SECTION 11.

2 SERIES ¤ 973

4.

0 = 05,  = 37 0 = 0501,  = 37

LE
0 = 075,  = 39

SA 0 = 0749,  = 39
R
FO

0 = 05,  = 3999
T

From the graphs, it seems that if 0 is changed by 0001, the whole graph changes completely. (Note, however, that this might
be partially due to accumulated round-off error in the CAS. These graphs were generated by Maple with 100-digit accuracy,
O

and different degrees of accuracy give different graphs.) There seem to be some some fleeting patterns in these graphs, but on
the whole they are certainly very chaotic. As  increases, the graph spreads out vertically, with more extreme values close to 0
or 1.
N

11.2 Series

1. (a) A sequence is an ordered list of numbers whereas a series is the sum of a list of numbers.

(b) A series is convergent if the sequence of partial sums is a convergent sequence. A series is divergent if it is not convergent.

∞
2.  = 5 means that by adding sufficiently many terms of the series we can get as close as we like to the number 5.
=1



In other words, it means that lim→∞  = 5, where  is the th partial sum, that is,  .
=1

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

974 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES


∞
3.  = lim  = lim [2 − 3(08) ] = lim 2 − 3 lim (08) = 2 − 3(0) = 2
=1 →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞


∞ 2 − 1 (2 − 1)2 1 − 12 1−0 1
4.  = lim  = lim = lim = lim = =
=1 →∞ →∞ 42 + 1 →∞ (42 + 1)2 →∞ 4 + 12 4+0 4


∞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. For ,  = 4 . 1 = 1 = 4 = = 05, 2 = 1 + 2 = + = 055,
=1 4 + 2  + 2 1 + 12 2 2 16 + 4
3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 05611, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 05648, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 05663, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 05671,
7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 05675, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 05677. It appears that the series is convergent.


∞
1 1 1 1

LE
6. For √
3
,  = √
3
. 1 = 1 = √
3
= 1, 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + √
3
≈ 17937,
=1
  1 2

3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 24871, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 31170, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 37018, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 42521,

7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 47749, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 52749. It appears that the series is divergent.

SA

∞
7. For sin ,  = sin . 1 = 1 = sin 1 ≈ 08415, 2 = 1 + 2 ≈ 17508,
=1

3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 18919, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 11351, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 01762, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ −01033,

7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 05537, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 15431. It appears that the series is divergent.

∞ (−1)−1 1 1 1
8. For ,  = (−1)−1 . 1 = 1 =
R
= 1, 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 − = 05,
=1 ! ! 1! 2!
1
3 = 2 + 3 = 05 + ≈ 06667, 4 = 3 + 4 = 0625, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 06333, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 06319,
3!
FO

7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 06321, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 06321. It appears that the series is convergent.

9.
 
1 −240000
2 −192000
T

3 −201600
4 −199680
O

5 −200064
6 −199987
7 −200003
From the graph and the table, it seems that the series converges to −2. In fact, it is a geometric
N

8 −199999

∞ 12 −24 −24
9 −200000 series with  = −24 and  = − 15 , so its sum is =   = = −2
=1 (−5) 1 − − 15 12
10 −200000
Note that the dot corresponding to  = 1 is part of both { } and { }.

TI-86 Note: To graph { } and { }, set your calculator to Param mode and DrawDot mode. (DrawDot is under
GRAPH, MORE, FORMT (F3).) Now under E(t)= make the assignments: xt1=t, yt1=12/(-5)ˆt, xt2=t,
yt2=sum seq(yt1,t,1,t,1). (sum and seq are under LIST, OPS (F5), MORE.) Under WIND use
1,10,1,0,10,1,-3,1,1 to obtain a graph similar to the one above. Then use TRACE (F4) to see the values.

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 975

10.
 
1 054030
2 012416
3 −086584
4 −151948
5 −123582
6 −027565
7 047825
8 033275 
∞
The series cos  diverges, since its terms do not approach 0.

LE
9 −057838 =1

10 −141745

SA
11.
 
1 044721
2 115432
3 198637
4 288080
R
5 380927
6 475796
7 571948
FO


∞ 
8 668962 The series √ diverges, since its terms do not approach 0.
2
 +4
=1
9 766581
10 864639

12.
 
T

1 490000
2 833000
O

3 1073100
4 1241170
5 1358819
N

6 1441173
7 1498821
From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0,
8 1539175
9 1567422 and that the series approaches a value near 16. The series is geometric with 1 = 49 and
∞ 7+1 49 49
10 1587196
 = 07, so its sum is 
= = = 163.
=1 10 1 − 07 03

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

976 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

13.
 
