C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Worksheet A

1 Express each of the following in the form loga b = c.

a 103 = 1000 b 34 = 81 c 256 = 28 d 70 = 1
− 15 3
e 3−3 = 1
27
f 32 = 1
2
g 191 = 19 h 216 = 36 2

2 Express each of the following using index notation.

a log5 125 = 3 b log2 16 = 4 c 5 = log10 100 000 d log23 1 = 0
e 1
2
= log9 3 f lg 0.01 = −2 g log2 1
8
= −3 h log6 6 = 1

3 Without using a calculator, find the exact value of

a log7 49 b log4 64 c log2 128 d log3 27
1
e log5 625 f log8 8 g log7 1 h log15 15

1
i log3 9
j lg 0.001 k log16 2 l log4 8
1
m log9 243 n log100 0.001 o log25 125 p log27 9

4 Without using a calculator, find the exact value of x in each case.

a log5 25 = x b log2 x = 6 c logx 64 = 3 d lg x = −3
e logx 16 = 2
3
f log5 1 = x g logx 9 = 1 h lg 1012 = x
i 2 logx 7 = 1 j log4 x = 1.5 k logx 0.1 = − 13 l 3 log8 x + 1 = 0

5 Express in the form loga n

a loga 4 + loga 7 b loga 10 − loga 5 c 2 loga 6
d loga 9 − loga 1
3
e 1
2
loga 25 + 2 loga 3 f loga 48 − 3 loga 2 − 1
2
loga 9

6 Express in the form p logq x

1
a logq x5 b 1
2
logq x15 c logq d logq 3
x
x
1 1 1
e 4 logq f logq x2 + logq x5 g logq + loqq h 3 logq x2 − 1
2
logq x4
x x2 x3

7 Express in the form lg n

a lg 5 + lg 4 b lg 12 − lg 6 c 3 lg 2 d 4 lg 3 − lg 9
e 1
2
lg 16 − 1
5
lg 32 f 1 + lg 11 g lg 1
50
+2 h 3 − lg 40

8 Without using a calculator, evaluate

a log3 54 − log3 2 b log5 20 + log5 1.25 c log2 16 + log3 27
d log6 24 + log6 9 e log3 12 − log3 4 f log4 18 − log4 9
g log9 4 + log9 0.25 h 2 lg 2 + lg 25 i 1
3
log3 8 − log3 18
j 1
3
log4 64 + 2 log5 25 k 1
2
log5 ( 1 169 ) + 2 log5 10 l log3 5 − 2 log3 6 − log3 (3 34 )
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Worksheet B

1 Express in the form p log10 a + q log10 b

a3
a log10 ab b log10 ab7 c log10 d log10 a b
b
1 a2
e log10 (ab)2 f log10 g log10 a 3b 5 h 3 log10
ab 3
b

2 Given that y = logq 8, express each of the following in terms of y.

16
a logq 64 b logq 2 c logq d logq 4q3
q

3 Given that a = lg 2 and b = lg 3, express each of the following in terms of a and b.

a lg 18 b lg 96 c lg 9
16
d lg 6 − lg 8

e lg 6 f 3
2
lg 16 + 1
2
lg 81 g 4 lg 3 − 3 lg 6 h lg 60 + lg 20 − 2

4 Without using a calculator, evaluate

a 1
3
log5 1000 − 1
2
log5 4 b 2 log12 4 + 1
2
log12 81 c log4 12 + log4 2
3

log 7 81 log11 25
d e 3 log27 12 − 2 log27 72 f
log 7 3 log11 15

5 Solve each equation, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures.

a log3 x = 1.8 b log5 x = −0.3 c log8 (x − 3) = 2.1
1
d log4 ( x + 1) = 3.2
2
e 15 − log2 3y = 9.7 f log6 (1 − 5t) + 4.2 = 3.6

6 Express in the form log2 [f(x)]

a 5 log2 x b log2 x + log2 (x + 4) c 2 log2 x + 1
5
log2 x5

d 3 log2 (x − 2) − 4 log2 x e log2 (x2 − 1) − log2 (x + 1) f log2 x − 1

2
log2 x4 + 1
3
log2 x2

7 Solve each of the following equations.

3
a log3 x + log3 5 = log3 (2x + 3) b log9 x + log9 10 = 2

c log4 x − log4 (x − 1) = log4 3 + 1

2
d log5 5x − log5 (x + 2) = log5 (x + 6) − log5 x
1
e 2 log6 x = log6 (2x − 5) + log6 5 f log7 4x = log7 +1
x−6

8 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations.

