO.3

Central K1, K2 Tiruchi, Salem, Karur

 Choice of variety

Samba type Gundu type

K-1, K-2, CO-2, G-5,PMK-1,
CO1,G4, Pusa PLR-1,CO-4
Jwala, Pant
C-1,Pant C-2,
PKM-1,
CO3,Pusa
Sadabahar,
Jawahar 218,
Punjab Lal,
 Characteristics of important varieties released in
Tamil nadu Duration
Varieties Years Parentage Yield (kg/ha)
(days)
Selection from
K1 1964 200 - 210 1.6 - 1.7
B 72A
Cross between K1 and Sathur
K2 1975 210 1.8
samba
CO1 1977 Reselection from Sathur samba 200 - 210 2.1
Selection from
CO3 1991 165 3.5
Sri Lankan type
Pure line selection from Sri
CO4 1999 210 2.0
Lankan type
Multiple cross selection from
PKM-1 1990 180 3.0 - 3.2
AC 1797 and CO1
Irradiation of seeds of K1 by
MDU 1 1975 210 1.9
gamma rays
Gundu type
Derivative
G5 1972 210 1.7
G29 x 1331
CO2 1981 Selection from Nambiyur Local 200 - 216 2.1
Derivative CO2 x
PKM1 1990 210 2.3
Ramanathapuram Gundu
Pure line selection (CA(Q)8)
PLR 1 1994 180 - 216 18.4
Kadangadu type
 Potato
Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanaceae
• Common name- Irish potato

• Native -South America, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia.

• Stolons which are actually underground lateral stems arising from buds on the
above ground portion of the main stem which become swollen by
accumulation of starch are the economic parts.

• The top portion of the plant is called ‘haulms’ ranging from prostrate to erect
habit bearing compound leaves.

• Potato is a rich source of calories (76-528 cal/100g).

• It contains 20-22% carbohydrate on fresh weight basis and 65-80% on dry

weight basis.

• It also forms a fair source of vitamin C, B vitamins like Niacin, Thiamine and
Riboflavin and minerals like iron and magnesium.

• Productivity in India -6.6 to 16 t/ha

 Varieties

• Kufri Jyoti
• Kufri Muthu
• Kufri Swarna
• Kufri Thangam
• Kufri Malar
 CPRI , Shimla-Varieties
Medium-maturing, good for processing
Kufri
Jyoti
Field resistant to late and early blights & immune to

wart, tolerant to viruses.

Wider adaptability

Kufri kundan x Kufri Red

Late-maturing, essentially short day
Kufri adapted variety with red tuber.
sindhuri Heavy yielder even on low inputs.
North Indian plains
Matures – 120 days (Plains) 165 days (
hills )
Kufri Chandramukhi

Early -maturing and good for processing.

North Indian plains and plateau region of peninsular

India

Yield 20 t / ha

Early-maturing
Kufri
Lauvkar Rapid bulking under warmer
conditions
Suitable for processing.
Plateau region of peninsular India
Kufri Badshah

Medium- maturing

Resistant to both late and early blights and PVX.

North Indian plains and plateau region of peninsular India

Kufri Bahar
Medium-maturing and heavy
yielder.
North Indian plains
25-30 t/ ha
Resistant to early blight, late blight
 Kufri Lalima
• Medium-maturing with red tuber and resistant to virus
'X‘. North Indian plains
• Susceptible to late blight, brown rot and common scab.

Kufri Swarna
• Medium-maturing,
resistant to late blight and
cyst nematode.
• Nilgiri hills
 Kufri Ashoka
• Short duration(75days). Plains
of central and eastern Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal
• 40 t / ha

Kufri Jawahar
• Medium-maturing, resistant to
late blight and ideal for
intercropping. Punjab,
Haryana and the plateau
regions of Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Karnataka
• 40 t / ha
 Kufri Sutlej
• Medium-maturing and resistant to
late blight. Western and central
Indo-Gangetic plains

Kufri Pukhraj
• Medium-maturing and
resistant to late blight.
Northern plains and
plateau region
• 40 t / ha
 Kufri Chipsona-1
• Medium-maturing and resistant to late blight.
Excellent for chip making. Indo-Gangetic plains
• 40 t / ha

Kufri Chipsona-2
• Medium-maturing and
resistant to late blight.
Excellent for Chips making.