2 100000
3 133333
4 150000
5 160000
6 166667
7 171429
8 175000
9 177778 From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0,
and that the series may approach a number near 2. Using partial fractions, we have

LE
10 180000
11 181818  
 2  2 2
2
= −
=2  −  =2 −1 
     
2 2 2 2 2 2
= − + − + −
1 2 2 3 3 4

SA
   
2 2 2 2
+··· + − + −
−2 −1 −1 
2
=2−

2 ∞ 2
As  → ∞, 2 − → 2, so 2
= 2.
 =2  − 
14.
R
 
FO

1 036205
2 051428
3 059407
4 064280
5 067557
6 069910
T

7 071680
From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0, and
8 073059
that the series may approach a number near 1.
O

9 074164
     
10 075069  1 1 1 1 1
sin − sin = sin 1 − sin + sin − sin
=1  +1 2 2 3
 
N

1 1
+ · · · + sin + sin
−1 
 
1 1
+ sin − sin
 +1
1
= sin 1 − sin
+1
1
As  → ∞, sin 1 − sin → sin 1 − sin 0 = sin 1, so
+1
 
∞ 1 1
sin − sin = sin 1 ≈ 084147.
=1  +1

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 977

2 2
15. (a) lim  = lim = , so the sequence { } is convergent by (11.1.1).
→∞ →∞ 3 + 1 3

∞
(b) Since lim  = 2
3
6= 0, the series  is divergent by the Test for Divergence.
→∞ =1


 

16. (a) Both  and  represent the sum of the first  terms of the sequence { }, that is, the th partial sum.
=1 =1


 
(b)  =  +  + · · · +  =  , which, in general, is not the same as  = 1 + 2 + · · · +  .
=1    =1
 terms

17. 3 − 4 + 16
− 64
+ · · · is a geometric series with ratio  = − 43 . Since || = 4
 1, the series diverges.

LE
3 9 3

 4
18. 4 + 3 + 9
4
+ 27
16
+ · · · is a geometric series with ratio 34 . Since || = 3
4
 1, the series converges to = = 16.
1− 1 − 34

19. 10 − 2 + 04 − 008 + · · · is a geometric series with ratio − 10

2
= − 15 . Since || = 1
 1, the series converges to

SA
5

 10 10 50 25
= = = = .
1− 1 − (−15) 65 6 3

20. 2 + 05 + 0125 + 003125 + · · · is a geometric series with ratio  = 05

2 = 14 . Since || = 1
4  1, the series converges

 2 2 8
to = = = .
R
1− 1 − 14 34 3


∞
21. 12 (0.73)−1 is a geometric series with first term  = 12 and ratio  = 073. Since || = 073  1, the series converges
FO

=1

 12 12 12(100) 400
to = = = = .
1− 1 − 073 027 27 9

∞ ∞  
5 1 1 1 1
22. 
= 5 . The latter series is geometric with  = and ratio  = . Since || =  1, it converges to
=1
 =1
   
T

 
1 1 1 5
= . Thus, the given series converges to 5 = .
1 − 1 −1 −1 −1
O

∞ (−3)−1
 −1
 1 ∞ 3
23. = − . The latter series is geometric with  = 1 and ratio  = − 34 . Since || = 3
4
 1, it
=1 4 4 =1 4
N

1   
converges to = 47 . Thus, the given series converges to 14 47 = 17 .
1 − (−34)

∞
3+1 ∞
 3 
24.  = 3 − 2 is a geometric series with ratio  = − 32 . Since || = 3
2
 1, the series diverges.
=0
(−2) =0

∞ ∞ ∞  2 
2 (2 )  2 2
25. −1
=  −1
= 6 is a geometric series with ratio  = . Since || = [≈ 123]  1, the series
=1
6 =1
6 6 =1
6 6 6

diverges.

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

978 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

∞ ∞ ∞  
6 · 22−1 6(22 ) · 2−1 4 4 4
26. 
= 
= 3 is a geometric series with ratio  = . Since || =  1, the series
=1
3 =1
3 =1
3 3 3

diverges.

1 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
27. + + + + + ··· = = . This is a constant multiple of the divergent harmonic series, so
3 6 9 12 15 =1 3 3 =1 

it diverges.
1   
28. 1
3
+ 2
9
+ 1
27
+ 2
81
+ 1
243
+ 2
729
+ ··· = 3
+ 1
27
+ 1
243
+ · · · + 29 + 2
81
+ 2
729
+ · · · , which are both convergent

13 3 29 1
geometric series with sums = and = , so the original series converges and its sum is 3
+ 1
= 58 .

LE
8 4
1 − 19 8 1 − 19 4

∞
2+ 2+ 2 + 1 1
29. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim  = lim = lim = − 6= 0.
=1
1 − 2 →∞ →∞ 1 − 2 →∞ 1 − 2 2

SA

∞
2 2 1
30. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim 2 = lim = 1 6= 0.
=1
2 − 2 + 5 →∞  − 2 + 5 →∞ 1 − 2 + 52


∞ ∞ ∞  
3 · 31 3 3 3 3
31. 3+1 4− = 
= 3 . The latter series is geometric with  = and ratio  = . Since || =  1,
=1 =1
4 =1
4 4 4 4
R
34
it converges to = 3. Thus, the given series converges to 3(3) = 9.
1 − 34
FO


∞ 
∞ 
∞
32. [(−02) + (06)−1 ] = (−02) + (06)−1 [sum of two geometric series]
=1 =1 =1
−02 1 1 5 7
= + =− + =
1 − (−02) 1 − 06 6 2 3


∞
1 1 1 1
33. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim = = 6= 0.
4 + − →∞ 4 + − 4+0 4
T

=1

∞     
2 + 4 2 + 4 2 4 4
34. diverges by the Test for Divergence since
O


lim 
= lim 
+ 
≥ lim =∞
=1
 →∞  →∞   →∞ 

4
since  1.

