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Chapter 5_ Molecules and Compounds

Chemistry chapter 5

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Chapter 5_ Molecules and Compounds

Chemistry chapter 5

Uploaded by

amoithomas2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds

Key Definitions

1. Compound: A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are


chemically bonded (e.g., H₂O).
2. Element: A substance where all atoms have the same atomic number (e.g.,
Hydrogen, H).
3. Atom: The smallest unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus and orbiting electrons.
4. Valence Shell: The outermost shell of an atom, housing electrons that can be
transferred or shared.

Chemical Formula

● Represents the chemical proportions of atoms in a compound using symbols,


numbers, and other notations (e.g., H₂O, Al₂(SO₄)₃).
● Water of Crystallization: Weak bonds between water molecules and a compound,
which release water as steam when heated.

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds


1. Structure: Contains a metal cation (+) and a non-metal anion (-).
2. Rules:
○ The total positive charge equals the total negative charge.
○ Steps:
1. Write the symbols of the metal and non-metal with charges.
2. Cross charges to determine subscripts (e.g., Al³⁺ + O²⁻ →
Al₂O₃).
3. Reduce subscripts to the simplest ratio if possible.
3. Polyatomic Ions:
○ Use parentheses when a polyatomic ion carries a charge > 1 (e.g., (SO₄)²⁻).
○ Example: Calcium Nitrate → Ca²⁺ + NO₃⁻ → Ca(NO₃)₂.

Naming Ionic Compounds


1. Metal name first, non-metal ends in "-ide".
○ Example: NaCl → Sodium chloride.
2. For polyatomic ions, use the ion's name:
○ Example: Mg(NO₃)₂ → Magnesium nitrate.

Practice Examples

● Mg + O → MgO (Magnesium oxide).


● Fe²⁺ + PO₄³⁻ → Fe₃(PO₄)₂ (Iron (II) phosphate).
Writing Formulas for Covalent Molecules
1. Covalent Bonds: Formed by sharing electrons between non-metals.
2. Naming Rules:
○ Use prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) to indicate the number of atoms.
○ Example: CO₂ → Carbon dioxide.
○ Exception: Do not use "mono-" for the first element if there’s only one atom.
3. Common Names:
○ H₂O: Water
○ NH₃: Ammonia
○ CH₄: Methane

Diatomic Molecules
● Elements like H₂, O₂, N₂ naturally exist as pairs.

Chemical Equations
1. Definition: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.
○ Reactants on the left, products on the right.
○ Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O.
2. Parts:
○ State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous.
○ Balance according to the Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter is neither
created nor destroyed.

Types of Chemical Reactions


1. Combination: Two reactants form one product (e.g., 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O).
2. Decomposition: One reactant forms multiple products (e.g., CaCO₃ → CaO
+ CO₂).
3. Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound (e.g., Zn
+ HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂).
4. Double Replacement/Precipitation: Exchange of ions between two
compounds, forming a precipitate (e.g., AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl ↓ + NaNO₃).

Solubility Rules

● Determines whether a compound is solid (s) or aqueous (aq).


● Example: Most nitrates (NO₃⁻) are soluble; most chlorides are soluble except AgCl,
PbCl₂.

Ionic and Net Ionic Equations


1. Steps to Write Ionic Equations:
○ Write balanced molecular equation.
○ Split aqueous compounds into ions.
○ Cancel spectator ions.
○ Write the net ionic equation.
2. Example:
○ Molecular: AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq).
○ Ionic: Ag⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq) + Na⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) → AgCl(s) + Na⁺(aq)
+ NO₃⁻(aq).
○ Net Ionic: Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) → AgCl(s).

Balancing Equations
1. Steps:
1. Write unbalanced equation.
2. Count atoms for each element.
3. Add coefficients to balance atoms.
4. Verify balance (atoms and charges).

Practice Problems
1. Convert and balance word equations:
○ Example: Solid iron reacts with sulfur → Fe + S → FeS.
2. Write ionic and net ionic equations:
○ Example: BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ ↓ + 2NaCl.

Common Acids and Bases


1. Acids:
○ HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
○ H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric acid)
○ HNO₃ (Nitric acid)
2. Bases:
○ NaOH (Sodium hydroxide)
○ KOH (Potassium hydroxide)
○ Ca(OH)₂ (Calcium hydroxide)

Special Notes
● Hydrocarbons like methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) are exceptions to naming
rules.

Solubility Rules
1. Always Soluble:
○ Ammonium Salts (NH₄⁺).
○ Group 1A Salts (alkali metals like Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, etc.).
2. Halides (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻):
○ Soluble Exceptions:
■ Chlorides (Cl⁻): Insoluble for AgCl, Hg₂Cl₂, PbCl₂.
■ Bromides (Br⁻): Insoluble for AgBr, Hg₂Br₂, HgBr₂, PbBr₂.
■ Iodides (I⁻): Insoluble for AgI, Hg₂I₂, HgI₂, PbI₂.
3. Chlorates (ClO₃⁻), Nitrates (NO₃⁻), and Acetates (CH₃COO⁻):
○ Always Soluble.
4. Sulfates (SO₄²⁻):
○ Soluble Exceptions:
■ Insoluble with CaSO₄, SrSO₄, BaSO₄, Hg₂SO₄, HgSO₄, PbSO₄,
Ag₂SO₄.
5. Phosphates (PO₄³⁻) and Carbonates (CO₃²⁻):
○ Insoluble Exceptions:
■ Soluble with NH₄⁺ and Group 1A compounds.
6. Metallic Oxides (O²⁻):
○ Insoluble Exceptions:
■ Soluble with NH₄⁺ and Group 1A compounds.
7. Metallic Hydroxides (OH⁻):
○ Insoluble Exceptions:
■ Soluble with NH₄⁺, Group 1A compounds, and Group 2A compounds
from calcium (Ca²⁺) down.
8. Sulfides (S²⁻):
○ Insoluble Exceptions:
■ Soluble with NH₄⁺, Group 1A compounds, and Group 2A compounds.

Charge Cations Anions

1+ H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cu⁺, Ag⁺, NH₄⁺ F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, OH⁻, NO₃⁻,
MnO₄⁻

2+ Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Fe²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺ O²⁻, S²⁻, CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻, CrO₄²⁻

3+ Al³⁺, Fe³⁺ N³⁻, PO₄³⁻

Special Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), Acetate


(CH₃COO⁻)

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