• Indo-Gangetic plains
• 35 t / ha
 Kufri Giriraj
• Medium to late-maturing and resistant to late
blight.
• North western hills
• 25 t / ha

Kufri Anand
• Medium maturing and
resistant to late blight.
• Heavy yielder.
• Northern plains
Soil
• Well drained deep alluvium
• pH range of 5.5-7 highly favourable.
• Marketable yield is controlled by soil borne bacteria Streptomyces
scabbies characterized by rough corky growth on tuber.
• This is not active at pH < 5.4 & >7.
• When the pH is above 7 potato cannot be cultivated.
• At 6-6.5 the total tuber yield very increases. But due to infection of
scab the yield is decreased.
• So 4.8 to 5.4 pH is optimum.
• Potato generally cultivated as a rainfed crop.
• Cultivated in regions receiving a rainfall of 1200-2000 mm per
annum.
 Climatic Requirements:

• Crop of temperate climate

• 20ºC ideal for tuber development

• High temperature plant fail to tuberize

• At low temperature vegetative growth is restricted

• At freezing point frost injury occurs

• Grown as a summer crop in hills and winter crop in tropical and subtropical
regions.
• 22-24ºC - Sprouting and initial
• vegetative growth
• 18-20ºC - Tuberization
• 30ºC - Tuberization severely affected
• Sensitive to photoperiod
• Short days and low temperature accelerate tuber formation
• Long days and high temperature influence early vegetative growth
• Tuberization is badly affected at about 30::::ºC temperature.

• At higher temperature, the respiration rate increases and the

carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are consumed rather than
stored in tuber.

• High temperatures at any part of growing period affect the size of leaflets,
thereby reducing the tuber formation.

• It grows best under long day conditions.

• Sunshine along with cooler nights are essential for reducing the spread of
diseases.
BOTANICAL NAME: Jasminum
sp

FAMILY: OLEACEAE

CHROMOSOME
NUMBER:2n=26
 Introduction
• The term jasmine is probably derived from the Arabian word “Yasmin” meaning
“fragrance”.

• Jasmines are widely grown in warm parts of southern Asia, Europe, Africa and
the Pacific regions.

• It is the national flower of the Philippines adopted by its government in 1937

• .And, recently in 1990, Indonesian government also has adopted it as the

national flower.

• Although more than 2,000 species are known, 40 species have been identified in
India and 20 are cultivated in South India.
 ORIGIN:

• J.sambac : East indies/India

• J.grandiflorum: Persea
• J.auriculatum: South India.
• India is the largest producer of jasmine.
• Tamil Nadu contributing 80% of the country’s production
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ORIGIN

Arabian /Tuscan jasmine Jasminum sambac East Indies or India

Mullai/jooee Jasminum auriculatum South India

Royal/spinash/French/Catalonian jasmine- Jasminum grandiflorum Persea

 CLIMATE REQURIEMENT

• Warm summer and mild winter. Commercially grown in open filed

condition.
• Coolhouse species temperature- 45-55 degree celsies.
• J.grandiflorum and J.sambac are sensitive to frost.
SOIL REQURIEMENT:
• Well drained rich sandy loam to clay soil.
 J.sambac

• Single mogra: Flower with 3or 4 whorls.