N


∞
35. (sin 100) is a geometric series with first term  = sin 100 [≈ −0506] and ratio  = sin 100. Since ||  1, the series
=1

sin 100
converges to ≈ −0336.
1 − sin 100


∞ 1 1 1
36.  2  diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim  2  = = 1 6= 0.
=1 1+ 3
→∞ 1+ 3
1+0

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 979
 2 
∞  +1
37. ln diverges by the Test for Divergence since
=1 22 + 1
 2   
 +1 2 + 1
lim  = lim ln = ln lim = ln 12 6= 0.
→∞ →∞ 22 + 1 →∞ 22 + 1

∞ ∞    0
√ 1 1 1
38. ( 2)− = √ is a geometric series with first term  = √ = 1 and ratio  = √ . Since ||  1, the
=0 =0
2 2 2
√
1 2
series converges to √ = √ ≈ 3414.
1 − 1 2 2−1

LE

∞
39. arctan  diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim  = lim arctan  = 
2
6= 0.
=1 →∞ →∞

 

∞ 3 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
40. + diverges because =2 diverges. (If it converged, then · 2 would also converge by
=1 5  =1  =1  2 =1 

SA
∞ 1
Theorem 8(i), but we know from Example 9 that the harmonic series diverges.) If the given series converges, then the
=1 
 

∞ 3 2 ∞ 3 ∞ 3 ∞ 2
difference + − must converge (since is a convergent geometric series) and equal , but
=1 5  =1 5

=1 5

=1 

∞ 2
we have just seen that diverges, so the given series must also diverge.
R
=1 

 
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1 1
41. = is a geometric series with first term  = and ratio  = . Since || =  1, the series converges
FO


=1  =1    

1 1  1 ∞ 1
to = · = . By Example 8, = 1. Thus, by Theorem 8(ii),
1 − 1 1 − 1  −1 =1 ( + 1)
 
∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 
∞ 1 1 1 −1 

+ = 
+ = +1 = + = .
=1  ( + 1) =1  =1 ( + 1) −1 −1 −1 −1
T

∞    H  H 
42. 2
diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim  = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim = lim = ∞ 6= 0.
=1  →∞ →∞  →∞  →∞ 2 →∞ 2
O

2 
∞
43. Using partial fractions, the partial sums of the series are
2 − 1 =2
 
N

 2  1 1
 = = −
=2 ( − 1)( + 1) =2 −1 +1
         
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− + − + − + ··· + − + −
3 2 4 3 5 −3 −1 −2 

1 1 1
This sum is a telescoping series and  = 1 +
− − .
2 −1 
 
∞ 2 1 1 1 3
Thus, 2
= lim  = lim 1 + − − = .
=2  − 1 →∞ →∞ 2 −1  2

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

980 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES


∞ 
44. For the series ln ,
=1 +1
 = (ln 1 − ln 2) + (ln 2 − ln 3) + (ln 3 − ln 4) + · · · + [ln  − ln( + 1)] = ln 1 − ln( + 1) = − ln( + 1)
[telescoping series]
Thus, lim  = −∞, so the series is divergent.
→∞

 

∞ 3  3  1 1
45. For the series ,  = = − [using partial fractions]. The latter sum is
=1 ( + 3) =1 ( + 3) =1  +3
               
1 − 14 + 12 − 15 + 13 − 16 + 14 − 17 + · · · + −31
− 1 +  1−2 −  + 1
1
+ 1
−1
− 1
+2
+ 1 − 1
+3

=1+ 1
+ 1
− 1
− 1
− 1
[telescoping series]

LE
2 3  +1 +2 +3


∞ 3  
Thus, = lim  = lim 1 + 1
2
+ 1
3
− 1
 +1
− 1
+2
− 1
+3
=1+ 1
2
+ 1
3
= 11
6
. Converges
=1 ( + 3) →∞ →∞

∞  
1 1
46. For the series √ −√

SA
=4
 +1
       
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 = √ −√ = √ −√ + √ −√ + ··· + √ − √ = √ −√
=4  +1 4 5 5 6  +1 4 +1
[telescoping series]
∞    
1 1 1 1 1 1
Thus, √ −√ = lim  = lim √ − √ = √ − 0 = . Converges
=4
 +1 →∞ →∞ 4 +1 4 2
R
∞ 
 
47. For the series 1 − 1(+1) ,
=1
FO


    
 = 1 − 1(+1) = (1 − 12 ) + (12 − 13 ) + · · · + 1 − 1(+1) =  − 1(+1)
=1
[telescoping series]
∞ 
   
Thus, 1 − 1(+1) = lim  = lim  − 1(+1) =  − 0 =  − 1. Converges
=1 →∞ →∞

1 
∞
48. Using partial fractions, the partial sums of the series are
T

3 −
=2
   
 1  1 12 12 1  1 2 1
 = = − + + = − +
O

=2 ( − 1)( + 1) =2  −1 +1 2 =2  − 1  +1

       
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= − + + − + + − + + − + + ···
2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
N

     
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
+ − + + − + + − +
−3 −2 −1 −2 −1  −1  +1
Note: In three consecutive expressions in parentheses, the 3rd term in the first expression plus
the 2nd term in the second expression plus the 1st term in the third expression sum to 0.
 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
= − + + − + = − +
2 1 2 2   +1 4 2 2 + 2
 

∞ 1 1 1 1 1
Thus, 3 −
= lim  = lim − + = .
=2  →∞ →∞ 4 2 2 + 2 4

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 981

49. (a) Many people would guess that   1, but note that  consists of an infinite number of 9s.

