Pana

Jhexmodynami cs Jind.
Kintic Jheroy Op bgses
SuoLEuMdung = ut Sude
Q= teat

Real Gya Tdsal Ga.

It dsesnet ebes
Feca e ttoctim No lgre d otuacdem
b<u gas Umeleuules betuseem qas meeule.
Intenai emug " Intemal'
usel as Petemtial
Intemal en

as velume.
Am ual qas cannet
be cenuetedunto be cemNeted mto inl
idenl gas uhan chex.
- atd at high temb.
 Isethemal Psuoces AT=0
Adiabatic Psoces
AP 0
Tsebaic Poes
ISocheic PhOceS V =0

Thuxmal Equilibxum
Tuo Systo ms Qu Saud to be in hema equilibi
at same temp thue me
erxchange o heat btuseem tham.
* Zeth Law

UMsulatod wott

1B’C honal equillbMm.

thun A=B=C- Thusnal tquiibkum.
* Fst Lan e Thuxnodynamits
This dau stotos that Q AU t AW
wR dene
Supp Intexmal

So, Py=ExAx. D
FxD =W]
 Page

Nst = Pitem

bismt= is ted to heat the engne batt

Nelume

enengt
* AAuMafen used in Thåxmodunamis i
by Sytam=tve
WguR dene em `ystm-ye
=tve
3 Heat quien to sysam.
Heat uleed bysystimVe
Decksale im unteunal emihgy
* IndicatEK aidgkam
diaon ushch dabtct the tatus ef the qas t, o
unstant .
Eg. Brxiagm, is ene e the uniate« diaguam.
Q.. wchy P-v diagam.
Pv= Ex AxD =ED =w8sk dene
(ms

dUSR dene F XD F da

WeuR dene
by gas
tB Shaded kegem
V Sim eTNeni tve

diagart.,
W8R dETeKg enthe ga = Ayeaumde
Las uelume u dicuasng] Pv geap
=Shadid uquen
Sun (ovetuen ve
= AntidocRuse
diagam
 0-l-0f=3x3
3X3-3 f=
Bemd lincax
umsieuie
, Lo gosatemic ti Fe
-5
=6-1
f:3xa-1.
,0,,N,
.. Lt,meleuude distemc
gas Fer
f=3
f=3x1-0
(a,2)
He,Ax,Ne,. vmeleculeu q03aLemuc menD fo
(bmd)
atem moN= uh
f3N-R FeLmulai
engy. the absgb com
Page
Date
 Page

Cendusien’P-v digam
GntidocaUSUE
fañd the wek done
qases?
LAB]
5
= t30 J

1. 2 3

the uwR dene le qases

Beause tte is no hange

Velume.

P
doBR deme em (A’8),,

g(c0)= -5x3 =-15J

WycA’0)= zeO
5

2 3 4

n, t ,t Wa t y = 60-15 2t 45J
Iptat wUR dene =
A
tve -ve
(lokusie ntidokus
d NCERT Q. Thomodynamuc SystumDdous takemEtoF.
. Calulat dhs
total uwG4R deme
600 (b) Dto to Fto D

5
150

() Fem Eto F.

NCERT Q. n electnic heatH Subplie heat to Q System t a.

Seate o lo0 W.I; Siystem olm wR ata wstu
15 joules beu Secemd. tuuhat eate us he utena
R
enHgy Serend,
In ene
uneaingI00?
Lw= 00J
1Sec
In 1Seemd
Q=tlo0I
W= t15J Lby the Sistem
Jow AU 00-45
 hew much is the mst heat abseh
Cals'ues,
Systen us 9 35 o cene y the System
bu the 3ystem us do y-19 J]?
-cd 1 al
L Take
n lat e case? AQ= 4-35 x4-9J
fhs Q =0 =39.1t65 J
wek done - 2.3J Usunq FiAA Lau
Fanst law

0 AU t (-43)
bath is Same
39-1165= 9a-3+ W
w= 39-1165- 83
w l6 8165J.

Ngte Take
"( = Shecic heat
mAT
"C=Heat
" [=
Cabacithy l=mc
MslaH Sheihc heat.

Lp ltonstant
Imele qas LConstant vglum
teri. hana by sunty mle gas
e

temb. ch ange b
Some
Heat quem= Heatqukm=Q
 Paga
Nete: ? dibemdi en ntuu
rmoleules
emgy dibenda en
.
tempenstuH.
Acedim to Bey's Laust
AT=0 Censtamt
AU=0
So, Py= Comutomt [PymRT
V.mp.
Ngt. Intemoal
emugy dsUNBt dabend. uten the unatne e
bath, but dahends uuben umutiol amd inal beint,

A’8’PathI ’JGAR dLenew

A>8’Path I ’ weR deme Wg

Path I - Path T Au= Same

dabemdy en the
unitiat omd
nal þontsaMe Some.

dhe State gas adiabotically

equibuAm
yem tate B
Chunging
equlibum State A to anth
9a"3T us deme gn he
to
equd State AtoB wia
heat (bsorb eol
mt
uuhuch the
 equipatition enegy ule
distibut
* Lawedaw Stabs that mee uendem amd aletmemt
This vaeus dugku. d
Qmong to each

