‫‪An Approach To Translation‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪرس اﻟﻤﺎدة‪:‬‬

‫د‪ .‬ﺎرق ﻋﺎﺷﻮر اﻟﺤﺴ‬

An Approach To Translation
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إ اﻟ ﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إ اﻟ ﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫‪$‬‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎ‪%‬‬
‫‪#‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴ ﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺒ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل ‪- 6‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫اﻟﺼ ﻐﺔ اﻻﻓ اﺿ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫اﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺒ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻮﻟﻢ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ<ﺔ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫اﻟ‪I‬ط‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮب ‪H‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫أدوات اﻟ‪BC‬ﻂ وﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫اﻟ‪I‬ﻃ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﻐﺔ ‪H‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺻ ﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﻐﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋ‪ M‬اﻟﺘﻌﺎرض‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫اﻹﻏﺮاء واﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﻐﺔ اﻟﺴ‪P‬ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻻﺳﺘﻐﺎﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﺪح واﻟﺬم‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﻤﻌ [ ة ﻋﻦ ﻧ‪ Y‬ﺠﺔ ﺣﺘﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﻎ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﺻ ﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﺰﻣﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﻤ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮل ‪ `-‬اﻻﻧﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻎ اﻟﺤﺎ‪b‬ة او اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻻﻋ ‪ 6‬اﺿ ﺔ‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬
‫اﻟ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻤﺔ إ‪ f‬اﻟﻌ‪ BC‬ﺔ واﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
 HOW CAN WE DEFINE TRANSLATION?
• The English word ‘translation’ comes from Latin word ‘translates’ which means 'to transfer' (Simpson and Weiner 1989, p. 410).
• In Arabic, the word (‫ )ﺗﺭﺟﻡ‬means (1) "to explain speech into another language"! (AI Bustani, 1998, p. 69) and (2) "transfer speech into another
language" (Al-Basha, 1992, p. 253). Rida (1958, p. 391) says that (‫ )ﺗﺭﺟﻡ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ‬means "explained it" and that (‫ )ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺟﻣﺎﻥ‬refers to "the person who
transfers speech from one language into another." The word ‫ ﺃﻭﻝ‬means "explain" (Rida, 1958, p. 224).
• Translation is a procedure where an original text, often called ‘the source text’, is replaced by another text in a different language, often called
the ‘the target text’. Our subject book is concerned with translation, the written mode (that is not interpretation which is the oral mode).

• Over the centuries, translation has been regarded both positively and negatively.

• Positively, because translation can provide access to new ideas and new experiences that stem from a different language community, opening
horizons that would otherwise remain unknown behind the barrier of another language.

• Negatively, because translated texts can never be ‘the real thing’: they remain something second-hand, a kind of inferior substitute for the
original.

• From the positive perspective, translation has often been compared to an act of building bridges or extending horizons. Translators are valued
because their act of mediating between different languages, cultures sand societies provides an important service for people who only speak
their mother tongue.

• From a negative perspective, any translation clearly lacks originality: it merely gives people access to a message that already exists in another
language. So translation is, of its nature, a type of secondary communication. In the process of translating, an original communicative event is
repeated in order to enable persons to understand and appreciate the original event, from which they would otherwise be excluded.
 Definitions of Translation
Translation is a controversial concept that is hotly debated. There are many definitions of translation that revolve around meaning, and the
different notions of equivalence.

Look at the following different definitions, each of which emphasises a certain aspect of the process or the product:

1. Halliday et al. (1965) describe translation as the establishment of textual equivalents, rather than lexical or grammatical equivalents. Thus, as
stated by Halliday et al. (1965), translation is not a mere word-for-word rendition but, rather, translation is seen as a whole text-to-text
transplanting.

2. Catford (1965, p. 20), similar to Halliday, defines translation as ‘the replacement of textual material in one language, i.e. the source language
(SL) by equivalent textual material in another language, i.e. target language (TL).’

3. On another side, House (2001) perceives translation as a reproduction of a text in an SL in an equivalent text in a TL.

4. "Reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style" (Nida and Taber 1969, p. 12);

5. "Rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text" (Newmark, 1988, p. 5);

6. "The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a translator, or translators, in a specific socio cultural context" (Hatim
and Munday, 2004, p. 6); and
Detailed Description of Simple Sentence Structure
in English and Arabic

• Understanding simple sentence structure is essential for constructing clear and grammatically
correct sentences. Both English and Arabic have their own rules and patterns for creating simple
sentences. This lecture provides you with an overview of simple sentence structure in each
language, with examples, translations, brief analyses, and practice exercises.
 Examples of Simple Sentences in English
Simple Sentence Structure in English
A simple sentence in English typically consists of a subject, verb, and sometimes an object. This basic structure
forms a complete thought and is straightforward in its composition.