9 9 9 9 ∞ 9
(b)  = 099999    = + + + + ··· = 
, which is a geometric series with 1 = 09 and
10 100 1000 10,000 =1 10

09 09
 = 01. Its sum is = = 1, that is,  = 1.
1 − 01 09

(c) The number 1 has two decimal representations, 100000    and 099999    .

(d) Except for 0, all rational numbers that have a terminating decimal representation can be written in more than one way. For

example, 05 can be written as 049999    as well as 050000    .

LE
50. 1 = 1,  = (5 − )−1 ⇒ 2 = (5 − 2)1 = 3(1) = 3, 3 = (5 − 3)2 = 2(3) = 6, 4 = (5 − 4)3 = 1(6) = 6,


∞ 
4
5 = (5 − 5)4 = 0, and all succeeding terms equal 0. Thus,  =  = 1 + 3 + 6 + 6 = 16.
=1 =1

SA
8 8 8 1  810 8
51. 08 = + 2 + · · · is a geometric series with  = and  = . It converges to = = .
10 10 10 10 1− 1 − 110 9

46 46 46 1  46100 46
52. 046 = + + · · · is a geometric series with  = and  = . It converges to = = .
100 1002 100 100 1− 1 − 1100 99

516 516 516 516 516 1

R
53. 2516 = 2 + + 6 + · · · . Now 3 + 6 + · · · is a geometric series with  = 3 and  = 3 . It converges to
103 10 10 10 10 10

 516103 516103 516 516 2514 838

= = = . Thus, 2516 = 2 + = = .
FO

1− 1 − 1103 999103 999 999 999 333

35 35 35 35 35 1
54. 10135 = 101 + + 5 + · · · . Now 3 + 5 + · · · is a geometric series with  = 3 and  = 2 . It converges
103 10 10 10 10 10

 35103 35103 35 35 9999 + 35 10,034 5017

to = 2
= = . Thus, 10135 = 101 + = = = .
1− 1 − 110 99102 990 990 990 990 495
T

567 567 567 567 567

55. 1234567 = 1234 + + 9 + · · · . Now 6 + 9 + · · · is a geometric series with  = 6 and
106 10 10 10 10
O

1  567106 567106 567 21

= . It converges to = = = = . Thus,
103 1− 1 − 1103 999103 999,000 37,000

21 1234 21 45,658 21 45,679

.
N

1234567 = 1234 + = + = + =
37,000 1000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000

71,358 71,358 71,358 71,358 71,358

56. 571358 = 5 + + + · · · . Now + + · · · is a geometric series with  = and
105 1010 105 1010 105

1  71,358105 71,358105 71,358 23,786

= 5
. It converges to = 5
= = = . Thus,
10 1− 1 − 110 99,999105 99,999 33,333

23,786 166,665 23,786 190,451

571358 = 5 + = + = .
33,333 33,333 33,333 33,333

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

982 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES


∞ 
∞
57. (−5)  = (−5) is a geometric series with  = −5, so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔
=1 =1

 −5 −5
|−5|  1 ⇔ ||  15 , that is, − 15    15 . In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − (−5) 1 + 5


∞
58. ( + 2) is a geometric series with  =  + 2, so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔ | + 2|  1 ⇔
=1

 +2 +2
−1   + 2  1 ⇔ −3    −1. In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − ( + 2) − − 1

∞ ( − 2)
 
 ∞ −2 −2
59. = is a geometric series with  = , so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔

LE
3 3 3
=0 =0
 
 − 2 −2
 
 3   1 ⇔ −1  3  1 ⇔ −3   − 2  3 ⇔ −1    5. In that case, the sum of the series is

 1 1 3
= = = .

SA
1− −2 3 − ( − 2) 5−
1−
3 3

∞ 
∞
60. (−4) ( − 5) = [−4( − 5)] is a geometric series with  = −4( − 5), so the series converges ⇔
=0 =0

4 .
||  1 ⇔ |−4( − 5)|  1 ⇔ | − 5|  1
4 ⇔ − 14   − 5  1
4 ⇔ 19
4  21
In that case, the sum of

 1 1
R
the series is = = .
1− 1 − [−4( − 5)] 4 − 19
   
∞ 2 ∞ 2 2 2
FO

61. 
= is a geometric series with  = , so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔    1 ⇔
=0  =0   

 1 
2  || ⇔   2 or   −2. In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − 2 −2

