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Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides with

Hydrogen (H2-SCR-DeNOx) over Platinum-Based Catalysts
Magdalena Jabłońska*[a] and Adrián Osorio Hernández[a]

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Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with hydrogen (H2-SCR- presented in enhancing the N2 selectivity and stability of
DeNOx) is applied among other techniques (i. e., SCR-DeNOx by catalysts at low temperatures without affecting their activity.
applying NH3 or hydrocarbons as reducing agents) to control Promising research prospects in this area include the develop-
nitrogen oxides from mobile and stationary sources. As a zero ment of catalysts with improved dispersion and distribution of
carbon technology, which efficiently reduces NOx below 200 °C, Pt particles. In addition, the proposed bi-functional (dual-
H2-SCR-DeNOx has gained attention in installations and plants function) reaction mechanism over Pt-containing catalysts,
with H2 availability. The catalytic properties of platinum-based together with the adsorption/dissociation mechanism and NO
catalysts with the main focus on the applied supports (i. e., oxidation/reduction mechanism, is described and critically
inorganic oxides and zeolites) are given in detail. Another focus reviewed. Also, Pd-based catalysts are briefly discussed. It is
concerns on how the feed composition affects catalytic proper- expected that the review will provide broad insights into the
ties, specifically the levels of oxygen, water vapor, sulfur, and design and optimization of catalysts in the H2-SCR-DeNOx.
carbon oxides present in the exhausts. The major challenges are

1. Introduction the global push for reduced environmental impacts. NH3-SCR-

DeNOx is applied in highly-oxidizing conditions to ensure the
Nitrogen oxides (NOx: NO, NO2 and N2O), which are among the efficient conversion of NOx into harmless nitrogen and water
main air pollutants are produced by both natural and anthro- vapor. However, the presence of excess oxygen promotes the
pogenic sources. Natural sources of NOx, including lighting, oxidation of NH3 to form NOx and N2O as by-products. Besides
biogenic soil emissions and wildfires, make up an insignificant NH3 slip is another disadvantage for NH3-SCR-DeNOx
proportion of global NOx emissions (e. g.,[1,2]). However, NOx applications.[15,16] In the case of hydrocarbon SCR (HC-SCR-
emissions from anthropogenic sources (mainly produced by the DeNOx), which frequently utilizes CH4, C3H6, or some selected
combustion of fossil fuels[3,4]) have already exceeded those from alcohols (carbon number 1–3) as reductants, the poor low-
natural NOx sources and have become the main cause of the temperature activity and/or significant catalyst deactivation
increase in their amount in the air.[5,6] NOx are not only harmful caused by H2O remain to be solved.[16,17] Although HC-SCR-
to human health (e. g., they may cause respiratory issues, DeNOx in the presence of oxygen has been intensively
cardiovascular effects, decreased lung function, etc.[7,8]]) but due investigated over the last decade (e. g.,[18,19]) no significant
to their oxidative effect, they cause long-lasting changes in the practical applications have been developed.[20,21]
biosphere (e. g., acid rain, photochemical smog, ozone deple- Hydrogen is a potent and environmentally friendly sub-
tion and even global warming).[9–11] In the combustion of fossil stitute for energy transportation. The selective catalytic reduc-
fuels, NO is the primary product that is oxidized to NO2 in the tion of NOx with hydrogen (H2-SCR-DeNOx) under excess oxygen
atmospheric air. Consequently, the optimization of the combus- is usually described as follows (Equation (1–4)):[22,23]
tion process is one of the ways to minimize NOx formation.
However, given the growing concern for environmental impact, 2NO þ 4H2 þ O2 ! N2 þ 4H2 O ðDH0 ¼ 574 kJ molNO 1 Þ (1)
catalytic NOx reduction technologies are increasingly required
to meet the current and future regulatory limits. These 2NO þ 3H2 þ O2 ! N2 O þ 3H2 O ðDH0 ¼ 412 kJ molNO 1 Þ (2)
technologies not only address the conversion of NOx to less
harmful compounds but also underscore the need for innova- 2H2 þ O2 ! 2H2 O ðDH0 ¼ 412 kJ molNO 1 Þ (3)
tive approaches to managing emissions as we navigate a
2NO þ 4H2 ! 2NH3 þ 3H2 O ðDH0 ¼ 755 kJ molNO 1 Þ (4)
sustainable path forward.
The selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (SCR-
DeNOx) is the preferred technology for NOx removal due to its In the ideal case, the reaction between NO and H2 in the
exceptional efficiency of up to 90 %. Its versatility allows its presence of O2 yields N2 and H2O (Equation (1)). However, a side
application in diverse sectors, from power generation to trans- reaction may also occur, leading to N2O as a by-product
portation (e. g.).[12,13] Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with (Equation (2). N2O exhibits 300 times higher greenhouse
ammonia (NH3-SCR-DeNOx) was first introduced in 1957 by the potential than carbon dioxide (CO2).[24] Unlike ammonia in the
Engelhard Corporation in the United States.[14] By utilizing NH3 NH3-SCR-DeNOx reaction, hydrogen reacts easily and often
as a reducing agent and a catalyst, NH3-SCR-DeNOx effectively completely with excess oxygen in the lean exhaust gas
reduced NOx emissions from industrial sources, aligning with (Equation (3)), particularly above 100–200 °C (depending on
catalyst composition), leading to a decrease in NOx conversion
[a] M. Jabłońska, A. Osorio Hernández and unnecessary fuel consumption. Pt-based catalysts for SCR
Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 are often susceptible to oxygen and exhibit a classical volcano
Leipzig, Germany shape owing to the combustion reaction between oxygen and
E-mail: [email protected]
hydrogen (compared to the desired reaction, i. e.,
© 2024 The Authors. ChemCatChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is
Equation 1).[25,26] Significant efforts have been dedicated to
an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, expanding the operational scope and guaranteeing effective
provided the original work is properly cited. NOx conversion over a broad spectrum of temperatures. The

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formation of ammonia from NO and H2 (Equation (4)) is also the investigation of the highly active and N2 selective H2-SCR-
considered an undesirable product in H2-SCR-DeNOx because DeNOx catalysts.
ammonia subsequently reacts to form nitrates.[27] However, the Although some review articles (e. g.,[22,38–40]) have outlined
formed NH3 can reduce NOx above 100–200 °C. When oxygen is the advances in H2-SCR-DeNOx, there has been no in-depth
absent or present at very low partial pressures (< 1 vol.–%), the discussion about Pt-containing catalysts or the corresponding
primary products of H2-SCR-DeNOx are nitrogen and reaction mechanisms over these catalysts. Particularly, we
ammonia.[28,29] address the dispersion of Pt particles, as the main point
It becomes evident that oxygen concentrations greater than including the catalytic properties of catalysts in H2-SCR-DeNOx
2 vol.–% have a detrimental effect on the reaction.[30,31] Still, H2- over exclusively recent relevant literature reports on the
SCR-DeNOx is an efficient and environmentally friendly technol- subject. Additionally, as solar and wind energy sources continue
ogy due to zero carbon impact as no CO and CO2 are formed to advance, the availability of green hydrogen is expected to
during the reaction, while H2 combustion leads to the increase in the future, making this review more timely.
generation of water vapor. H2 is available in several existing
industrial installations (e. g., H2 engines for combined heat and
power (CHP)) as well as industrial plants (e. g., industrial olefin 2. Pt-Containing Catalysts
plants).[32,33] Moreover, the use of hydrogen as a reductant
allows for lower reaction temperature compared to other Pt-containing catalysts exhibit superior activity compared to
reducing agents. The removal of NOx at low temperatures those comprising Rh, and Pd. The hierarchy of activity in the H2
avoids the need to reheat the flue gases, thereby contributing + NO reaction was observed as follows: Pt/Al2O3 > Pd/Al2O3 >
to carbon neutrality.[34,35] Furthermore, as green hydrogen is one Rh/Al2O3.[48] Pt-based catalysts demonstrate high NOx conversion
of the key factors against climate change, likely the reduction of rates; however, they often exhibit low N2 selectivity due to the
H2 production costs in the future through the use of renewable production of N2O. Consequently, considerable effort has been
energy sources will be reduced.[36,37] H2-SCR-DeNOx studies have invested in enhancing the N2 selectivity of these catalysts,
mainly focused on the investigation of catalysts (e. g., catalyst which will be discussed in the respective sections below. The
preparation methods, co-presence of promoters), structure- activity and N2 selectivity of Pt-containing catalysts in the H2-
activity correlations and explanation of the reaction mecha- SCR-DeNOx are influenced by the chemical state of the Pt
nisms, rather than the reaction itself (e. g., co-presence of other species. The active site is metallic Pt (Pt0), and catalysts with a
exhaust compounds).[22,38–40] Catalysts for H2-SCR-DeNOx, espe- higher Pt loading are advantageous for presenting Pt in the
cially supported noble metal catalysts (e. g., Pt or Pd) have been metallic state. Thus, to modulate the chemical oxidation states
extensively investigated, due to the enhanced dissociation of of Pt, by both treatments in reduction atmospheres (H2/N2,
NO molecules and activation of H2 on their surfaces at relatively e. g.,[49–51]) and the introduction of electronic promoters (Na, W,
low temperatures. While many recent studies concentrate on e. g.,[52,53]) were investigated. Also, Pt is more inclined to exhibit
platinum-based catalyst formulations, which demonstrate high- a metallic state on acidic support materials rather than basic
er NO conversion activity, it is also important to investigate ones.[54–56] Accordingly, Pt-containing catalysts with higher Pt
palladium catalysts. They deserve attention due to their loading exhibit increased H2-SCR-DeNOx activity.[57–59] Most H2-
comparatively higher N2 selectivity, which also depends on the SCR-DeNOx investigations were conducted by loading 1 wt.% of
applied noble metal species loading, applied precursors or Pt on various supports. Nevertheless, much higher activity was
supports, etc. The type of starting support, its size and specific reported for some catalysts with merely 0.1 wt.% of Pt
surface area are critical factors affecting the catalytic properties. loading.[42,60,61] From a cost perspective, catalysts with lower Pt
Among others, a large number of single and binary metal loading are preferred, which can be achieved by controlling the
oxides (e. g., TiO2, MgO-CeO2, TiO2-ZrO2),[41–43] and micro- or dispersion and distribution of Pt0 to expose more active sites.
mesoporous zeolites (e. g.,[44,45]) as well as hydrotalcite-derived Hatanaka et al.[62] investigated Pt/Al2O3 versus Pt/CeO2-Al2O3,
mixed metal oxides (e. g.,[46,47]) have been used as supports for and reported that Ce-containing support prevented Pt sintering
and caused redispersion of Pt agglomerates under oxidative
Magdalena Jabłońska received her PhD (2014) conditions. Pt can be reversibly reduced to its metallic state and
degree from the Faculty of Chemistry of forms a complex oxide with the CeO2-based support as the
Jagiellonian University in Kraków under the atmosphere alternates between reductive and oxidative con-
supervision of Prof. Lucjan Chmielarz; and ditions (Figure 1). Furthermore, as will be shown in the
Eng. (2013) from the Faculty of Energy and following sections, the dispersion of Pt species varied among
Fuel of the University of Science and Technol-
ogy (AGH) under supervision of Prof. Teresa
the different supports applied, influencing their activity and N2
Grzybek. Aferwards, she joined the group of selectivity.
Prof. Regina Palkovits at RWTH Aachen Uni- Table 1–3 give a summary of the materials investigated in
versity as postdoctoral fellow (2014–2017). the literature for H2-SCR-DeNOx, including the reaction con-
Since 2017, she is a Junior Group Leader at ditions, reported temperature for maximum NO conversion and
Leipzig University, Germany. Her research
N2 selectivity at that temperature. If not provided in the
focusses on environmental catalysis and en-
ergy conversion. publication the values were estimated from the NO conversion
graphs. The materials are divided into main categories including