a logx y = 2 b log5 x − 2 log5 y = log5 2
xy = 27 x + y2 = 12
c log2 x = 3 − 2 log2 y d logy x = 3
2
1 1
logy 32 = − 52 x 3 + 3y 2 = 20
1
e loga x + loga 3 = 2
loga y f log10 y + 2 log10 x = 3
3x + y = 20 log2 y − log2 x = 3
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Worksheet C

1 Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of

a log10 60 b log10 6 c log10 253 d log10 0.4

2 Solve each equation, giving your answers to 2 decimal places.

a 10x = 14 b 2(10x) − 8 = 0 c 103x = 49
d 10x − 4 = 23 e 102x + 1 = 130 f 100x − 5 = 0

log c b
3 Show that loga b = , where a, b and c are positive constants.
log c a

4 Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of

a log2 7 b log20 172 c log5 49 d log9 4

5 Solve each equation, giving your answers to 3 significant figures.

1x
a 3x = 12 b 2x = 0.7 c 8−y = 3 d 4 2 − 0.3 = 0
e 5t + 3 = 24 f 16 − 34 + x = 0 g 72x + 4 = 12 h 5(23x + 1) = 62
i 42 − 3x = 32.7 j 5x = 6x − 1 k 7y + 2 = 9 y + 1 l 45 − x = 112x − 1
1x +3
m 42 − 51 − 2x = 0 n 23y − 2 = 32y + 5 o 72x + 5 = 7(113x − 4) p 32x = 3x − 1 × 24 + x

6 Solve the following equations, giving your answers to 2 decimal places where appropriate.
a 22x + 2x − 6 = 0 b 32x − 5(3x) + 4 = 0 c 52x + 12 = 8(5x)
d 2(4x) + 3(4−x) = 7 e 22y + 1 + 7(2y) − 15 = 0 f 32x + 1 − 17(3x) + 10 = 0
g 25t + 5t + 1 − 24 = 0 h 32x + 1 + 15 = 2(3x + 2) i 3(16x) − 4x + 2 + 5 = 0

7 Sketch each pair of curves on the same diagram, showing the coordinates of any points of
intersection with the coordinate axes.
a y = 2x b y = 3x c y = 4x d y = 2x
y = 5x y = ( 13 )x y = 4x − 1 y = 2x + 3

8 A curve has the equation y = 2 + ax where a is a constant and a > 1.

a Sketch the curve, showing the coordinates of any points of intersection with the coordinate
axes and the equations of any asymptotes.
Given also that the curve passes through the point (3, 29),
b find the value of a.

9 y
y = 2x − 5

O B x

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 2x − 5 which intersects the coordinate axes at the
points A and B. Find the length AB correct to 3 significant figures.
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Worksheet D

1 Given that a = log10 2 and b = log10 3, find expressions in terms of a and b for
a log10 1.5, (2)
b log10 24, (2)
c log10 150. (3)

2 Find, to an appropriate degree of accuracy, the values of x for which

a 4 log3 x − 5 = 0, (2)
3
b log3 x − 5 log3 x = 4. (3)

3 a Given that p = log2 q, find expressions in terms of p for

i log2 q,
ii log2 8q. (4)
b Solve the equation
log2 8q − log2 q = log3 9. (3)

4 An initial investment of £1000 is placed into a savings account that offers 2.2% interest
every 3 months. The amount of money in the account, £P, at the end of t years is given by
P = 1000 × 1.0224t
Find, to the nearest year, how long it will take for the investment to double in value. (4)

5 y

y = ( 13 )x − 4

O x

y=k

The diagram shows the curve with equation y = ( 13 )x − 4.

a Write down the coordinates of the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. (1)
The curve has an asymptote with equation y = k.
b Write down the value of the constant k. (1)
c Find the x-coordinate of the point where the curve crosses the x-axis. (3)

6 a Solve the equation

log3 (x + 1) − log3 (x − 2) = 1. (3)
b Find, in terms of logarithms to the base 10, the exact value of x such that
32x + 1 = 2x − 4. (3)

7 a Given that t = 2x, write down expressions in terms of t for

i 2 x − 1,
ii 22x + 1. (3)
b Hence solve the equation
22x + 1 − 14(2x − 1) + 6 = 0. (5)
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Worksheet D continued

8 Find the values of x for which

a log2 (3x + 5) + log5 125 = 7, (3)
b log2 (x + 1) = 5 − log2 (3x − 1). (5)

x
9 Given that loga (x + 4) = loga + loga 5,
4
and that loga (y + 2) = loga 12 − loga (y + 1),
where y > 0, find
a the value of x, (3)
b the value of y, (4)
c the value of the logarithm of x to the base y. (2)