• Double mogra: Flower fragrance is good and reassembling white rose .It
has 8to10 whorls.
• Gundumalli: Round flower with good fragrance .It is a higher yielder.
• Iruvatchi: Shorter flowers with small corolla tube. It has 3-4 whorls.
• Kasthurimalli: Flower with medium corolla tube.
• Madanban: Flower buds are long and bold; corolla tube is short; higher
yielder.
• Oosimalli: Flower buds are long slender.
• Ramabanam: Flower buds are long; high yielder.
• Soojimalli: Flower buds are long.
• Khoya: Flowers are white and bold buds with less fragrance.
• ArkaAradhana: Good for oil extraction as well as for fresh flower. It is
higher yielder than single mogra . Flower yield is 80q/ha and recovery of
concrete is 14.95kg/ha.
 J.auriculatum

• Parimullai: Selection from a local types; Medium round bud;

resistant to gall mite. Yield 8t/ha with flowering season about
9months/year.
• Co.1: Selection from a long round type; Flowers have long corolla
tube; easy for harvesting and marketing; yield 8.8t/ha.
• Co.2: Induced mutant from a long point type; longer corolla tube;
flower buds bolder; field tolerant to phyllody; yield 11.1t/ha.
• Some other: long point ,long round ,medium point ,short point ,
short round.
 J.grandiflorum

• Co.1: Clonal selection from germplasm;suitable for both loose flower

production and oil extraction;pink streaks are found on external
surface of petals; average yield 10t/ha; concrete recovery is 0.29%
• Co.2: Induced mutant from co.1pitchi; bolder pink buds with long
corolla tube yield 11.08t/ha.
• ArkaSurabhi: Clonal selection from local variety. Flower yield is 10t/
hand concrete recovery is 0.35%.tolerant to drought condition.
 FIELD PREPARATION
• Pits of 45 cm 3are dug out one month before and expose to the
sunlight. Few days before planting pits filled with 2 parts of FYM and
one part of each of fresh earth and course sand.
• PROPAGATION
• J.sambac-semi hardwood cutting
• J.auriculatum-semi hardwood cutting
• J.grandiflorum-terminal cutting
• Quick dipping of basal end with IBA@1000ppm for terminal cuttings
and 2500ppm for semi hard wood cuttings is done
 TUBEROSE

• Botanical Name: Polianthestuberosa L.

• Chromosome Number: n=30,2n=60
• Family: Amaryllidaceae
 Introduction
• Tuberose (Polianthestuberosa L.)is one of the most important tropical
ornamental bulbous flowering plants cultivated for production of long
lasting flower spikes.
• It belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae and is native of Mexico.
• Tuberose is an important commercial cut as well as loose flower crop due
to pleasant fragrance, longer vase-life of spikes, higher returns and wide
adaptability to varied climate and soil.
• They are valued much by the aesthetic world for their beauty and
fragrance.
• The flowers are attractive and elegant in appearance with sweet fragrance.

• Tuberose blooms throughout the year and its clustered spikes are rich in
fragrance; florets are star shaped, waxy and loosely arranged on spike that
can reach up to 30 to 45 cm in length.
• Soil and Climate
• Soil : Light sandy to clay loam. Plants cannot withstand
water logging.
• pH : 6.5-7.5
• Climate : Tropical to subtropical climate.
• Temperature :(16-30oc)
 Varieties:

• There are four types of tuberoses named on the basis of the number
of rows of petals they bear. They are,
• Single
• Semi-double
• Double and
• Variegated
 Swarna Rekha
• Double flowered type with golden yellow steaks along the margins of
leaf.
• It is a gamma ray induced mutant, in which mutation occurred in
chlorophyll synthesis resulting in change in leaf colour.
• Concrete content has been found to be 0.062 per cent.
 Suvasini
• A multi whorled variety developed form the cross between ‘Single’ x ‘Double’.
• Pure white flwers are bold and big, borne on a long spike.
• Spikes are best suited as cut flower.
• Suvasini recorded 25% more yield than cv. Double.
• IIHR, Bangalore has also evolved two more new varieties of tuberose namely
Prajwal and Vaibhav recently.