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Figure 1. Schematic representation of changes in the Pt oxidation state and nanostructure of the a) Pt/CA (CA: CeO2-Al2O3) and b) Pt/Al2O3 catalysts against
oxidative, reductive, and re-oxidative treatments as determined from CO adsorption, XRD, TEM, and XPS analyses. Reprinted from Ref. [62]; Copyright (2009),
with permission from Elsevier.

inorganic oxides, zeolites and all the other catalysts proposed Furthermore, the addition of Mo and Na resulted in higher
for H2-SCR-DeNOx. activity and N2 selectivity of Pt Mo-Na/SiO2 than Pt/SiO2.[65] The
enhanced catalytic properties were attributed to its lower
oxygen affinity (reduced Pt valence) compared to Pt/SiO2.
2.1. Pt Supported on Inorganic Oxides Incorporating zirconia into Pt/SiO2 was reported to generate
extra acid sites (favoring the adsorption of both NO and NH3)
Since the ground-breaking work by Jones et al.[63] in 1971, and stabilize the dispersed Pt species.[69] Pt/Zr-SiO2 maintained
numerous studies have been undertaken to advance supported NOx conversion above 80 % (between 50–300 °C) and N2 yield
Pt-containing catalysts to achieve high NOx conversion with N2 above 50 % (between 75–150 °C). Li et al.[49] asserted that Pt
selectivity. Various inorganic oxides, including SiO2, CeO2, TiO2, primarily appears as Pt4 + O2 in Pt/MgO, while it predominantly
and others, are utilized as supports for Pt species, however no exists as Pt2 + O in Pt/ZrO2. The acidity/basicity of these supports
systematic investigations have been conducted. The activity influences the dispersion and chemical state of the Pt species.
and N2 selectivity of the final catalyst are influenced by its Agglomeration of the Pt particles (ca. 5 nm in diameter) in Pt/
structure, textural properties, as well as redox/acid correlations, ZrO2 (than 1.7, 2.2, and 3.3 nm, for Pt/MgO, Pt/γ-Al2O3, and Pt/
which direct the Pt species dispersion.[49] HZSM-5, respectively, Figure 2a) was reported to arise from the
According to the data gathered in Table 1 (pos. 1–8), the N2 interaction between support and the acidic Pt precursor (i. e.,
selectivity of the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts is relatively low i. e., below H2PtCl6).
50 %. Burch and Coleman[64] examined Pt/SiO2 and Pt/Al2O3, Furthermore, Pt/ZrO2 has been modified by acidic supports,
revealing that SiO2-supported catalysts exhibited higher activity such as a physical mixture with HZSM-5 (suggested as the
at lower temperatures than Al2O3-supported catalysts. In further active component for the NH3-SCR-DeNOx)[70] or niobium
studies by Yokota et al.,[65] a SiO2-based catalyst was approved pentoxide in Pt/Nb2O5-ZrO2.[71] Besides, the introduction of
to be more active than Pt/Al2O3. Few attempts have been made tungsten (11 wt.–%) to Pt/ZrO2 increased the electron density of
to increase its activity and N2 selectivity such as doping with Mo Pt and, thus activating the H2-SCR-DeNOx catalyst.[58] The
and Na (with optimum loading of 10 wt.–% and 0.27 wt.–%, authors proposed that the increased electron density of Pt
respectively).[66] However, a higher addition of Na ca. 5 wt.–% resulting from doping with W species is responsible for
led to a severe poisoning effect. Frank et al.[31] reported a improved N2 formation. Hahn et al.[72] investigated the kinetics
maximum N2 selectivity (ca. 80 %) at 8 vol.–% O2 over Pt Mo- of NOx reduction using Pt/WO3/ZrO2, highlighting its N2
Co/α-Al2O3. Deviating from this O2 concentration, whether selectivity (ca. 90 %) compared to conventional platinum-based
increasing or decreasing, resulted in a reduction in the N2 catalysts (ca. 80 % of N2O selectivity). This enhanced N2
selectivity. Nanba et al.[67] observed two active low- (below selectivity arises as a result of the recombination of two
80 °C) and high-temperature (above 175 °C) regions over Pt/ adjacent N species (that will be further discussed in Section 5.
Al2O3, which corresponded to reduced and oxidized Pt species, Reaction mechanisms). Still, the activity of this system remained
respectively. They also reported that the NOx conversion and N2 below 65 %.
selectivity were almost independent of Pt dispersion. Pt-MnOx Despite displaying superior NOx adsorption, Pt/ZrO2 demon-
demonstrated enhanced N2 selectivity compared with Pt/SiO2, strated reduced H2 activation capability, consequently diminish-
which was attributed to the formation of NHx species at lower ing its catalytic activity.[71] The introduction of niobium pent-
temperatures and their storage on Pt-MnOx (Table 1, pos. 13– oxide into ZrO2 resulted in extra Lewis acid sites, thus,
14).[68] enhancing the H2 activation on Pt/Nb2O5-ZrO2. Recently,
Machida et al.[73] reported enhanced activity and N2 selectivity

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Table 1. Examples of Pt-containing inorganic oxides reported in the literature.