∞ sin 
 
 ∞ sin  sin 
62. 
= is a geometric series with  = , so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔
=0 3 =0 3 3
T

 
 sin    1 3
 
 3   1 ⇔ |sin |  3, which is true for all . Thus, the sum of the series is 1 −  = 1 − (sin )3 = 3 − sin  .
O


∞ 
∞
63.  = ( ) is a geometric series with  =  , so the series converges ⇔ ||  1 ⇔ | |  1 ⇔
=0 =0
N

 1
−1    1 ⇔ 0    1 ⇔   0. In that case, the sum of the series is = .
1− 1 − 
 
1 1
64. Because → 0 and ln is continuous, we have lim ln 1 + = ln 1 = 0.
 →∞ 
   
∞ 1 
∞ +1 ∞
We now show that the series ln 1 + = ln = [ln( + 1) − ln ] diverges.
=1  =1  =1

 = (ln 2 − ln 1) + (ln 3 − ln 2) + · · · + (ln( + 1) − ln ) = ln( + 1) − ln 1 = ln( + 1)

As  → ∞,  = ln( + 1) → ∞, so the series diverges.

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 983

65. After defining , We use convert(f,parfrac); in Maple, Apart in Mathematica, or Expand Rational and

32 + 3 + 1 1 1
Simplify in Derive to find that the general term is = 3 − . So the nth partial sum is
(2 + )3  ( + 1)3
       
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 = 3
− = 1 − + − + · · · + − =1−
=1  ( + 1)3 23 23 33 3 ( + 1)3 ( + 1)3

The series converges to lim  = 1. This can be confirmed by directly computing the sum using
→∞

sum(f,n=1..infinity); (in Maple), Sum[f,{n,1,Infinity}] (in Mathematica), or Calculus Sum

(from 1 to ∞) and Simplify (in Derive).

66. See Exercise 65 for specific CAS commands.

LE
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − − + . So the th partial sum is
5 − 53 + 4 24( − 2) 24( + 2) 6( − 1) 6( + 1) 4
 
1   1 4 6 4 1
 = − + − +
24 =3  − 2 −1  +1 +2

SA
   
1 1 4 6 4 1 1 4 6 4 1
= − + − + + ··· + − + − +
24 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1  +1 +2
The terms with denominator 5 or greater cancel, except for a few terms with  in the denominator. So as  → ∞,
   
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1
 → − + − = = .
24 1 2 3 4 24 4 96
R
67. For  = 1, 1 = 0 since 1 = 0. For   1,
−1 ( − 1) − 1 ( − 1) − ( + 1)( − 2) 2
 =  − −1 = − = =
FO

+1 ( − 1) + 1 ( + 1) ( + 1)


∞ 1 − 1
Also,  = lim  = lim = 1.
=1 →∞ →∞ 1 + 1

68. 1 = 1 = 3 − 1
2
= 52 . For  6= 1,
     −1 2 2( − 1)  −2
 =  − −1 = 3 − 2− − 3 − ( − 1)2−(−1) = −  + −1 · = −  =
T

2 2 2 2 2 2
∞    H 1
Also,  = lim  = lim 3 −  = 3 because lim  = lim  = 0.
2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 ln 2
O

=1 →∞ →∞

69. (a) The quantity of the drug in the body after the first tablet is 100 mg. After the second tablet, there is 100 mg plus 20% of

the first 100-mg tablet; that is, 100 + 020(100) = 120 mg. After the third tablet, the quantity is 100 + 020(120) or,
N

equivalently, 100 + 100(020) + 100(020)2 . Either expression gives us 124 mg.

(b) From part (a), we see that +1 = 100 + 020  .

(c)  = 100 + 100(020)1 + 100(020)2 + · · · + 100(020)−1


= 100(020)−1 [geometric with  = 100 and  = 020].
=1

100 100
The quantity of the antibiotic that remains in the body in the long run is lim  = = = 125 mg.
→∞ 1 − 020 45

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

984 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

70. (a) The concentration of the drug after the first injection is 15 mgL. “Reduced by 90%” is the same as 10% remains, so the

concentration after the second injection is 15 + 010(15) = 165 mgL. The concentration after the third injection is

15 + 010(165), or, equivalently, 15 + 15(010) + 15(010)2 . Either expression gives us 1665 mgL.

(b)  = 15 + 15(010)1 + 15(010)2 + · · · + 15(010)−1


= 15(010)−1 [geometric with  = 15 and  = 010].
=1

15[1 − (010) ] 15 5

By (3),  = = [1 − (010) ] = [1 − (010) ] mgL.
1 − 010 09 3

LE
(c) The limiting value of the concentration is lim  = lim 5
[1 − (010) ] = 53 (1 − 0) = 5
mgL.
→∞ →∞ 3 3

71. (a) The quantity of the drug in the body after the first tablet is 150 mg. After the second tablet, there is 150 mg plus 5%

of the first 150- mg tablet, that is, [150 + 150(005)] mg. After the third tablet, the quantity is

SA
[150 + 150(005) + 150(005)2 ] = 157875 mg. After  tablets, the quantity (in mg) is

150(1 − 005 ) 3000

150 + 150(005) + · · · + 150(005)−1 . We can use Formula 3 to write this as = (1 − 005 ).
1 − 005 19
 3000 
(b) The number of milligrams remaining in the body in the long run is lim 19
(1 − 005 ) = 3000
19
(1 − 0) ≈ 157895,
→∞
R
only 002 mg more than the amount after 3 tablets.

