Chapter-1

Introduction to Microprocessors and 8085

Microprocessor

What is Microprocessor?
 Microprocessor is the CPU designed on a single chip (IC).
 The word "Micro" indicates that it is small in size.
 It is developed by Intel company.

What is 8085 Microprocessor?

 The 8085 Microprocessor is also a CPU designed on a single
LSI i.e. Large Scale Integation ( IC consisting of less then 100
components) or VLSI i.e. Very Large Scale Integration )IC
consisting of thousands of components).
 It is an 8-bit Microprocessor.
 It is the first general purpose Microprocessor used by the
user.
 It is developed by Intel in March 1976.

Features of 8085 Microprocessor:

The features of 8085 Microprocessor are classified into two
two main categories (types):
I] Hardware Features:
The hardware features of 8085 Microprocessor are as follows:
1) It is designed on a single 40 pin IC ( Chip).
2) It requires ( operates ) on -+ 5V DC supply.
3) It requires (operates ) on 3 MHz clock frequency.
4) It has 8-bit Data bus from D0-D7.
 5) It has 16-bit Address bus from A0-A15.
6) It has 8-bit time Multiplexed Address/Data bus from AD0-AD7.
7) It provides (gives) 8-bit I/O address.
8) It provides two serial data transmission pins SID i.e.
Serial Input data pin and SOD i.e. Serial Output Data pin.
9) It provides two parallel data transmission pins called as DMA
i.e. Direct Memory Access pins HOLD and HLDA.
10) It provides five hardware interrupts i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5,
RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR.

II] Architectural Features:

1)It provides seven 8-bit registers such as A, B, C, D, E, H and L.
Separately these are used as 8-bit registers and in combination
these can be used as 16-bit registers. The valid register pairs
are BC, DE and HL.
2) It provides two 16-bit registers such as SP (Stack Pointer) and
PC (Program Counter).
3) It can perform two types of operations such as Arithmetic and
Logical operations. The Arithmetic operations are Addition,
Subtraction, Increment and Decrement and Logical operations
are AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, Rotate, Compare and Shift.
4) It provides 74 instructions.
5) It Provides 8-bit Flag register, which consists of only 5 flags i.e.
Carry, Parity, Auxiliary Carry, Zero and Sign and the 3-bits of
Flag register are not defined.
6) It provides Five Addressing modes i.e. Register, Immediate,
Direct, Indirect and Implicit/Implied.
Block diagram (Architecture) of 8085 Microprocessor:

Above figure shows the block diagram (Architecture) of 8085

Microprocessor:
The block diagram (Architecture) of 8085 Microprocessor is
divided into five main blocks:
I) ALU:

 ALU means Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

 ALU can perform two types of operations such as Arithmetic
and Logical operations. The Arithmetic operations are
Addition, Subtraction, Increment and Decrement and Logical
operations are AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, Rotate, Compare,Shift,
etc.
 The inputs to the ALU are from Accumulator and Temporary
Register.
 ALU consists of 3 main parts such as Accumulator,
Temporary Register and Flag Register.
The function of each part (block) of ALU is as
follows-

1) Accumulator:
In short Accumulator is called as Register 'A'. It is 8-bit
general purpose register used by user. Compulsory the first
number (operand) is stored in Accumulator, required by
ALU. Also the result of ALU is stored back into the
accumulator.
2) Temporary Register:

The second input to the ALU is given by the Temporary

Register. As its name is temporary because the data is stored
temporary in this register. There are two types of Temporary
Register i.e. W and Z. These registers are not used by user
but these are internally used by the 8085 Microprocessor.
 3) Flag Register:

Above figure shows the diagram of Flag Register.

Flag means Flip-Flop, which gets either set or reset according to
the result of ALU. The Flag register is an 8-bit register, which
consists of only 5 flags i.e. Carry, Parity, Auxiliary Carry, Zero and
Sign and the 3-bits of Flag register are not defined. The function of
each Flag is as follows:
1) Carry Flag:
The Carry Flag is set i.e. 1 , if there is carry in the result of
ALU. Otherwise the Carry Flag gets reset i.e. 0, if there is no
carry in the result of ALU.
2) Parity Flag:
The Parity Flag is set i.e. 1, if the result of ALU contains even
number of 1's . Otherwise the Parity Flag is reset i.e. 0, if the
result of ALU contains odd number odd 1's.