Pos. Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature Space Velocity Tmax NO Conversion N2 Selectivity Ref.
Range /°C /% /%
/°C
c(NO) c(H2) c(O2)
/% /% /%
Ino
1 [64]
1 Pt/Al2O3 0.05 0.2 6 40–240 0.030 g s ml 140 50 30
1 [85]
2 Pt/Al2O3 0.05 0.4 5 50–400 0.030 g s ml 150 80 40
1 [51]
3 Pt/Al2O3 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 80 92 40
1 [69]
4 Pt/Al2O3 0.048 0.8 5 50–300 0.060 g s ml 100 100 45
1 [41]
5 Pt/Al2O3 0.1 0.3 5 60–400 0.180 g s ml 100 62 7
1 [86]
6 Pt/Al2O3 0.15 0.5 3 50–500 4,000 h 100 100 20
1 [67]
7 Pt/Al2O3 0.1 1 2 25–325 0.120 g s ml 100 100 30
1 [66]
8 Pt/Al2O3 0.1 0.4 6 50–240 0.030 g s ml 130 73 45
1 [66]
9 Pt/MoO3/Na2O/Al2O3 0.1 0.4 6 50–240 0.030 g s ml 100 95 42
1 [51]
10 Pt/SiO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 70 84 36
1 [64]
11 Pt/SiO2 0.05 0.2 6 40–240 0.030 g s ml 90 75 17
1 [69]
12 Pt/SiO2 0.048 0.8 5 50–300 0.060 g s ml 100 99 45
1 [68]
13 Pt/SiO2 0.048 0.8 5 50–200 0.008 g s ml 100 100 15
1 [68]
14 Pt-MnOx 0.048 0.8 5 50–200 0.008 g s ml 100 78 22
1 [69]
15 Pt/Zr-SiO2 0.048 0.8 5 50–300 0.060 g s ml 100 95 69
1 [51]
16 Pt/ZrO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 110 72 57
1 [71]
17 Pt/ZrO2 0.1 0.5 10 70–180 48,000 h 140 40 30
1 [70]
18 Pt/ZrO2 + HZSM-5 0.1 1 2 50–300 0.120 g s ml 100 100 70
1 [51]
19 Pt/CeO2-ZrO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 140 36 60
1 [52,72]
20 Pt/WO3/ZrO2 0.2 0.6 6 80–250 77,000 h 170 63 92
1 [58]
21 Pt/WO3/ZrO2 0.05 0.2 6 50–500 22,000 h 100 98 50
1 [71]
22 Pt/Nb2O5-ZrO2 0.1 0.5 10 70–180 48,000 h 100 84 50
1 [73]
23 Pt/ZrP2O7 0.02 0.5 10 50–400 0.030 g s ml 100 73 49
1 [41]
24 Pt/TiO2 0.1 0.3 5 60–400 0.180 g s ml 100 51 11
1 [75]
25 Pt/TiO2 0.0772 0.5 10 60–200 0.060 g s ml 120 90 30
1 [77]
26 Pt/TiO2 0.2 1 5 60–350 52,000 h 150 100 50
1 [51]
27 Pt/TiO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 90 14 –
1 [76]
28 Pt/TiO2 0.03 0.24 5 40–240 36,000 h 90 90 45
1 [76]
29 Pt/Zr0.5Ti0.5 0.03 0.24 5 40–240 36,000 h 120 98 63
1 [74]
30 Pt-WO3/TiO2 0.25 1 5 100–300 53,000 h 130 89 67
11 [75]
31 La-Pt/TiO2 0.0772 0.5 10 60–200 0.060 g s ml 120 90 50
11 [51]
32 Pt/SnO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 125 41 53
11 [41]
33 Pt/MgO 0.1 0.3 5 60–400 0.180 g s ml 100 44 5
11 [51]
34 Pt/CeO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 160 19 –
11 [51]
35 Pt/SnO2-TiO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 110 10 –
11 [51]
36 Pt/CeO2-TiO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 130 42 41
1 [43]
37 Pt/TiO2-ZrO2 0.08 0.28 10 90 0.240 g s ml 90 63 44
1 [51]
38 Pt/TiO2-ZrO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 90 89 53
1 [51]
39 Pt/ZrO2-Al2O3 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 90 87 36
1 [51]
40 Pt/SnO2-ZrO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 80 69 41
11 [51]
41 Pt/TiO2-SiO2 0.08 0.28 10 50–200 0.240 g s ml 70 67 30
1 [54]
42 Pt/SiO2-Al2O3 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–270 78,000 h 100 100 45
1 [42]
43 Pt/MgO-CeO2 0.25 1 5 100–400 80,000 h 150 95 75

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Table 2. Examples of Pt-containing zeolites reported in the literature.

Pos. Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature Range Space Velocity Tmax NO Conversion N2 Selectivity Ref.
/°C /°C /% /%
c(NO) c(H2) c(O2)
/% /% /%
1 [89]
1 Pt/ZSM-5 0.05 2 5 75–300 0.0300 g s ml 75 99 80
1 [91]
2 Pt/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 60–250 50,000 h 100 70 85
1 [92]
3 Pt/ZSM-5 0.091 0.5 10 70–300 36,000 h 130 76 80
1 [59]
4 Pt/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–300 80,000 h 120 84 62
1 [61]
5 Pt/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 80–200 16,000 h 130 70 70
1 [94]
6 Pt/H-ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 90–140 0.060 g s ml 130 70 80
1 [57]
7 Pt/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 6.7 60–400 80,000 h 150 70 63
1 [90]
8 Pt/HZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 70–150 36,000 h 90 90 70
1 [54]
9 Pt/MFI 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–270 78,000 h 100 100 70
1 [91]
10 Pt/hollow-ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 60–250 50,000 h 90 84 92
1 [92]
11 W-Pt/ZSM-5 0.091 0.5 10 70–300 36, h 110 91 74
1 [53]
12 Na-Pt/ZSM-5 0.08 0.28 10 40–110 0.240 g s ml 70 95 32
1 [44]
13 Pt/ZSM-35 0.1 0.5 6.7 80–280 80,000 h 120 81 65
1 [57]
14 Pt/ZSM-35 0.1 0.5 6.7 60–400 80,000 h 120 81 69
1 [44]
15 Cr-Pt/ZSM-35 0.1 0.5 6.7 80–300 80,000 h 120 95 65
1 [45]
16 Pt/HY 0.1 0.5 10 70–250 32,000 h 100 80 70
1 [95]
17 Pt/HY 0.1 0.5 10 60–120 0.060 g s ml 100 77 –
1 [93]
18 Pt/SSZ-13 0.1 0.5 10 60–250 50,000 h 100 81 93
1 [87]
19 Pt/H-FER 0.091 0.5 10 80–400 0.060 g s ml 110 88 56
1 [88]
20 Pt/Beta 0.1 1. 4 20–90 0.213 g s ml 90 100 –
1 [57]
21 Pt/Beta 0.1 0.5 6.7 60–400 80,000 h 120 57 58
1 [54]
22 Pt/Beta 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–270 78,000 h 75 30 40
1 [88]
23 Zr-Pt/Beta 0.1 1 4 20–90 0.213 g s ml 90 90 60
1 [61]
24 Pt-Nanofibrous SUZ-4 0.1 0.5 10 80–200 16,000 h 110 85 77

over Pt/ZrP2O7 compared with Pt/ZrO2; both catalysts with N2 selectivity between 100–180 °C than Pt/TiO2.[76] The charac-
0.4 wt. % loading of Pt. Pt/ZrP2O7 possesses large metallic Pt terization results suggest the presence of more available active
crystallites (with sizes of ca. 20 nm) and highly dispersed Pt Pt0 and oxygen vacancies (caused by the formation of Zr-Ov-Ti3 +
oxide nanoclusters. Agglomeration was prevented by decreas- bands) on the Zr-modified Pt/TiO2 catalysts. Both sites allow for
ing the Pt loading from 0.4 to 0.02 wt.–%. the activation of NOx and the adsorption of nitrate species
The doping with WO3 notably increased the activity of Pt/ (NOx ), which are reduced at a faster rate. Furthermore,
TiO2 with an optimal loading of 2 wt.–% (among 1–5 wt.–%, monodentate and bridged nitrates exhibit higher reactivity with
Figure 2b).[74] The addition of the 1 wt.–% WO3 led to a notable H2 than bidentate nitrates, which was reflected by the NOx
increase in NOx conversion from 35 % to 86 % at 150 °C. Above conversion window from 80–110 °C in Pt/TiO2 to 100–180 °C in
150 °C, the non-selective combustion of H2 with O2 becomes the Zr-modified catalyst (this will be discussed further in
dominant, diminishing the remaining H2 available for the section 5. Reaction mechanisms).
reaction and consequently leading to a decrease in NOx In another innovative approach, the sacrificial carbon layer
conversion. N2 selectivity increased only slightly after doping strategy (Figure 2e,f), a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI)
from the typical values below 50 %, which is frequently reported was induced over the modified Pt/TiO2. The SMSI effect results
for Pt/TiO2 (Table 1, pos. 24–28). Contrarily, doping Pt/TiO2 with in electron transfer from TiO2 to Pt, forming more Pt0 species.[77]
La species boosted N2 selectivity (Figure 2c,d). This was related Also, synergistic effects in bimetallic catalysts such as Pt Ir/TiO2
to the more aggregated Pt form (36 nm for La-doped catalysts (with an optimal n(Pt)/n(Ir) ratio of 1 : 1) led to the formation of
versus 13.8 nm reported for Pt/TiO2) of lower reducibility that metallic active sites of Pt and Ir. Such Pt Ir/TiO2 catalysts
resulted in the shift of maximum NO conversion to higher revealed higher activity than Pt/TiO2 and Ir/TiO2. Higher
temperatures (from 60 °C to 120 °C).[75] Zr-modified Pt/TiO2 amounts of NOx, NH3 and NH4 + species than for monometallic
catalysts (especially when the molar ratio of n(Zr)/n(Ti) catalysts contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity of Pt Ir/
approached 1 : 1) demonstrated enhanced NOx conversion and TiO2.[78] Besides Pt Ir/TiO2, other bimetallic catalysts, such as

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Table 3. Examples of different Pt-containing catalysts reported in the literature.