72. (a) The residual concentration just before the second injection is − ; before the third, − + −2 ; before the
FO

 
− 1 − −
( + 1)st,  −
+  −2
+ · · · +  −
. This sum is equal to [Formula 3].
1 − −
 
− 1 − − − (1 − 0)  
(b) The limiting pre-injection concentration is lim −
= ·  =  .
→∞ 1− 1 − −   −1

    
T

(c) ≥ ⇒  ≥   − 1 , so the minimal dosage is  =   − 1 .

 − 1
O

73. (a) The first step in the chain occurs when the local government spends  dollars. The people who receive it spend a

fraction  of those  dollars, that is,  dollars. Those who receive the  dollars spend a fraction  of it, that is,

2 dollars. Continuing in this way, we see that the total spending after  transactions is
N

(1 −  )
 =  +  + 2 + · · · + –1 = by (3).
1−

(1 −  )    
(b) lim  = lim = lim (1 −  ) = since 0    1 ⇒ lim  = 0
→∞ →∞ 1− 1 −  →∞ 1− →∞


= [since  +  = 1] =  [since  = 1]

If  = 08, then  = 1 −  = 02 and the multiplier is  = 1 = 5.

c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 985

74. (a) Initially, the ball falls a distance , then rebounds a distance , falls , rebounds 2 , falls 2 , etc. The total
distance it travels is
    
 + 2 + 22  + 23  + · · · =  1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + · · · =  1 + 2 1 +  + 2 + · · ·
    
1 1+
=  1 + 2 = meters
1− 1−

(b) From Example 3 in Section 2.1, we know that a ball falls 12 2 meters in  seconds, where  is the gravitational

acceleration. Thus, a ball falls  meters in  = 2 seconds. The total travel time in seconds is
    
2 2 2 2 2 3 2  √ √ 2 √ 3 

LE
+2 +2  +2  +··· = 1 +2  + 2  + 2  + ···
    

2  √  √ √ 2 
= 1 + 2  1 +  +  + ···

     √
2 √ 1 2 1 + 

SA
= 1+2  √ = √
 1−   1− 

(c) It will help to make a chart of the time for each descent and each rebound of the ball, together with the velocity just before

and just after each bounce. Recall that the time in seconds needed to fall  meters is 2. The ball hits the ground with
 √
velocity − 2 = − 2 (taking the upward direction to be positive) and rebounds with velocity
R
 √ 
 2 =  2, taking time  2 to reach the top of its bounce, where its velocity is 0. At that point,

its height is 2 . All these results follow from the formulas for vertical motion with gravitational acceleration −:
FO

2  
= − ⇒ = = 0 −  ⇒  = 0 + 0  − 12 2 .
2 

number of time of speed before speed after time of peak

descent descent bounce bounce ascent height
 √ √ 
1 2 2  2  2 2 
T

   
2 22  22   22   22  4 
   
3 24  24   24   24  6 
O

··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···

The total travel time in seconds is

N

     
2 2 2 2 2 2  
+ + + 2 + 2 + ··· = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + · · ·
     

2  
= 1 + 2(1 +  + 2 + · · · )

    
2 1 2 1 + 
= 1 + 2 =
 1−  1−

√
Another method: We could use part (b). At the top of the bounce, the height is 2  = , so  =  and the result follows
from part (b).

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

986 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES


∞
75. (1 + )− is a geometric series with  = (1 + )−2 and  = (1 + )−1 , so the series converges when
=2
 
(1 + )−1   1 ⇔ |1 + |  1 ⇔ 1 +   1 or 1 +   −1 ⇔   0 or   −2. We calculate the sum of the
 2  
(1 + )−2 1 1
series and set it equal to 2: =2 ⇔ =2−2 ⇔ 1 = 2(1 + )2 − 2(1 + ) ⇔
1 − (1 + )−1 1+ 1+
√ √ √
22 + 2 − 1 = 0 ⇔  = −2 ±
4
12
= ± 3−1
2
. However, the negative root is inadmissible because −2  − 3−1
2
 0.
√
So  = 3−1
2
.


∞ 
∞ 1 1

LE
76.  = ( ) is a geometric series with  = ( )0 = 1 and  =  . If   1, it has sum , so = 10 ⇒
=0 =0 1 −  1 − 
1
10 = 1 −  ⇒  = 9
10
9
⇒  = ln 10 .