Avaqads
Nmben
Thus emusagg is unteunal emeugyuJ

Ngta Rdlatiem betusem R,K andN is

ushae R = Gos censtant
Boltzmamn (natamt
N=
nULmbe,

, U,= fn xLRT, 01LT=Tembexah1su

AT=0
 /Data
Page

NERT 1shat meuMt cheat mt be

Siupplid to ax1o
Jhsusue? Mleula mas
R= B3T meK
e Ng=aa

nAT

x8-3 = 51 =99-05
Q= Lp XnxAT
9= 99. 05 x Xx6x 45 XID

=I30H9-5

Itiu tu ene im shich beALLe amd vslume hages but

temb. temaum Censtat .

lenditioms Jg Isothexmal PrOeSSI

PkDLess Shud be huoLed Sleuy.
hally Should be cemdlucimg .
hamqe in
mlting uree.
 diatomu amd touatemuc qascs.
Ly

"fer menoatemc qas = =3

Fe 1 mtle
4U= 3x1XRar

Lutece Ris qas temutantJ

Aso,

p5R

Ly= 5R

Lp = R
Censidae eme
Let de be
mele e LMayoe's Fymula
an udinl 903 0t
(enat omt
the heat Subpld to seie tha Vsume.
dlsing ut Lay
temk by

dQ =dä ’ )

Fxem () amd (a)

Cemsdor ne msle am udeol qas at (ntamt PAMUHO,

Let da' be the heat Subalid to aie the temb. by
dT.
Fuest Law

+Pdv

LpdT=
But Fem la)

l PV=RT LFerAmtlJ
daljxurtiata w:xt T,Kahing
LpdT- CdT = RdT P(Emstamt

So, Cp-Ly =R
Pdv=R
dT
 Page

Sunce H, diakemu gos

Pg =(axR,

* Heat emgine.
It is a dece uhich orwets heat enexgy umto mechami
-cal emes
a': hit emgne i
LIntal cembustun emgme.
d Eatexmal (embustim engne

Intenal. Cenbustem emgune It'is ene ün uothich uelshnt

Pebxel and Disel engine
yimdee, Eg.
=tu ene n ushïch ul ds
ttenat ermbustem engune Steam kngume.
Ssunt gutside the yndax, tg
 Page

A
N=Kvdv |-Y

-frtmt

|-Y

Since I iu moe than me So, adng -ve Sijntn

RHS.

N=
Y-
LnRI,- MRT,J

\-1

NCERT G.4 = t uyindes sth a

umarable faten centains 3melae
heat nSulatg an
 dV K
(emtamt [Py=
that weRew
Psuoes? Adiabatic dusung done WBR
mt amt. (omst
amt (est IY= V
mt (nRT
- P
Cenatamt V'= nÊI
m)Puta)
P a) MRI P=
Py'=0nstamt
’)
(emstnt
=
Constamt Tyi
cnt (enst PV= ynto
Paoes: Raiabtik Equnten
unSloted. be
Should valll
ast. wy shulg
be .puoLess
ng. Pes: Adiabatie (onditnle
tenp ond. olumne þtUe, uchuch, imeme Is It
Puocess Adiabatuc
 uatien Fo Is ethexmal PAo ces &
kq
he Rnsw that , Pv=(estamt So
Censt amt

Isethemal buoes*
lx Eng tht ,
Pdy

Py=mRI: P=nRT
V
W= MRI

Sune P,=P,V
Sow=303 mRT
 Page

at C. I Oem temp. is 36C, caiulate the

coli urt
Ty= qC=9t213 K = a8ak
I, = 36C =36tA13 K= 309K

10-4
309-489
ügexats« entes ent SiFTk
amee Subst
Seme bydene Souce
T
weuR
s Hee,
Rump] LHeat Relzigzxatt +
Kelum. um
shauld
be amdIg I,that þuMameteu
, Impe«tamt Net:
Lawe huinähl
eh the enekRmgune Heat Net:
tump. the uhen dabemdsSumk. t u and seusce
engine hut iieny Net:
)-0-0G
o.02 *-
Thuey enqine thotlaunotþued is It
 Poalemance lp) 4 Rcgigoate
Godjiciont y

B
T-T

Notai .dwuny usth

That

In a
naiquats , thu
uOkan
am amout e heat , Q9 om dhe coinl
Substamce absebs
GUsoveÜe tenp.
Seme. ertonad agme La
(ombxAgH hump auiveÝn by
heat Q to Souse at
temp:T,.
n domesti.
amd ice (emstitute the
Gmd the Succicundng act as het

suPun Substans.
 Pauts c hect Engine ytnHba
1 Seuce = It is a hcat seSCLvTL heat cam he
unhte heat cabaty. fmy amgumt
extuactes em SguHcl thut changng
Substamce = It L a nateual chih hect

seuMCe, þesemu Seme weR md succt the

kem
dumewing heat to the SinR.
3. Snk = It is a heat suseeuciu at AUAe It hay
unteheat cabartiy , fuy amgumt ol heat com be aided

00J

|Substüm

Sink Ta
iagam.