3) Auxiliary Carry Flag:

The Auxiliary Carry Flag is set i.e. 1 , if there is carry from
D3-bit to D4-bit in the result of ALU. Otherwise the Auxiliary
Carry Flag gets reset i.e. 0, if there is no carry from D3-bit to
D4-bit in the result of ALU.
4) Zero Flag:
The Zero Flag is set i.e. 1 , if there the result of ALU is zero.
Otherwise the Zero Flag gets reset i.e. 0, if the result of ALU
is not zero.
5) Sign Flag:
The Sign Flag is set i.e. 1 , if there the result of ALU is
negative. Otherwise the Sign Flag gets reset i.e. 0, if the
result of ALU is positive.

II) Registers:

Every Microprocessor has a number of registers.

Registers are used by the microprocessors because accessing the
data from register is always faster than accessing the data from
the memory. The 8085 Microprocessor has 4 types of registers is
as follows-

1) General Purpose Registers:

The 8085 Microprocessor has seven 8-bit registers such as A,
B, C, D, E, H and L. Separately these are used as 8-bit registers
to store 8- bit data and in combination these can be used as
16-bit registers to store 16-bit data. The valid register pairs
are BC, DE and HL. The user cannot use their own choice
register pairs. The HL register pair is called as "Memory
Pointer" because HL always stores the address of memory.
All these registers are accessible by the user.
2) Temporary Register:
The second input to the ALU is given by the Temporary
Register. As its name is temporary because the data is stored
temporary in this register. There are two types of Temporary
Register i.e. W and Z. These registers are not used by user but
these are internally used by the 8085 Microprocessor.
3) Special Purpose Registers:
8085 Microprocessor has two types of Special
Purpose Registers and these are as follows-

i) PC:
PC means Program Counter. It is 16-bit register used by
both the user and the microprocessor. The PC holds the
address of next instruction to be executed (run). PC
contents gets automatically incremented or decremented
by one. On reset the PC contents become zero i.e. 0000H.
ii) SP:
SC means Stack Pointer. It is 16-bit register used by
both the user and the microprocessor. The SP holds the
starting address of stack called "Stack Top" . The Stack
means the reserved area in the RAM. The contents of
SP gets automatically incremented or decremented
by one. On reset the SP contents become zero i.e. 0000H
4) Increment/Decrement Address Latch:
It is an 16-bit register, which is used to either increment/
Decrement the contents of PC or SP by 1.

III) Instruction Register, Decoder, Timing and Control Unit:

i) Instruction Register:
The CPU takes the code of instruction from the memory
and stores the code of instruction in (IR) Instruction
Register. Than IR will transfer this code of the instruction
to the Decoder.
ii) Decoder:
Than the Decoder will accept the code of instruction
from the IR and than the decoder will decode the code.
Finally the decoder will transfer the decoded information
to the Timing and Control Unit.
iii) Timing and Control Unit:
The Timing and Control Unit will accept the decoded
information from the Decoder and then will generate
the timing and control signals, which are required for the
execution of the instructions and also to control the
operation of Microprocessor and the I/O devices.

IV) Interrupt Control Unit (Group):

Interrupt is the process to stop the current operation of the
microprocessor, so as to give the service to the I/O devices.
Then after giving the service to the I/O devices, microprocessor
comes back to its normal working condition. The 8085
microprocessor has five hardware interrupts i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5,
RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR. Where the TRAP has the highest
 priority and INTR has the lowest priority. On receiving the INTR
interrupt microprocessor gives INTA signal i.e. interrupt
acknowledgement.

V) Serial I/O Control Unit (Group):

Serial:
8085 microprocessor uses the serial data transmission
method. For this serial transmission 8085 microprocessor
has two pins SID and SOD. SID i.e. Serial Input data pin,
which is used to input the data i.e. write the data or enter
the data into the microprocessor and SOD i.e. Serial Output
Data pin, which is used to output the data i.e. read or
access the data from the memory or I/O devices.
Pin Diagram (Configuration) of 8085 Microprocessor:

Figure shows the pin diagram (configuration) of 8085

Microprocessor:
The 8085 microprocessor is designed on a single 40 pin IC .
The function of each pin is as follows:

1] X1 and X2:
X1 and X2 are the active high Clock (clk) input pins. These are
used to give the clock input to the microprocessor by placing
a crystal of 6MHz. Here the clock frequency is divided by 2,
so the microprocessor gets clock of 3MHz.
 2] Resetout:
It is active high reset output pin , used to reset the I/O devices.
3] SID and SOD:
For this serial transmission 8085 microprocessor
has two pins SID and SOD. SID i.e. Serial Input data pin,
which is used to input the data i.e. write the data or
enter the data into the microprocessor and SOD i.e.
Serial Output Data pin, which is used to output the data
i.e. read or access the data from the I/O devices.
4] Interrupts:
Interrupt is the process to stop the current operation of
microprocessor, so as to give the service to the I/O
devices. Then after giving the service to the I/O devices,
microprocessor comes back to its normal working
condition. The 8085 microprocessor has five hardware
interrupts i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and INTR.
Where the TRAP has the highest priority and INTR has
the lowest priority. On receiving the INTR interrupt
processor gives INTA signal i.e. interrupt ack.
5] AD0-AD7:
It is time multiplexed Address/Data bus. It is used to carry
low order address from A0-A7 and then it will carry the
data from D0-D7.
6] Power Supply pins:
There are two power supply pins Vcc and Vss. Vcc is
positive supply pin +5V and Vss is negative supply pin
-5V.
 7] A8-A15:
It is high order address bus used to carry high order
address of memory.
8] S1 and S0:
These are status pins used to indicate the status of 8085
Microprocessor.

Status pins S1 and S0 Status of 8085 Microprocessor

00 Halt (stop)
01 Write
10 Read
11 Fetch(Access)

9] ALE:
ALE means Address Latch Enable, which is used to latch
(lock) the low order address i.e. A0-A7 From AD0-AD7 to
make the Address/Data bus free to carry the data from
D0-D7.

10] These are active low output pins, which are used
to control the Write/Read operation. When WR
becomes low than data is written into the selected
memory or I/O devices. And when RD becomes low
then data is read from the selected memory or I/O
devices.

11] This pin is used to indicate whether the address on

the address bus is for I/O or memory. When this pin this
becomes low then the address is for memory and when
 this pin becomes high then address is for I/O devices.
10] Ready:
It is active high input pin, which is used to indicate
that the I/O device is ready for data transmission.
11] Reset In:
It is active low input pin, which is used to reset the
microprocessor by the I/O devices.
12] Clock out:
It is active high output pin, which is used to give the
clock to the I/O devices by the microprocessor
of 3MHz.
13] HLDA and HOLD:
These are DMA pins (Direct Access Memory). HOLD pin
is used to make the request for the use of address/Data
made by the I/O devices to the microprocessor.
On receiving HOLD request processor gives HLDA i.e.
hold acknowledgement.

Evalution of Microprocessor:

In early days the size of microprocessor was very large and also the cost of
microprocessor was very high. Microprocessor is a CPU designed on single IC by most
popular companies like Intel, Toshiba, Motorola, etc.

I] First Generation:
In 1971 , Intel developed the first 4004 microprocessor by the scientist Faggin.
It was 4-bit used in calculator. It was not powerful and suitable for general
calculation.

In 1972, Intel developed 8008 the first microprocessor 8-bit microprocessor

and its successors were 8080 and 6800 develop by Motorola.
2] Second Generation:
In 1976, Intel developed the 8085 first general purpose Microprocessor
designed on single IC consisting of CPU,RAM,ROM, I/O ports.

3] Third Generation:

In 1978, Intel developed high performance 16-bit 8086 Microprocessor

designed by the Scientist Stephen, Drus and other Scientists. Its memory space
was 64KB.

4]Fourth Generation:

In 1981, Intel has developed the first 32-bit microprocessor 80386 and its
memory space was 4GB.

5]Fifth Generation:

This is the current generation of Microprocessor. The processors of this

generation is called as Pentium 80586 followed by the Pentium II, III,IV,etc.
family.
Intel has developed so many processors such as Dual core and Quad core
Microprocessor.

Question Bank:

Q. 1] Draw and explain block diagram (architecture ) of 8085

Microprocessor.

Q.2] Draw and explain pin diagram of 8085 microprocessor.

Q.3] Explain evolution of Microprocessor.

Q.4] Explain the features/ properties of 8085 Microprocessor.

Q.5] Write short note on :

1] ALU
2] Flag register
3] Registers of 8085 Microprocessor
4] Interrupts of 8085 microprocessor

5] Special purpose registers of 8085 Microprocessor

6] General Purpose registers

7] Stack