1 1 1     
77.  = 1+ 2 + 3 +···+  = 1 12 13 · · · 1  (1 + 1) 1 + 1
1 + 13 · · · 1 + 1 [  1 + ]

SA
2

234 +1
= ··· =+1
123 
Thus,    + 1 and lim  = ∞. Since { } is increasing, lim  = ∞, implying that the harmonic series is
→∞ →∞

divergent.
R
78. The area between  = −1 and  =  for 0 ≤  ≤ 1 is
 1  1
 +1 1 1
(−1 −  )  = − = −
FO

0  +1 0  +1
( + 1) −  1
= =
( + 1) ( + 1)

We can see from the diagram that as  → ∞, the sum of the areas
between the successive curves approaches the area of the unit square,
T


∞ 1
that is, 1. So = 1.
=1  ( + 1)
O

79. Let  be the diameter of  . We draw lines from the centers of the  to
the center of  (or ), and using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can write
N

 2  2
12 + 1 − 12 1 = 1 + 12 1 ⇔
 2  2
1 = 1 + 12 1 − 1 − 12 1 = 21 [difference of squares] ⇒ 1 = 12 .

Similarly,
 2  2
1 = 1 + 12 2 − 1 − 1 − 12 2 = 22 + 21 − 21 − 1 2

= (2 − 1 )(1 + 2 ) ⇔

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 987

1 (1 − 1 )2  2  2 [1 − (1 + 2 )]2
2 = − 1 = , 1 = 1 + 12 3 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 12 3 ⇔ 3 = , and in general,
2 − 1 2 − 1 2 − (1 + 2 )
  2
1− =1  1 1
+1 =  . If we actually calculate 2 and 3 from the formulas above, we find that they are = and
2−  
=1  6 2 ·3

1 1 1
= respectively, so we suspect that in general,  = . To prove this, we use induction: Assume that for all
12 3·4 ( + 1)

1 1 1  1 
 ≤ ,  = = − . Then  = 1 − = [telescoping sum]. Substituting this into our
( + 1)  +1 =1 +1 +1
 2
 1
1−
( + 1)2

LE
+1 1
formula for +1 , we get +1 =   = = , and the induction is complete.
 +2 ( + 1)( + 2)
2−
+1 +1

Now, we observe that the partial sums  =1  of the diameters of the circles approach 1 as  → ∞; that is,

SA

∞ 
∞ 1
 = = 1, which is what we wanted to prove.
=1 =1 ( + 1)

80. || =  sin , || = || sin  =  sin2 , | | = || sin  =  sin3 ,    . Therefore,
 

∞
sin  
|| + || + | | + | | + · · · =  sin  =  since this is a geometric series with  = sin 
=1 1 − sin 
R
 
and |sin |  1 because 0    2 .
FO

81. The series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · · diverges (geometric series with  = −1) so we cannot say that

0 = 1 −1 + 1 −1 + 1 −1 + ···.


∞ 1 ∞ 1
82. If  is convergent, then lim  = 0 by Theorem 6, so lim 6= 0, and so is divergent by the Test for
=1 →∞ →∞  =1 

Divergence.
T

∞    ∞
83. =1  = lim =1  = lim  =1  =  lim =1  =  =1  , which exists by hypothesis.
→∞ →∞ →∞
O

   
84. If  were convergent, then (1)( ) =  would be also, by Theorem 8(i). But this is not the case, so 

must diverge.
N

  
85. Suppose on the contrary that ( +  ) converges. Then ( +  ) and  are convergent series. So by
  
Theorem 8(iii), [( +  ) −  ] would also be convergent. But [( +  ) −  ] =  , a contradiction, since

 is given to be divergent.

     
86. No. For example, take  =  and  = (−), which both diverge, yet ( +  ) = 0, which converges

with sum 0.

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

988 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

87. The partial sums { } form an increasing sequence, since  − −1 =   0 for all . Also, the sequence { } is bounded

since  ≤ 1000 for all . So by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, the sequence of partial sums converges, that is, the series

 is convergent.

1 1  +1 −  −1 +1 − −1 (−1 +  ) − −1 1

88. (a) RHS = − = = = = = LHS
−1   +1 2 −1 +1  −1 +1  −1 +1 −1 +1

 

∞ 1 ∞ 1 1
(b) = − [from part (a)]
=2 −1 +1 =2 −1   +1
       

LE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim − + − + − + ··· + −
→∞ 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 −1   +1
 
1 1 1 1
= lim − = −0 = = 1 because  → ∞ as  → ∞.
→∞ 1 2  +1 1 2 1·1

SA
 

∞  ∞  
(c) = − [as above]
=2 −1 +1 =2 −1   +1
 
∞ 1 1
= −
=2 −1 +1
         
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim − + − + − + − + ··· + −
1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 −1 +1
R
→∞

 
1 1 1 1
= lim + − − = 1 + 1 − 0 − 0 = 2 because  → ∞ as  → ∞.
→∞ 1 2  +1
FO

1  1 
89. (a) At the first step, only the interval 2
3 3
(length 13 ) is removed. At the second step, we remove the intervals 2
9 9
and
7   2  3
8
9 9
, which have a total length of 2 · 13 . At the third step, we remove 22 intervals, each of length 13 . In general,
 1   1   2 −1
at the nth step we remove 2−1 intervals, each of length 3
, for a length of 2−1 · 3
= 1
3 3
. Thus, the total
T


∞  2 −1 13  
length of all removed intervals is 1
3 3 = 1 − 23 = 1 geometric series with  = 1
3 and  = 2
3
. Notice that at
=1
 1   2  
O

the th step, the leftmost interval that is removed is 3

 3 , so we never remove 0, and 0 is in the Cantor set. Also,
     
the rightmost interval removed is 1 − 23  1 − 13 , so 1 is never removed. Some other numbers in the Cantor set
N

are 13 , 23 , 19 , 29 , 79 , and 89 .