Pos. Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature Range Space Velocity Tmax NO Conversion N2 Selectivity Ref.
/°C /°C /% /%
c(NO) c(H2) c(O2)
/% /% /%
1 [26]
1 Pt/La0.5Ce0.5MnO3 0.25 1 5 100–400 80,000 h 140 74 80
1 [60]
2 Pt/La0.7Sr0.2Ce0.1FeO3 0.25 1 5 100–400 80,000 h 150 83 93
1 [86]
3 Pt/LaCoO3 0.15 0.5 3 50–500 4,000 h 150 100 45
1 [99]
4 Pt/LaFeO3 0.1 0.5 3 50–500 10,000 h 67 91 17
1 [100]
5 NiFe1.95Pt0.05O4 0.2 2 6 30–300 0.400 g s ml 60 96 -
1 [59]
6 Pt/Ti-MCM-41 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–300 80,000 h 140 89 79
1 [59]
7 Pt/Si-MCM-41 0.1 0.5 6.7 70–300 80,000 h 100 60 59
1 [103]
8 Pt/Si-MCM-41 0.1 0.5 6.7 60–260 80,000 h 100 60 64
1 [104]
9 Pt/Al-MCM-41 0.1 0.5 6.7 60–260 80,000 h 140 80 85
1 [96]
10 Pt/MOFs 0.1 2 2 20–90 0. 015 g s ml 60 100 96
1 [98]
11 Pt/ZrO2@C 0.1 0.5 4 30–90 0.015 g s ml 90 99 70
1 [46]
12 Pt/Mg3Al1Ox 0.05 1 5 120–300 0.03 g s ml 200 98 60
1 [47]
13 Pt/Mg3Al1Ox 0.08 0.28 10 50–130 0.240 g s ml 70 83 53
1 [101]
14 Pt/Mg3Al1Ox 0.08 0.28 10 50–130 0.240 g s ml 70 83 53
1 [101]
15 Pt-Mo/Mg3Al1Ox 0.08 0.28 10 50–130 0.240 g s ml 50 98 18
1 [46]
16 Pt/Cu3Al1Ox 0.05 1 5 120–300 0.030 g s ml 200 95 55
1 [109]
17 Pt/Sn0.9In0.1P2O7 0.08 0.84 5 50–350 0.120 g s ml 100 62 93
1 [106]
18 Pt/Carbon 0.1 1.5 2 20–300 0.113 g s ml 120 98 –
1 [108]
19 Pt-Ni/Carbon 0.1 1.5 2 100–300 34,000 h 100 95 –

Pt Au/TiO2, Pt Ni/C or Pt Ag/Al2O3-WOx facilitate the formation inferring its potential for industrial applications for NOx control
of Pt0 species due to their synergistic effects compared to at lower temperatures.[83] Again, a correlation between increas-
monometallic catalysts.[25,78,79] ing the Pt particle size from 1.1–10 nm (in x Pt/MgO-CeO2 (x =
Machida et al.[43,51,80] investigated numerous Pt-containing 0.1–2 wt.–%)) together with a substantial decrease (by a factor
catalysts supported on single and binary oxides, such as SnO2 of ca. 20) of the integral reaction rate between 120–400 °C was
and Al2O3 or CeO2-TiO2 and TiO2-ZrO2, etc. Among them, Pt pointed out. This was explained by the reduced hydrogen
supported on amorphous ZrO2-TiO2 revealed more than 80 % surface diffusion rate on the Pt surface (H-spillover process) as
NO conversion and 50 % N2 selectivity below 100 °C than both active NOx species were generated within a ring approximately
Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/TiO2[51] They proposed that basic supports 0.5 nm deep from the Pt-ceria interface.[23,42] They reported the
enhanced oxidative NO adsorption as NO2 /NO3 species on the reaction mechanism determined by performing the steady-state
Pt sites, thus, impeding the reaction between H2 and O2 below isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) over this catalyst as
100 °C. Conversely, a high basicity hinders catalytic H2 activa- we also reported in our previous review concerning SSITKA in
tion. DeNOx.[84]
Costa et al.[81] applied various oxides, such as MgO, CeO2,
SiO2, La2O3, CaO, Y2O3 and TiO2, as supports for Pt-based
catalysts. Among others, Pt/MgO and Pt/CeO2 displayed 2.2. Pt-Exchanged Zeolites
enhanced activity and N2 selectivity between 100–400 °C. Based
on this outcome, in the next step, they prepared a Pt/MgO- Zeolites (including ZSM-5 (MFI topology), Beta (BEA) or ferrierite
CeO2 catalyst, which has more than 90 % NO conversion with (FER), etc. (e. g.,[87–89])) have been employed as another main
more than 80 % N2 selectivity between 120—180 °C.[23,82] Binary group of supports for Pt-based catalysts on account of their
oxides with higher NOx adsorption capacities, when loaded with porosity, a strong acidity, high specific surface area and high
Pt species, demonstrated a broader operational window for H2- adsorption capacities. As indicated in Table 2 relatively broad
SCR-DeNOx than conventional oxides. Indeed, the amount of studies have been carried out over Pt-containing ZSM-5. A
two active NOx intermediate species formed at the interfaces comparison of the catalytic activity and N2 selectivity of various
between Pt and MgO-CeO2 support was significantly higher supports, including metal oxides and zeolites impregnated with
than that observed for single MgO and CeO2. Notably, this Pt revealed that N2 selectivity is mainly controlled by the acid
catalyst displayed exceptional stability even under adverse strength of the supports, and more acidic support provides
conditions in a feed stream containing CO, CO2 and SO2, higher N2 selectivity in H2-SCR-DeNOx.[54] Two orders of decreas-

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Figure 2. a) HRTEM images of the Pt/γ-Al2O3, Pt/MgO, Pt/ZrO2, and Pt/HZSM-5 catalysts pre-treated with 1.3 vol.–% H2/N2. Reprinted from Ref. [49]; Copyright
(2015), with permission from Elsevier. b) NOx conversion during H2-SCR-DeNOx over the Pt0.5 and Pt0.5Wx catalysts with different WO3 loadings; reaction
conditions: c(NO) = 0.25 vol.–%, c(H2) = 1 vol.–%, c(O2) = 5 vol.–%, diluted in He, GHSV = 53,000 h 1. Reprinted from Ref. [74], Copyright (2016), with permission
from Elsevier. c) Typical TEM images of the 1PtTi and 1Pt1.5LaTi catalysts prepared by different calcination temperatures (400 and 600 °C), d) NOx conversion
and NOx to N2 conversion over the 1PtxLaTi-600 catalysts with different La contents. Reprinted from Ref. [75]; Copyright (2023), with permission from Elsevier.
e) Illustration of the engineering of the metal-support interactions on the Pt/TiO2 catalyst, f) NOx conversion on the Pt/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2-M catalysts; reaction
conditions: c(NO) = 0.2 vol.–%, c(H2) = 1 vol.–%, c(O2) = 5 vol.–%, diluted in He, GHSV = 52,000 h 1. Reprinted from Ref. [77]; Copyright (2020), with permission
from ACS Publications.

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ing N2 selectivity were provided: Pt/MFI > Pt/SiO2-Al2O3 > Pt/ et al.[45] investigated Pt/HY and again pointed out that the
MgO and Pt/MFI > Pt/BEA > Pt/Y, Pt/MOR (mordenite). Also, increase of the Pt loading (from 0.1, 0.5 to 1.0 wt.–%) induced
metallic Pt on an acidic support tends to be less oxidized the increase in the average Pt particle size to be 1.8 nm, 2.8 nm,
compared to that on a basic support. Pt/MFI reached the and 3.0 nm, respectively (Figure 3e–g). Both the activity and N2
highest N2 selectivity among zeolite-supported catalysts. selectivity increased with Pt loading. In a 10 vol.–% O2 mixture,
According to Table 2 (pos. 1–9), the N2 selectivity over Pt- the (0.5 wt.–%)Pt/HY catalyst achieved a NOx conversion of 79 %
containing ZSM-5 varies in the range of 62–85 %, which could at 130 °C, coupled with an N2 selectivity of 75 %. Other
be caused by the starting zeolite itself, the catalyst preparation researchers[61] dealt with the synthesis of SUZ-4 zeolite in a
(including Pt precursor - H2PtCl6 versus Pt(NO3)2) and pre- nanofibrous (NF) form for the preparation of Pt/HSUZ-4 catalyst.
treatment procedure as well as reaction conditions, etc. The nanofibrous zeolite (Pt/NF) showed higher NOx conversion
Catalysts prepared using an aqueous solution of Pt(NO3)2 were and N2 selectivity than Pt/HZSM-5 and rod-like Pt/HSUZ-4. The
found to be more selective than those prepared using other NF zeolite showed a higher density of Brønsted acid sites on its
precursors.[90] Furthermore, Wang et al.[90] highlighted that Pt outer surface compared to the conventional SUZ-4, thus,
species are predominantly located on the zeolite outside allowing for the high dispersion of Pt (of average size of 5 nm).
surface versus in the zeolite channels. Pt species located on the
outer surface of the zeolite serve to activate H2, whereas those
within the zeolite channels primarily adsorb NOx species for the 2.3. Other Pt-Containing Catalysts
reaction. Interestingly, Park et al.[89] reported enhanced NO
conversion (above 80 % up to 200 °C) over thermally aged (at Many other catalysts were investigated as catalysts for H2-SCR-
850 °C under 20 vol.–% O2/N2) Pt/ZSM-5 than for fresh ones. DeNOx, including MOFs (metal-organic frameworks).[96,97] MIL-
They concluded that the thermally aged catalysts inhibit the 96(Al) revealed full NO conversion below 100 °C outperforming
oxidation of NO to NO2 at high temperatures because of the Pt Pt-containing inorganic oxides. However, any proof of their
sintering (i. e., decreased oxidation ability) during thermal aging. stability (besides the cycling step) was provided as proof of
A hollow ZSM-5 encapsulated Pt nanoparticle catalysts exhib- material stability. Wang et al.[98] investigated a Pt/ZrO2@C
ited a higher activity than conventional Pt/ZSM-5 and a catalyst for H2-SCR-DeNOx below 100 °C, where Pt particles were
maximum NOx conversion and N2 selectivity of more than 80 % highly dispersed on a carbon-coated octahedral ZrO2. This was
and 90 %, respectively at 90 °C[91] (which are one of the highest achieved using UiO-66-NH2 as a template in a novel stabilization
catalytic properties reported in the literature, Table 2). The strategy based on a zirconium metal-organic framework (Zr-
hollow structure of ZSM-5 provided extra Brønsted acid sites MOF). The catalyst exhibited near-complete conversion of NOx
that stabilized the metallic Pt nanoparticles (with an average at 90 °C and achieved a maximum N2 selectivity of 70 %.
size of 3.8 nm, Figure 3a,b). Zhang et al.[92] modified Pt/HZSM-5 As previously reported by Costa et al.[26,42,60] Pt-containing
by tungsten species (with optimum loading of 1 wt.–%). The perovskite-based structures with 0.1 wt.–% Pt loading (espe-
Pt W interaction generated predominantly metallic Pt as a cially Pt/La0.5Ce0.5MnO3, Pt/La0.7Sr0.2Ce0.1FeO3) are active, reaching
result of WO3 donating an electron to Pt. Also, Machida et al.[53] NOx conversions of up to 74–83 % and N2 selectivity of 80–93 %
studied the effect of Na addition on the catalytic activity and N2 (Table 3, pos. 1–2). The enhanced properties of the catalyst
selectivity of Pt-ZSM-5. Na species were found to facilitate the were attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies on the
adsorption of NO as a NO2-type species, which then acts as an support surface near small Pt clusters. These oxygen vacancies
intermediate to produce N2. are believed to participate in the reaction mechanism. Dacquin
Pt-ZSM-5 is frequently compared to other zeolite types. For et al.[99] compared the thermal sintering over the Pt/LaFeO3 and
example, Hong et al.[93] highlighted the potential of Pt/SSZ-13 as Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. Their findings revealed that Pt/LaFeO3
a more active catalyst with a NOx conversion of 81 % than Pt/ exhibited superior sintering resistance, attributed to the stabili-
ZSM-5 (70 %) and Pt/SAPO-34 (59 %). Also, Pt/ZSM-35 exhibited zation of Pt through a robust interaction between Pt and the
a higher NO conversion of 80 % at 125 °C than Pt/ZSM-5 (65 %) perovskite structure. Moreover, the particle size distributions of
and Pt/Beta (58 %).[57] Pt species in Pt/ZSM-35 exist predom- the (4 wt.–%)Pt/LaFeO3 sample (Figure 4a,b) appear to be
inantly in the Pt0 state (80 %), with the remaining 20 % present monomodal. The mean particle sizes of 1.5 nm, 1.6 nm and
as Pt2 + O. An excess load of Pt on HZSM-35 (above 1.0 wt.–%) 1.1 nm, were found respectively for H2-reduced 4Pt/LaFe(R300),
decreased the number of strong acid sites on the zeolite and aged 4Pt/LaFe(A500) and aged/H2-reduced 4Pt/aFe(A500R300)
led to the aggregation of Pt species (more than 10 nm, catalysts, confirming that the platinum particles do not sinter
Figure 3c,d) thus, leading to a decrease in activity.[57] The doping during these successive thermal treatments. The pre-treatment
with Cr (1 wt.–% as optimum among 0–2 wt.–%) of Pt-ZSM-35 conditions were found to strongly influence the catalytic
improved the adsorption of NOx (as new Pt-NOδ + and NO properties. Thus, the NO conversion and N2 selectivity varied
species were detected during in situ DRIFTS) and facilitated the from 56–91 % and 17–54 %, respectively (4Pt/LaFe(R300) -
formation of surface NH4 + species, thus, enhancing activity and maximum NO conversion of 56 % with 54 % N2 selectivity at
N2 selectivity.[44] Pt/Beta catalysts modified with Nb, V and Ce 115 °C), 4Pt/LaFe(A500) - maximum NO conversion of 91 % with
species revealed rather poor NO conversion and N2 selectivity 17 % N2 selectivity at 67 °C), and 4Pt/aFe(A500R300) - maximum
up to 90 °C.[88] Only Mn- and Zr Pt/Beta revealed NO conversion NO conversion of 82 % with 29 % N2 selectivity at 56 °C).[99] In
and N2 selectivity above 80 % and 60 %, respectively. Zhang the spinel NiFe2-xPtxO4, even though there was no presence of