1. (Subject + Verb)

• Example:
- He runs.
Translation:
- Arabic:

.‫• ﻫﻭ َﻳﺟْ ِﺭﻱ‬

• Analysis:
This simple sentence contains a subject ('He') and a verb ('runs') and expresses a
complete thought. In Arabic, the sentence is also simple and translates directly to

.‫• ﻫﻭ َﻳﺟْ ِﺭﻱ‬

 2. (Subject + Verb + Object)

• Example:
- She reads a book.

Arabic Translation:

.‫• )ﻫﻲ( ﺗ َ ْﻘ َﺭﺃ ُ ِﻛﺗ َﺎﺑًﺎ‬

• Analysis:
The structure includes a subject ('She'), a verb ('reads'), and an object ('a book'). In Arabic,
the sentence follows the (Verb + Object) with the option of explicitly or implicitly mentioning
the pronoun (‫)ﻫﻲ‬.
 3. (Subject + Verb + Adjective)

• Example:
- The sky is blue.
Arabic Translation:

.‫ﺳ َﻣﺎ ُء ﺯَ ْﺭﻗَﺎ ُء‬

‫• ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬
• Analysis:
Here, an adjective ('blue') describes the subject ('sky'). In Arabic,
adjectives typically follow the noun they describe.
• Simple Sentence Structure in Arabic
• Arabic sentences are categorized into verbal and nominal sentences. A verbal sentence begins with a verb,
while a nominal sentence begins with a noun or pronoun. Simple sentences often follow the pattern of
subject-verb-object (or subject + predicate) for nominal sentences and verb-subject-object for verbal
sentences.

• Examples of Simple Sentences in Arabic

1. Verb + Subject + Object.

• Example:
- Arabic: ‫ﺏ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ ﱠ‬
ُ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ‬ ُ ُ ‫ َﻳ ْﻛﺗ‬.
Translation:
- English: The student writes a letter.

• Analysis:
This verbal sentence starts with the verb ‫ﺏ‬ ُ ُ ‫'( َﻳ ْﻛﺗ‬writes') followed by the subject ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
ُ ‫'(ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ‬the student’) and then
the object (‫)ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬. In English, the sentence structure is rearranged to its normal structure of subject-verb-
object.
2. Nominal Sentence (Subject + Predicate):

• Example:
ٌ ‫ﺏ َﻧ ِﺷﻳ‬
- Arabic: ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬.
ُ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ‬
Translation:
- English: The student is active.

• Analysis:
This nominal sentence has a subject (‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
ُ ‫)ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻧ ِﺷﻳ‬. In Arabic, nominal sentences do not require
and a predicate (‫ﻁ‬
a verb like 'is,' while English needs the linking verb 'is' for clarity.

3. Subject + Adjective:

• Example:
ٌ ‫ﺍﻟ َﺑﻳْﺕُ َﻛ ِﺑ‬.
- Arabic: ‫ﻳﺭ‬
Translation:
- English: The house is big.

• Analysis:
ٌ ‫ َﻛ ِﺑ‬, 'big'). Arabic doesn’t need a linking verb
Here, the subject ( ُ‫ﺍﻟ َﺑﻳْﺕ‬, 'the house') is followed by an adjective (‫ﻳﺭ‬
like 'is' in simple nominal sentences
 Comparative Analysis of Simple Sentence
Structure in English and Arabic
• 1. Word Order:

• English predominantly uses subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, while Arabic may use verb-subject-
object (VSO) in verbal sentences and subject-predicate in nominal sentences.

• 2. Linking Verbs:

• English often requires linking verbs ('is,' 'are'), while Arabic does not require them in nominal
sentences.

• 3. Adjective Placement:

• In Arabic, adjectives usually follow the nouns they describe, whereas in English, adjectives precede the
noun.
 Translate from English to Arabic:
1. She writes a letter.

2. The weather is nice.

3. The sun rises in the east.

4. I love reading books.

5. She goes to school every day.

6. We are going to the park.

7. He drinks coffee in the morning.

8. The baby is crying loudly.

9. I am learning a new language.

10. My friend lives in a big house.

‫‪Translate from Arabic to English:‬‬
‫ﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﻘ َﺭﺃ ُ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟَ ُﺩ ﺍﻟ ِﻛﺗ َ َ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟﺑَﺔُ ﺍﻟﺩ ْﱠﺭ َ‬‫ﺏ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗ َ ْﻛﺗ ُ ُ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭ ُﺟ ُﻝ ِﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑَ ْﺣ ِﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺳﺑَ ُﺢ ﱠ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟَ ُﺩ ِﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ َﺣﺩِﻳﻘَ ِﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺟ ِﺭﻱ َ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺻﺎ ِﻓﻳَﺔٌ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳ َﻣﺎ ُء َ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ َ ْﻐ ِﺳ ُﻝ ﺍﻷ ُ ﱡﻡ ﺍﻟ َﻣ َﻼ ِﺑ َ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻳﻁ‪.‬‬‫ﺏ ﻧَ ِﺷ ٌ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎ ِﻟ ُ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