 1 2  1 3
(b) The area removed at the first step is 19 ; at the second step, 8 · 9
; at the third step, (8)2 · 9
. In general, the area
 1   8 −1
removed at the th step is (8)−1 9
= 1
9 9
, so the total area of all removed squares is
 −1
∞ 1 8 19
= = 1.
=1 9 9 1 − 89

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°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

 SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 989

90. (a)
1 1 2 4 1 1 1000
2 2 3 1 4 1000 1
3 15 25 25 25 5005 5005
4 175 275 175 325 75025 25075
5 1625 2625 2125 2875 625375 375625
6 16875 26875 19375 30625 687813 313188
7 165625 265625 203125 296875 656594 344406
8 167188 267188 198438 301563 672203 328797
9 166406 266406 200781 299219 664398 336602
10 166797 266797 199609 300391 668301 332699

LE
11 166602 266602 200195 299805 666350 334650
12 166699 266699 199902 300098 667325 333675

The limits seem to be 53 , 83 , 2, 3, 667, and 334. Note that the limits appear to be “weighted” more toward 2 . In general, we

SA
1 + 22
guess that the limit is .
3
 
(b) +1 −  = 12 ( + −1 ) −  = − 12 ( − −1 ) = − 12 12 (−1 + −2 ) − −1
   −1
= − 12 − 12 (−1 − −2 ) = · · · = − 12 (2 − 1 )

Note that we have used the formula  = 12 (−1 + −2 ) a total of  − 1 times in this calculation, once for each 
R
between 3 and  + 1. Now we can write

 = 1 + (2 − 1 ) + (3 − 2 ) + · · · + (−1 − −2 ) + ( − −1 )

FO


−1 
−1 −1
= 1 + (+1 −  ) = 1 + − 12 (2 − 1 )
=1 =1

and so
∞ 
 
 −1 1 1 + 22
lim  = 1 + (2 − 1 ) − 12 = 1 + (2 − 1 ) = 1 + 23 (2 − 1 ) = .
→∞ =1 1 − (−12) 3
T


∞  1 1 1 2 5 5 3 23
91. (a) For , 1 = = , 2 = + = , 3 = + = ,
=1 ( + 1)! 1 · 2 2 2 1 · 2 · 3 6 6 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 24
O

23 4 119 ( + 1)! − 1
4 = + = . The denominators are ( + 1)!, so a guess would be  = .
24 1·2·3·4·5 120 ( + 1)!
N

1 2! − 1 ( + 1)! − 1
(b) For  = 1, 1 = = , so the formula holds for  = 1. Assume  = . Then
2 2! ( + 1)!

( + 1)! − 1 +1 ( + 1)! − 1 +1 ( + 2)! − ( + 2) +  + 1

+1 = + = + =
( + 1)! ( + 2)! ( + 1)! ( + 1)!( + 2) ( + 2)!
( + 2)! − 1
=
( + 2)!

Thus, the formula is true for  =  + 1. So by induction, the guess is correct.

 
( + 1)! − 1 1 
∞ 
(c) lim  = lim = lim 1 − = 1 and so = 1.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! →∞ ( + 1)! =1 ( + 1)!

c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°

FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY

990 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

92. Let 1 = radius of the large circle, 2 = radius of next circle, and so on.
From the figure we have ∠ = 60◦ and cos 60◦ = 1  ||, so
|| = 21 and || = 22 . Therefore, 21 = 1 + 2 + 22 ⇒

1 = 32 . In general, we have +1 = 3  ,

1
so the total area is
 
1 1 1
 = 12 + 322 + 332 + · · · = 12 + 322 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + · · ·
3 3 3
2 2 1 2 27 2
= 1 + 32 · = 1 + 8 2
1 − 19
1 tan 30◦ 1 1
Since the sides of the triangle have length 1, || = . Thus, 1 = 1
and tan 30◦ =
= √ ⇒ 2 = √ ,

LE
2
12 2 2 3 6 3
 2  2 √
1 27 1   11 3
so  =  √ + √ = + = . The area of the triangle is , so the circles occupy about 831%
2 3 8 6 3 12 32 96 4

of the area of the triangle.

SA
11.3 The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums

 2
1 1
1. The picture shows that 2 =  ,
213 13
R
1
 3  ∞
1 1 
∞ 1 1
3 =  , and so on, so  . The
313 2 13 =2 13 1 13
FO

integral converges by (7.8.2) with  = 13  1, so the series converges.

6 
5 
6 6
2. From the first figure, we see that 1
()    . From the second figure, we see that   1
 () . Thus, we
=1 =2


6 6 
5
have  .
T

  1
 ()  
=2 =1
O
N

3. The function  () = −3 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
 ∞      
−2 1 1 1
−3  = lim −3  = lim = lim − 2 + = .
1 →∞ 1 →∞ −2 1
→∞ 2 2 2


∞
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series −3 is also convergent by the Integral Test.
=1

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