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Figure 3. a,b) Dependence of NO conversion at 90 °C on the amount of acid sites and Pt average sizes. Reprinted from Ref. [91]; Copyright (2018), with
permission from Elsevier. c,d) TEM images of (0.5 wt.–%) Pt/ZSM-35 and (2 wt.–%) Pt/ZSM-35. Reprinted from Ref. [57]; Copyright (2010), with permission from
Elsevier. e) HRTEM images of the Pt/HY-R catalysts with the Pt loading amount: e) 0.1 wt.–% Pt, f) 0.5 wt.–% Pt and g) 1.0 wt.–% Pt. Reprinted from Ref. [45];
Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier.

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Figure 4. a) TEM micrographs of an aged 4Pt/LaFe(A500) sample, and b) the size distributions of the H2-reduced 4Pt/LaFe(R300), aged 4Pt/LaFe(A500) and
aged/H2-reduced 4Pt/LaFe(A500R300) samples. For each histogram, 500 particles have been measured. Reprinted from Ref. [99]; Copyright (2010), with
permission from Elsevier. TEM images of c) Pt-MgAl and d) Pt-Mo-MgAl hydrotalcite-derived catalysts after heating at 600 °C in H2. Reprinted from Ref. [101];
Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier. e) H2-SCR-DeNOx on Pt/Si-SBA-15, Pt/Ti-SBA-15 (n(Ti)/n(Si) = 0.6), Pt/Si-MCM-48 and Pt/Ti-MCM-48 (n(Ti)/
n(Si) = 0.6); reaction conditions: c(NO) = 0.1 vol.–%, c(H2) = 0.5 vol.–%, c(O2) = 6.7 vol.–%, diluted in He, GHSV = 80,000 h 1. Reprinted from Ref. [59]; Copyright
(2010), with permission from Elsevier. f) Activity of per unit Pt for each catalyst; reaction conditions: c(NO) = 0.1 vol.–%, c(H2) = 1.5 vol.–%, c(O2) = 2 vol.–%,
diluted in N2, GHSV = 34,000 h 1. Reprinted from Ref. [108]; Copyright (2017), with permission from ACS Publications.

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Pt0, the oxidized Pt (Pt2 + occupied the tetrahedral sites and Pt4 + Pt/AlMCM-41 with Nb, and further revealed improved N2 yield,
resided in the octahedral sites) still prompt NO conversion up particularly in the temperature range of 100–350 °C. The
to 96 % at 60 °C by boosting NO chemisorption.[100] incorporation of Nb boosted ammonia formation, thereby
Besides perovskites, hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal ox- enhancing the NH3-SCR-DeNOx reaction and/or facilitating the
ides have been evaluated as catalysts for H2-SCR-DeNOx.[46] oxidation of ammonia to N2 or N2O. Samples lacking Nb or
Among the different compositions Pt/M3Al1Ox (M = Co, Mg, Ni, having high n(Si)/n(Nb) ratios resulted in Pt particles with
or Cu), platinum supported on MgAl-Ox achieved NO conversion diameters of 30–33 nm, whereas lower n(Si)/n(Nb) ratios yielded
above 90 % at 200–220 °C. Hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal smaller Pt particles with diameters of 12–18 nm.
oxides possess both moderate acidic and basic sites that When H2 concentration was increased from 0.5 to 1.5 vol.–
promote the reaction between NOx and activated hydrogen on %, the volcano shape almost disappeared for the 3 and 5 wt.–%
the Pt active sites. The acidic/basic properties can be adjusted Pt/C catalysts, indicating that H2 concentration is being another
by changing the n(Mg)/n(Al) molar ratio of these materials. important factor. Regarding the Pt loading 3–5 wt.–% guaran-
Furthermore, the catalytic properties can be steered via the tees the highest NOx conversion, while clustering becomes
application of different Pt precursors. Hamada et al.[47] applied more serious at 8 wt.–% of Pt content.[106] Yao et al.[107] found
two anionic Pt-complexes (PtCl62 and Pt(NO2)42 ) for exchange that boron-doped graphene acted not only as a support for
with hydrotalcite-like precursors. Although, both catalysts platinum nanoparticles but also allowed for to reduction of the
revealed comparable NOx conversion, the N2 selectivity was Pt cluster size (up to 2.3 nm) which facilitated hydrogen
significantly higher for catalysts prepared using the Pt nitrate adsorption. NO adsorption occurred at both the metallic
precursor. Thus, the strong binding of chloride to platinum in platinum and doped boron active sites facilitating NO con-
the PtCl62 -HT catalyst hindered the oxidative adsorption of NO version. Tu et al.[108] investigated PtNi alloy nanoparticles
as NO2 /NO3 . The catalyst based on the PtCl62 precursor supported on carbon and confirmed that Ni as a dopant can
underwent partial oxidation as a result of the presence of effectively promote Pt activity, especially in the case of alloy
residual chlorides in this material. Contrary, catalysts derived formation (Figure 4f).
from Pt(NO2)42 possessed highly dispersed metallic Pt. A summary of catalytic properties for selected catalysts is
Doping with W or Mo species (up to 5 wt.–%) to the (1 wt.– given in Figure 5. Among the Pt-supported on inorganic oxides
%)Pt/MgAl hydrotalcite-derived catalysts significantly enhanced (Figure 5a), NO conversion exceeded 65 % for the analyzed
the reduction of NO below 70 °C.[101] Otherwise, the addition of catalysts. On the other hand, most of them fall beneath the
acidic Mo or W oxides to Pt-based catalysts promoted the diagonal line indicating that the N2 selectivity has not yet
catalytic conversion of NO to N2O at low temperatures, as a attained the desired level. Figure 5b illustrates the relationship
result of suppressed oxidative adsorption as NO3 intermedi- between activity and N2 selectivity of zeolite-supported Pt
ates. Thus, the recombination of NO-type species yielded N2O. catalysts investigated in the H2-SCR-DeNOx literature. In most
Pt particles were dispersed in the porous and amorphous-like cases, these catalysts lie on the diagonal line, indicating that
matrix of Mg Al oxides while doping with Mo species did not both the NO conversion and N2 selectivity are satisfactory. The
change their dispersion (a uniform size of ca. 2 nm, Figure 4c,d). required catalytic properties as well as stability can be further
Ordered mesoporous transition metal oxides without Pt stirred via the physical or chemical mixtures with other
modification, such as Co3O4, NiO, NiCo2O4 were prepared via the materials. Furthermore, although the Pd-based catalysts have
nanocasting method using mesoporous KIT-6 as a hard been reported (Table 4), to the best of our knowledge no
template.[102] Among them, NiCo2O4 revealed full conversion studies refer to the Pt Pd-based catalysts so far. Pd-supported
and N2 selectivity above 200 °C. Other mesoporous materials, catalysts offer high potential as empathized by numerous
such as MCM-41, have also been investigated in H2-SCR-DeNOx. studies. Such catalysts are highly promising because they offer
Pt supported on mesoporous Si-MCM-41 exhibited enhanced superior N2 selectivity and are more cost-effective than Pt-based
activity than Pt/Silicate and Pt/SiO2.[103] Li et al.[59] revealed that catalysts. However, they are less active depending on the
dispersed anatase nanoparticles in Pt/Ti-MCM-41 (with a n(Ti)/ applied conditions (e. g., O2 concentration above 5 vol.–%).[64]
n(Si) ratio of 0.6) enhanced catalytic activity up to 89 % NOx
conversion and 79 % N2 selectivity at 140 °C. This is related to
the highest Pt0 proportion (64.7 %) and Pt dispersion (74.3 %) 3. Stability
among the Ti-based samples or Pt/Si-MCM-41 (Pt0 proportion of
35.2 % and Pt dispersion of 33.4 %). Ti doping also promoted Most H2-SCR-DeNOx studies have been conducted under
NOx conversion for MCM-48 and SBA-15 (Fig. 4e).[59] Also, the laboratory conditions. The application of catalysts under real
activity of Pt/MCM-41 was significantly improved by the gas simulation, e. g., in a pilot plant, always requires the
incorporation of Al into the MCM-41 with an optimum n(Si)/ introduction of water vapor or SO2 to the feed gas. However,
n(Al) ratio of 10 among 5–80.[104] By isomorphous substitution of the effect of H2O or SO2 addition on NOx conversion has been
Si with Al in MCM-41 additional Brønsted acid sites were investigated only in a limited number of single studies, while
provided that enhanced the activity of the Pt/MCM(Al)-41 most of them reported Pt-based materials as highly resistant,
catalyst. The acid sites anchor NH3 as NH4 + species, leading to including Pt/C and PtNi/C,[106,108] Pt/Ti-MCM-41[59] or ordered
the exclusive reduction of NO + O2 (according to NH3-SCR- mesoporous NiCo2O4,[102] etc. H2O inhibition occurs due to
DeNOx) with the formation of N2. Komatsubara et al.[105] doped competitive adsorption between water and NO on the same