10 A colony of fast-breeding fish is introduced into a large, newly-built pond. The number of
fish in the pond, n, after t weeks is modelled by
18000
n= .
1 + 8c −t
a Find the initial number of fish in the pond. (2)
Given that there are 3600 fish in the pond after 3 weeks, use this model to
b show that c = 3 2 , (3)
c find the time taken for the initial population of fish to double in size, giving your
answer to the nearest day. (4)

11 a Given that y = log8 x, find expressions in terms of y for

i log8 x2,
ii log2 x. (4)
b Hence, or otherwise, find the value of x such that
3 log8 x2 + log2 x = 6. (3)

12 Solve the simultaneous equations

log2 y = log2 (3 − 2x) + 1
1
log4 x + log4 y = 2
(8)

13 a Sketch on the same diagram the curves y = 2x + 1 and y = ( 12 )x, showing the
coordinates of any points where each curve meets the coordinate axes. (4)
Given that the curves y = 2x + 1 and y = ( 12 )x intersect at the point A,
b show that the x-coordinate of A is a solution of the equation
22x + 2x − 1 = 0, (2)
1
c hence, show that the y-coordinate of A is 2
( 5 + 1). (4)

14 a Show that x = 1 is a solution of the equation

23x − 4(22x) + 2x + 6 = 0. (I) (1)
x
b Show that using the substitution u = 2 , equation (I) can be written as
u3 − 4u2 + u + 6 = 0. (2)
c Hence find the other real solution of equation (I) correct to 3 significant figures. (7)
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet A

1 a log10 1000 = 3 b log3 81 = 4 c log2 256 = 8 d log7 1 = 0

e log3 1
27
= −3 f log32 1
2
= − 15 g log19 19 = 1 h log36 216 = 3
2

2 a 53 = 125 b 24 = 16 c 105 = 100 000 d 230 = 1

1
e 92 = 3 f 10−2 = 0.01 g 2−3 = 1
8
h 61 = 6

3 a = log7 72 b = log4 43 c = log2 27 d = log3 33

=2 =3 =7 =3
e = log5 54 f = log8 81 g = log7 70 h = log15 15−1
=4 =1 =0 = −1
1 3
i = log3 3−2 j = lg 10−3 k = log16 16 4 l = log4 4 2
= −2 = −3 = 14 = 32
5 − 32 3 − 23
m = log9 9 2 n = log100 100 o = log25 25 2 p = log27 27
= 52 = − 32 = 32 = − 23

4 a 5x = 25 b 26 = x c x3 = 64 d 10−3 = x
1
x=2 x = 64 x=4 x = 1000
2
e x 3 = 16 f 5x = 1 g x1 = 9 h 10x = 1012
x = 64 x=0 x=9 x = 12
− 13
i logx 7 = 1
2
j 41.5 = x k x = 0.1 l log8 x = − 13
1 −1
x2 = 7 x=8 x = 1000 8 3 =x
x = 49 x = 12

5 a = loga (4 × 7) b = loga (10 ÷ 5) c = loga 62

= loga 28 = loga 2 = loga 36
1 1
d = loga (9 ÷ 1
3
) e = loga 25 2 + loga 32 f = loga 48 − loga 23 − loga 9 2
= loga 27 = loga 5 + loga 9 = loga 48 − loga 8 − loga 3
= loga (5 × 9) = loga [48 ÷ (8 × 3)]
= loga 45 = loga 2

1
6 a = 5 logq x b = 15
2
logq x c = logq x−1 d = logq x 3
= −logq x = 1
3
logq x
−1
e = 4 logq x 2 f = 2 logq x + 5 logq x g = logq x−2 + logq x−3 h = 6 logq x − 2 logq x
= −2 logq x = 7 logq x = −2 logq x − 3 logq x = 4 logq x
= −5 logq x
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet A page 2

7 a = lg (5 × 4) b = lg (12 ÷ 6) c = lg 23 d = lg 34 − lg 9
= lg 20 = lg 2 = lg 8 = lg 81 − lg 9
= lg (81 ÷ 9)
= lg 9
1 1
e = lg 16 2 − lg 32 5 f = lg 10 + lg 11 g = lg 1
50
+ lg 102 h = lg 103 − lg 40
= lg 4 − lg 2 = lg (10 × 11) = lg 1
50
+ lg 100 = lg 1000 − lg 40
= lg (4 ÷ 2) = lg 110 = lg ( 1
50
× 100) = lg (1000 ÷ 40)
= lg 2 = lg 2 = lg 25