Prajwal
• This hybrid which bears single type flowers on tall stiff spikes is from the cross
‘Shringar’ x ‘Mexican Single’.
• The flower buds are slightly pinkish in colour while the flowers are white.
• The individual flowers are large in size, compared to ‘Local Single’.
• It yields twenty per cent more loose flowers than ‘Shringar’.
• Recommended both for loose flower and cut flower purpose.
 Shringar

• This variety has been developed form a cross between ‘Single x

Double’.
• It bears single type of flowers on sturdy spikes.
• The flower bud is slightly pinkish tinged.
• Florets are bigger and appealing than ‘Calcutta Single’.
• Resistant to Meloidogyne incognita nematode.
• Loose flowers are ideal for making garland, while spikes can be used
as cut flower.
• Yield of loose flowers is about 15,00kh/ha per year, which is 40%
higher than ‘Calcutta or Mexican Single’ and the concrete content of
the Hybrid is at par with Mexican Single.
• Shringar is preferred by farmers and perfumery industries.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
OF ROSE
 Introduction
• The key flower exporting countries are the Netherlands (70%
share in the world export market), followed by Colombia (12%),
Israel (6%) and Italy (8%).
• Share of fresh cut flower by developing countries} 60% Kenya, 11 %
Ecuador and 9% Uganda
• India’s share in the 11 billion dollar global market for flowers and
flower products is only 0.65 per cent
• India with an area of 1, 50,668 hectares which is nearly 30% of the
total world area under flowers has only 600 hectares under
protected cultivation.
• 150 hi-tech floriculture companies covering an area of 600
hectares, mostly under rose cultivation.
 IMPORTANT SPECIES
Rosa centifolia - Cabbage rose
Rosa bourboniana - Bourbon rose
Rosa hybrida - Hybrid roses
Others
Rosa gallica, Rosa chinensis, Rosa
multiflora
Rosa damascena, Rosa rugosa,Rosa canina
 VARIETIES
Group/Types Variety Source
Hybrid Tea Mother Teresa, Priyadharshini, Jawahar, IARI, New Delhi
Arjun, Anurag, Mirnalini, Apsara, Pusa
Ajay, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Priya, Pusa
Mohit, Pusa Mansij
Dr.G.S. Randhawa, Kiran (Open field) IIHR, Bangalore
Mirnalini Stripe, Mirnalini Light pink NBRI, Lucknow
mutant
First Red, Alimir Gold,Saffire, Grand Gala Netherlands
Floribunda Kavitha, Mohini, Deepika, Dr.S.S. IARI, New Delhi
Bhatnagar
Sharada, Sukumari, Yellow Contempo NBRI, Lucknow
YCD-1, YCD-2, YCD-3 TNAU, Yercaud
Miniature Windy City mutant NBRI, Lucknow
Climbers Climbing Sadabahar IARI, New Delhi
Climbing Cri-Cri NBRI, Lucknow
Scented Edward Rose, Damask, Andhra Red -
Rose
Soil : Well drained soil rich in organic manure
pH :5.5 -7.0
Temperature: 28 -30°C (Day)
18 -20°C (night)
RH : 60 – 65%
Light : 40000- 60000 lux
CO2 : 1000 ppm
Bed size :100 x 90 x 40 cm
Path : 50 cm
Soil amendments
Spacing : 40 – 45 x 15 cm
Coirpith-10 Kg/m2 population : 7-9 plants / m2
Well decomposed farm yard manure-15 to 20Kg/m2
Vermicompost-1 to 2 Kg/m2
 Temperature Requirement

• Ideal day temperature on sunny days-25°C to 28°C.

• Days with cloudy sky-18°C to 20°C
• Night temperature-15°C to 18°C
 Light requirement
• Sun loving plant
• Light hour not less than 12 hours.
• Light intensity upto 100000 Lux.
• For better light management parameters like,
1.poly sheet
2.orientation of greenhouse
3.shade net
4.soil bed orientation
5.plant density and spacing
6.leaf canopy management
 Effect of Humidity

• Good relative humidity – not more than 70% or

• less than 60%
• Excessive variation of temperature and RH can cause a high
incidence of either powdery mildew in hot or downy mildew in
the cold and wet condition.
• Good air circulation (ventilation) an exchange rate of ½ to 1% air
change per minute is ideal.
Thank you