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Figure 5. Relationship between NOx conversion and N2 selectivity over selected Pt-containing catalysts in H2-SCR-DeNOx based on data gathered in Table 1–3.

active sites. However, this frequently varies with the reaction completely deactivated and an irreversible poisoning phenom-
temperature. In particular, Zhao et al.[94] verified the effect of enon for SO2 was observed, while doping with Ce or Zr partially
introduced H2O to the feed on the catalytic activity of Pt/HZSM- improved the material against the SO2 performance.[88] Also,
5. They identified that H2O had dual effects on NOx conversion, NOx conversion over Pt/ZSM-5 decreased after water vapor
by promoting reactions at low temperatures (< 120 °C; en- introduction at 120 °C during time-on-stream. The presence of
hanced H2 activation by suppressing NOx adsorption) and water in the feed has a notable effect on the NOx conversion of
hindering them above 120 °C (enhanced the H2 combustion by Pt/SSZ-13, which also revealed higher resistance in the simulta-
suppressing NOx adsorption, Figure 6a,b). Hollow ZSM-5 encap- neous presence of H2O and SO2 than Pt/ZSM-5 and Pt/SAPO-34.
sulated Pt nanoparticles[91] revealed residence against SO2 and The NOx conversion for Pt/ZSM-5 decreased of about 50 % while
H2O in the feed. Also, no significant differences were observed for Pt/SSZ-13 it was only up to 11 % in the feed containing
in NOx conversion regardless of the presence or absence of 100 ppm of SO2, while the initial activity was recovered as the
water, except above 300 °C over thermally aged (at 850 °C) Pt/ SO2 supply was turned out (Figure 6d,e). Thus, the inhibiting
ZSM-5.[89] N2 selectivity was consistently higher in the absence role of SO2 over Pt-containing catalysts in H2-SCR-DeNOx was
of water vapor across all temperatures (i. e., 75–300 °C). Also, the reported to be contrary to its promoting role.[39]
activity of the aged sample (at 700 °C in the presence of 5 vol.– The inhibiting effect of SO2 could be attributed to the
% H2O and 5 vol.–% O2) W-promoted Pt/TiO2 was significantly formation of thermodynamically stable sulfate species resulting
higher than that of an aged Pt/TiO2 catalyst.[74] The NOx from the reaction between SO2 and O2, leading to a decrease in
conversion of LaFe0.65Co0.3Pd0.05O3 decreased below 250 °C in the the number of active sites available for NO and H2 chemisorp-
presence of H2O, while no change in NOx conversion was tion. To enhance the sulfur tolerance of the catalyst, the MgO-
observed above 250 °C.[130] It was suggested that at higher CeO2 support was initially sulfated and subsequently doped
temperatures, molecular water may easily dissociate on the with Pt. This offered a strategy for designing sulfur-tolerant H2-
catalyst surface, promoting the formation of H* species. Such SCR-DeNOx catalysts capable of operating in the presence of
species promotes the dissociation of NO* (NO* + H* ! N* + 25 ppm SO2 for 24 h of continuous reaction at 200 °C.[83]
OH*), and further promotes the combination of two adjacent According to the proposed scheme (Figure 7), SO2 in the form
chemisorbed nitrogen atoms on the catalyst surface, conse- of bidentate or unidentate sulfite species is primarily chem-
quently increasing the formation of N2.[141] Thus, the availability isorbed on the basic sites (On ) of the support, while SO3 in the
of active sites suppresses the formation of unwanted by- form of bidentate sulfates is mainly chemisorbed on the acidic
products, such as N2O and NH3 (Figure 6c). The promoting sites, i. e., Mg2 + /Ce4 +. The coverage of these active sites by
effect of H2O was attributed to its dissociation, was also sulfite and sulfate species led to the loss of active sites, and
observed for the Pt/MgO-CeO2 catalyst. This catalyst showed no thus the drop in NO conversion (Figure 7a). Otherwise, for pre-
deactivation during a 24 h reaction at 200 °C in the presence of sulfated materials (with SO42 adsorbed particularly on Mg2 +),
H2O, and the N2 selectivity increased by 5–12 % above 200 °C.[42] NO was controllably chemisorbed as bidentate nitrates on a
The presence of H2O can also preserve the metallic character of free O-Mg2 + -O sites (Figure 7b–d).
the noble metal, thereby exhibiting a promoting effect. Mesoporous silica-based catalysts such as Pt/Ti-MCM-41
Especially, beta-based catalysts applied in H2-SCR-DeNOx exhibit demonstrate tolerance to SO2 at low concentrations (ca.
low resistance to wet conditions. The Pt/Beta catalyst was 20 ppm), and the deactivation caused by SO2 above 50 ppm is

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Table 4. Examples of Pd-containing catalysts reported in the literature.

Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature Range Space Velocity Tmax NO Conversion N2 Selectivity Ref.
/°C /°C /% /%
c(NO) c(H2) c(O2)
/% /% /%
1 [110]
Pd/TiO2 0.2 1 5 100–350 52,000 h 150 67 –
1 [111]
Pd/TiO2-nanowire 0.2 1 5 100–350 0.060 g s ml 150 82 –
1 [112]
Pd/CeO2 0.034 1 2.2 130–220 40,000 h 200 90 60
1 [113]
Pd/TiO2 0.02 0.2 1.5 100–400 0.060 g s ml 200 88 78
1 [114]
Pd/TiO2 0.25 1 5 100–400 50,000 h 200 60 78
1 [115]
Pd/TiO2 0.2 0.8 5 100–400 35,000 h 250 80 57
1 [116]
Pd/TiO2 0.2 0.8 5 100–350 60,000 h 125 69 60
1 [117]
Pd/TiO2 0.2 1 5 100–350 52,000 h 150 72 –
1 [118]
Pd/TiO2 0.05 1 10 70–300 565,335 h 200 80 70
1 [119]
Pd/TiO2 0.1 0.5 5 50–270 60,000 h 110 60 30
1 [114]
Pd/TiO2 0.2 1 5 100–400 50,000 h 190 60 78
1 [41]
Pd/TiO2 0.1 0.3 5 50–400 0.180 g s ml 100 48 22
1 [120]
Pd/TiO2 0.4 0.05 5 50–400 0.030 g s ml 110 70 45
1 [41]
Pd/Al2O3 0.1 0.3 5 50–400 0.180 g s ml 100 3 –
1 [119]
Pd/Al2O3 0.1 0.5 5 50–270 60,000 h 125 55 45
1 [121]
Pd/Al2O3 0.1 0.5 2 50–300 80,000 h 130 82 72
1 [30]
Pd/TiO2-Al2O3 0.05 0.4 5 100–300 0.030 g s ml 150 98 –
1 [122]
Pd/TiO2-Al2O3 0.25 1 5 100–400 50,000 h 150 82 90
1 [123]
Pd/MgO-CeO2 0.1 0.4 6 60–400 20,000 h 200 80 90
1
Pd/ZrO2-CeO2 0.1 0.4 6 60–400 20,000 h 175 92 95 D[123]1
1 [123]
Pd/Al2O3-CeO2 0.1 0.4 6 60–400 20,000 h 175 75 80
1
Pd/TiO2-CeO2 0.1 0.4 6 60–400 20,000 h 200 70 80 D[123]1
1
Pd/CeO2 0.1 0.4 6 60–400 20,000 h 275 70 80 D[123]1
1 [112]
Pd/CeO2 0.034 1 2.2 130–220 40,000 h 220 95 65
1 [118]
Pd-SiO2/TiO2 500 1 10 70–300 565,335 h 200 80 70
1 [124]
Pd/SiO2-TiO2 (nanosphere) 1000 1 5 100–350 0.060 g s ml 150 93 80
1 [116]
Pd/Fe2O3-TiO2 2000 0.8 5 100–350 60,000 h 125 94 85
1 [27]
Pd/V2O5/TiO2-Al2O3 1000 1 10 100–300 60,000 h 175 73 80
1 [125]
Pd/V2O5/TiO2/SBA-15 50 0.2 1.5 100–350 46,000 h 200 95 88
1 [125]
Pd/V2O5/TiO2/MCM-41 50 0.2 1.5 100–350 46,000 h 200 84 87
1 [30]
Pd-V2O5/TiO2-Al2O3 500 0.4 5 100–300 0.030 g s ml 150 90 95
1 [126]
Pd/Al-CeZrO2 0.1 1 5 80–300 60,000 h 210 95 –
1 [127]
Pd-LaCoO3 0.15 0.5 3 100–500 4,000 h 150 100 65
1 [128]
Pd/LaCoO3 0.25 1 5 50–450 0.009 g s ml 160 100 78
1 [86]
Pd/LaCoO3 0.15 0.5 3 50–500 4,000 h 150 100 64
1 [129]
LaCeMnPd 0.12 1 4 150–400 32,000 h 350 83 –
1 [130]
LaFe0.380Co0.475Pd0.05O3 0.072 1 5 75–375 0.065 g s ml 225 80 55
1 [130]
LaFeCo(0.3)Pd 0.072 1 5 75–373 0.065 g s ml 222 58 57
1 [130]
LaFeCo(0.475)Pd 0.072 1 5 75–373 0.065 g s ml 245 79 55
1 [131]
BaTi0.95Pd0.05O3 0.072 1 5 100–325 0.065 g s ml 200 95 75
1 [132]
CoFe1.95Pd0.05O4 0.1 1 2 100–350 23,400 h 200 96 –
1 [133]
CoAl1.95Pd0.05O4 0.1 1 2 100–350 23,400 h 250 95 –
1 [134]
Pd/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 100–300 60,000 h 150 23 83
1 [135]
Pd-ZSM-5 0.05 2 5 100–300 0.030 g s ml 150 97 97
1 [136]
Pd/MFI 0.1 0.8 2 75–400 90,000 h 100 70 –
1 [134]
Pd/TiO2/ZSM-5 0.1 0.5 10 100–300 60,000 h 220 77 82

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Table 4. continued
Catalyst Reaction Conditions Temperature Range Space Velocity Tmax NO Conversion N2 Selectivity Ref.
/°C /°C /% /%
c(NO) c(H2) c(O2)
/% /% /%

1 [137]
Pd/Zn-ZSM-5 0.005 0.2 1.5 100–350 0.060 g s ml 250 65 85
1 [134]
Pd/TiO2/HY 0.1 0.5 10 100–300 60,000 h 190 84 83
Promotors
1 [110]
Co-Pd/TiO2 0.2 1 5 100–350 52,000 h 150 95 –
1 [138]
Co-Pd/TiO2 0.02 0.2 1.5 100–400 0.060 g s ml 200 90 75
1 [113]
Ni-Pd/TiO2 0.02 0.2 1.5 100–400 0.060 g s ml 200 100 84
1 [117]
Na-Pd/TiO2 0.2 1 5 100–350 52,000 h 150 87 –
1 [122]
Mn-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3 0.25 1 5 100–400 50,000 h 150 89 95
1 [119]
Pd/K2O-6TiO2 0.1 0.5 5 50–270 60,000 h 160 42 82
1 [139]
Pd/WOx/ZrO2 0.5 0.2 6 100–325 80,000 h 160 90 94
1 [137]
Pd/Ru/W/(ZrO2–SiO2)SO4 0.005 0.2 1.5 100–350 0.060 g s ml 150 75 90
11 [140]
l-TiO2@VOx-Pd nanotubes 0.1 0.5 10 100–300 80,000 h 150 50 70

largely reversible. Also, CO at concentrations of 100–1000 ppm, activity decline approved over different catalysts, such as Pt/
exerts a negative effect on NOx conversion due to the strong ZSM-5[89,91] and Pt/SSZ-13[93] or Pt/H-FER,[87] etc.
chemisorption of Pt sites, although this effect was reversible.[59]
Strong CO adsorption on Pt sites results in a significant
lowering of the surface coverage of adsorbed H, and thus a 4. Reaction Mechanisms
decrease in NOx conversion.[83] At higher temperatures, the
oxidized Pt could be reduced by CO, leading to an increase in The mechanism of the H2-SCR-DeNOx reaction can be classified
the surface coverage of hydrogen and consequently enhancing as follows: NO adsorption/dissociation mechanism, NO oxida-
NOx conversion. Liu et al.[18] studied the effect of CO on the tion/reduction mechanism as well as bi-functional (dual-
catalytic properties of Pt/TiO2 and Pt-WO3/TiO2 catalysts and function) reaction mechanism, which depends on the specific
found a complete loss in activity over the first catalyst than the catalysts and the applied reaction conditions. Both the
WO3 doped catalyst. adsorption/dissociation mechanism and NO oxidation/reduction
Macleod and Lambert[85] observed a detrimental drop in mechanism appeared in the early studies over H2-SCR-DeNOx
activity and N2 selectivity over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst in the presence and were thoroughly reported in the review articles
of CO. The catalytic properties of Pd-based catalysts were not (e. g.,).[38,39,144] Briefly, the NO adsorption/dissociation (Langmuir-
affected due to the in situ generation of adsorbed NH3 (N* + Hinsshelwood) mechanism consists of NO adsorption on the
CO*!NCO*, NCO* (+ H2O)!NH3 + CO2), serving as an efficient catalyst surface followed by its decomposition into N and O
NOx reductant. To support these results, Qi et al.[143] investigated molecules on the active sites. The reaction of two N molecules
the effect of CO on Pd/Ti-PILC (pillared clays). In the absence of leads to N2, while the reaction between adsorbed NO and N
CO, NOx conversion was low, approximately around 30 %. molecules leads to N2O.[26] NO oxidation/reduction mechanism
However, upon the adding of 500 ppm CO, the NOx conversion considers nitrogen oxide oxidation to different reaction inter-
increased significantly to nearly 80 %. The NOx conversion mediates, such as NO2, NOx , etc., followed by their reduction in
increased only slightly, indicating that this catalyst is more the presence of H2.[145] In this review, we focus mainly on the bi-
suitable for conditions where there is a low CO concentration in functional (dual-function) reaction mechanisms, which have
the feed.Unfortunately, none of the studies referred to changes been reported by the majority of the researchers.
in Pt/Pd oxidation and dispersion (i. e., sintering) after such Adsorption is the first and fundamental step in the entire
stability tests. This, in turn, can further provide the paths of reaction mechanism. The main considerations are focused on
catalyst deactivation and reaction inhibition. the sorption capacity of the support material to adsorb NOx at
The addition of the (0–12 vol.–%) CO2 in the feed slightly low temperatures. Among different supports including inor-
decreased NO conversion, while increase N2 selectivity over Pt/ ganic oxides and zeolites, oxide materials containing alkali or
MgO-CeO2. CO2 blocked non-selective NOx adsorption sites on alkaline earth elements adsorb more NOx than their
the support near the Pt nanoparticle-support interface through counterparts.[146] The introduction of oxygen into the system
the formation of adsorbed CO32 species.[23] Besides CO2, the may lead to the weakening of NO-surface bonds, with NO being
addition of NO2 concentration in the feed gas mixture led to an displaced by the more strongly bound oxygen.[147] Furthermore,
in the case of Pt, the formation of subsurface Pt oxide by

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Figure 6. a) NOx conversion of Pt/HZSM-5; reaction conditions: c(NO) = 0.1 vol.–%, c(H2) = 0.5 vol.–%, c(O2) = 10 vol.–%, c(H2O) = 0–5 vol.–%, diluted in N2, W/
F = 0.06 g s ml 1; b) the role of water on H2-SCR-DeNOx over Pt/HZSM-5. Reprinted from Ref. [94]; Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier. c) Scheme of
promoting/inhibiting role of H2O in H2-SCR-DeNOx. Reprinted from Ref. [142]; Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier. d,e) Effect of SO2, H2O, and SO2
+ H2O on NOx conversion over Pt/SSZ-13 and Pt/ZSM-5; reaction conditions: c(NO) = 0.1 vol.–%, c(H2) = 0.5 vol.–%, c(SO2) = 100 ppm, c(H2O) = 5 vol.–%,
c(O2) = 10 vol.–%, diluted in N2, GHSV = 50,000 h 1. Reprinted from Ref. [93]; Copyright (2019), with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.

oxygen adsorption on Pt under atmospheric pressure condi- adsorption of H2 (Equation (6)).[149] Following, direct dissociation
tions may weaken the NO Pt bond.[148] Kinetic studies of NO of NO* appeared at unoccupied vicinal sites (*) (Equation (7)),
reduction by H2 on noble metal-based catalysts have revealed while two chemisorbed NO* molecules can react on Pt surfaces,
molecular adsorption of NO (Equation (5)) and dissociative leading to the formation of N2O and O* species (Equation (8)).

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Figure 7. Mechanistic scheme illustrating the role of sulphates present on the surface of the MgO-CeO2 support in prohibiting the deactivation of 0.1 wt.–%
Pt/MgO-CeO2 catalyst in the presence of SO2 below 250 °C. Reprinted from Ref. [83]; Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier.

NOðgÞþ* $ NO* (5)

This mechanism is consistent with the results reported by of
Burch[150] and Shibata et al.[54] (Figure 8a), etc. H2 ðgÞ þ 2* $ 2H* (6)

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Figure 8. a) Mechanism proposed for H2-SCR-DeNOx over Pt-based catalysts. Reprinted from Ref. [54]; Copyright (2004), with permission from American
Chemical Society. b) Possible formation models of N2 and N2O in H2-SCR-DeNOx over the supported Pt catalysts. Reprinted from Ref. [49]; Copyright (2015),
with permission from Elsevier. c) A possible model for kinetic rate oscillation over Pt/TiO2-ZrO2. Reprinted from Ref. [43]; Copyright (2004), with permission
from Elsevier.

NOþ* ! N* þ O* (7)
lighting the superior selectivity of Pt/WO3/ZrO2 to conventional
NO* þ NO* ! N2 O þ O* þ* (8) platinum catalysts. This implies that if the amount of active
hydrogen (H*) is insufficient (due to e. g., high concentration of
O2 and NO2), the catalysts achieve lower N2 selectivity. This
Hibbitts et al.149] suggested that H*-assisted NO* activation insufficiency can result either from the low ability of the catalyst
may occur via HNO* and H*-assisted (*HNOH*) intermediates. to activate H2 or from a lack of H2 for the H2-SCR-DeNOx process.
Such intermediates subsequently decompose to NH* species, Based on SSITKA analysis with labeled 18O2, mechanistic
and their successive dehydrogenation leads to NH3 formation. information about the oxygen pathway of the N2O formation
NH* can dissociate into N* and H* species, facilitating the route was provided. Costa and Efstathiou[151] proposed that on
formation of N2 (via interaction with another N*) and N2O (via Pt/SiO2 the formation of N2O originated from the gas-phase
interaction with NO*); or (iii) it can react with NO* to form oxygen species (up to 17 %) is more substantial than in the case
HNNO, which subsequently evolves into N2O (via N H activa- of Pt/La0.5Ce0.5MnO3. While on the Pt/MgO-CeO2 catalyst gas-
tion) and N2 (via successive N O and N H activation steps). eous O2 does not participate in the formation of N2O.[145]
Hahn et al.[72] validated the kinetic model and determined that Another approach is to utilize acidic support materials,
N* species were predominantly consumed to form N2, high- which form in situ reactive NH4 + intermediates, enhancing both

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the activity and N2 selectivity.[54] Ammonia stored on Brønsted (Figure 9a). The formation of NH3 was also observed over PtLaTi
sites is available for the reduction of NO in excess O2, according catalysts.[75] NH3 generation occurs through the reaction of NO
to the NH3-SCR-DeNOx process, as reported for Pt/Nb-AlMCM- and H2 on the Pt surface, and it is then employed in NH3-SCR-
41,[105] Pt-WO3/TiO2,[74] or Pt/HZSM-5[59,90] and Cr Pt/ZSM-35[44] DeNOx alongside NOx species adsorbed on the lanthanum
catalysts, etc. Contrary, basic supports absorb NO3 and/or NO2 surface. Also, for Pt/SSZ-13 different reaction paths were
species as intermediates in H2-SCR-DeNOx, as shown by Li proposed depending on the temperatures emphasizing the
et al.[49] (Figure 8b). Nitrosyls and bidentate nitrate were found formation of intermediate species such as NO*, NO3 , and NH4 +
to be reactive intermediates on the Pt/La0.5Ce0.5MnO3 during H2-SCR-DeNOx (Figure 9b). Komatsubara et al.[105] sug-
catalyst.[151] Similarly, two active NOx reaction intermediates gested temperature-depended mechanism over Pt/Nb-AlMCM-
were formed over Pt/MgO-CeO2 catalyst, below 200 °C, i. e., 41, as follows:
bidentate or monodentate nitrate located on the MgO support At 40–100 °C (Equation (9–10)):
and NO + coadsorbed with NO3 species on an adjacent metal
cation-oxygen anion site pair on CeO2.[145] The reaction inter- 2NO ! N2 O þ O* (9)
mediates varied frequently depending on the applied catalysts
composition. For example, the doping of WO3 in Pt/TiO2 not O* þ H2 ! H2 O (10)
only results in the formation of more monodentate and bridged
nitrate species but also generates a new species, NO +, on the At 75–175 °C (Equation (11–13)):
Pt-based catalyst.[74] Machida and Ikeda[43] proposed a possible
model for kinetic rate oscillation over Pt/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst 2NO þ 5H2 ! 2NH3 þ 2H2 O (11)
during H2-SCR-DeNOx at 100 °C. NO in the form of nitrates was
adsorbed onto the Pt surface. The part of NO that spilled over 4NO þ 4NH3 þ O2 ! 4 N2 þ 6H2 O (12)
onto the TiO2-ZrO2 support yielded unidentate and bidentate
nitrates on the base site (I, Figure 8c), and accumulated to NO þ 4NH3 þ 3O2 ! 4 N2 O þ 6H2 O (13)
monopolize the surface of the support (I, II). Thus, the H2-SCR-
DeNOx reaction was inhibited after above a certain coverage of At 175–375 °C (Equation (14–16)):
the support and Pt with nitrates. On the other side, accumu-
lated nitrates are consumed during their reaction with H2 over 2NO þ 5H2 ! 2NH3 þ 2H2 O (14)
Pt (III), resulting in the decreased NO coverage on TiO2-ZrO2. N2/
N2O exceeding the reaction stoichiometry is formed in these 4NH3 þ 3O2 ! 2 N2 þ 6H2 O (15)
steps. Finally, the oxidative NO adsorption and subsequent
reaction with hydrogen would resume over Pt, initiating a new 2NH3 þ 2O2 ! N2 O þ 3H2 O (16)
oscillation cycle (V).
Two possible reaction pathways have been proposed for Pt- These reaction paths may vary among different catalyst
containing ZSM-5 catalysts[91] with NOδ + and NO3 species as compositions. Additionally, other steps can be present such as
reactive intermediates at low temperatures, and with NO2 and the oxidation of NO to NO2 above 250 °C over metallic Pt.
NH4 + species as active intermediates at high temperatures

Figure 9. Reaction routes of Pt-containing ZSM-5 catalyst in the different range of temperature. Reprinted from Ref. [91]; Copyright (2018), with permission
from Elsevier. b) Reaction routes of the Pt/SSZ-13 catalyst in the low/high temperature range. Reprinted from Ref. [93]; Copyright (2019), with permission from
the Royal Society of Chemistry.

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5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives Author Contributions

For H2-SCR-DeNOx, the Pt-containing catalysts remain the most Magdalena Jabłońska: Conceptualization, Writing - Original
active, even under strongly oxidizing conditions. This review draft, Writing - Review and Editing, Supervision, Visualization,
provides a detailed analysis of representative cases of these Funding acquisition. Adrián Osorio Hernández: Writing - Review
works, with their achievements presented in three comprehen- and Editing.
sive tables at the end of each section. Especially for this
application, an accurate evaluation of the catalytic properties
must consider not only the activity of the catalyst (e. g., NO Acknowledgements
conversion) but also the rate of formation of individual products
(e. g., N2 and N2O). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
H2-SCR-DeNOx is regarded as a promising technology for
eliminating NOx emissions from hydrogen internal combustion
engine vehicles (H2-ICE). However, the analysis of the catalytic Conflict of Interests
properties showed NOx conversion rates across varying O2
concentrations, ranging from 1 vol.–% to 10 vol.–%. NOx The authors declare no conflict of interest.
conversion decreases as the O2 concentration increases (due to
unfavored combustion of H2 to H2O), while most of the Keywords: Hydrogen · Selective Catalytic Reduction · Nox ·
conducted studies were carried out below 10 vol.–% of O2. Supports · Noble Metals
Thus, research conducted under conditions simulating real
engine working conditions faces significant limitations.
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REVIEW
M. Jabłońska*, A. Osorio Hernández
1 – 23
Selective Catalytic Reduction of
Nitrogen Oxides with Hydrogen (H2-
SCR-DeNOx) over Platinum-Based
Catalysts

An in-depth discussion is provided main point including the catalytic

about Pt-containing catalysts and the properties of catalysts in H2-SCR-
corresponding reaction mechanisms DeNOx over exclusively recent
over these catalysts in H2-SCR-DeNOx. relevant literature reports on the
The dispersion of Pt particles is the subject.