8 a = log3 (54 ÷ 2) b = log5 (20 × 1.25) c = log2 24 + log3 33

= log3 27 = log5 25 =4+3
= log3 33 = log5 52 =7
=3 =2
d = log6 (24 × 9) e = log3 (12 ÷ 4) f = log4 (18 ÷ 9)
= log6 216 = log3 3 = log4 2
1
= log6 63 =1 = log4 4 2
=3 = 12
1
g = log9 (4 × 0.25) h = lg 22 + lg 25 i = log3 8 3 − log3 18
= log9 1 = lg 4 + lg 25 = log3 2 − log3 18
=0 = lg (4 × 25) = log3 (2 ÷ 18)
= lg 100 = log3 19
= lg 102 = log3 3−2
=2 = −2
1
j = log4 64 3 + (2 × log5 52) k = 1
2
log5 25
16
+ log5 102 l = log3 5 − log3 62 − log3 15
4
1
= log4 4 + (2 × 2) 25 2
= log5 ( 16 ) + log5 100 = log3 [5 ÷ (36 × 15
4
)]
5 1
=1+4 = log5 4
+ log5 100 = log3 27
−3
=5 = log5 ( 54 × 100) = log3 3
= log5 125 = −3
= log5 53
=3
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet B

1
1 a = log10 a + log10 b b = log10 a + log10 b7 c = log10 a3 − log10 b d = log10 a + log10 b 2
= log10 a + 7 log10 b = 3 log10 a − log10 b = log10 a + 12 log10 b
3 5 1
e = 2 log10 ab f = −log10 ab g = log10 a 2 + log10 b 2 h = 3(log10 a2 − log10 b 3 )
= 2log10 a + 2log10 b = −log10 a − log10 b = 32 log10 a + 52 log10 b = 6 log10 a − log10 b

1
2 a = logq 82 b = logq 8 3 c = logq 16 − logq q d = logq 4 + logq q3
4 2
= 2y = 1
3
y = logq 8 − 1
3
= logq 8 3 + 3
= 4
3
y−1 = 2
3
y+3

3 a = lg (2 × 32) b = lg (25 × 3) c = lg 9 − lg 16 d = lg (2 × 3) − lg 23
= lg 2 + 2 lg 3 = 5 lg 2 + lg 3 = lg 32 − lg 24 = lg 2 + lg 3 − 3 lg 2
= a + 2b = 5a + b = 2 lg 3 − 4 lg 2 = lg 3 − 2 lg 2
= 2b − 4a = b − 2a
e = 1
2
lg 6 f = 3
2
lg 24 + 1
2
lg 34 g = 4lg3 − 3(lg2+lg3) h =lg(6×10)+lg(2×10)−2
= 1
2
(lg 2 + lg 3) = 6 lg 2 + 2 lg 3 = lg 3 − 3 lg 2 = lg 6 + 1 + lg 2 + 1 − 2
= 1
2
(a + b) = 6a + 2b = b − 3a = lg 2 + lg 3 + lg 2
= 2a + b

4 a = log5 10 − log5 2 b = log12 16 + log12 9 c = log4 8

3
= log5 5 = log12 144 = log4 4 2
=1 =2 = 32
log 7 34 123 log11 52
d = e = log27 f =
log 7 3 722 − log11 5
4log 7 3 12 × 12 × 12 2log11 5
= = log27 =
log 7 3 6 × 12 × 6 × 12 − log11 5
=4 = log27 1
3
= − 13 = −2

5 a x = 31.8 b x = 5−0.3 c x − 3 = 82.1

x = 7.22 x = 0.617 x = 3 + 82.1
x = 81.8
d 1
2
x + 1 = 43.2 e log2 3y = 5.3 f log6 (1 − 5t) = −0.6
x = 2(4 − 1)3.2
3y = 2 5.3
1 − 5t = 6−0.6
x = 167 y = 13 × 25.3 t = 15 (1 − 6−0.6)
y = 13.1 t = 0.132

6 a = log2 x5 b = log2 (x2 + 4x) c = log2 x2 + log2 x

= log2 x3
x2 − 1
d = log2 (x − 2)3 − log2 x4 e = log2 f = log2 x − 2 log2 x + 2
3
log2 x
x +1
( x − 2)3 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
= log2 = log2 = − 13 log2 x
x4 x +1
− 13
= log2 (x − 1) = log2 x
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet B page 2

3
7 a log3 5x = log3 (2x + 3) b log9 10x = 2
3
5x = 2x + 3 10x = 9 2 = 27
x=1 x = 2.7
x 5x x+6
c log4 = log4 3 + log4 2 = log4 6 d log5 = log5
x −1 x+2 x
x 5x x+6
=6 =
x −1 x+2 x
x = 6x − 6 5x2 = (x + 2)(x + 6) = x2 + 8x + 12
x = 65 x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x − 3) = 0
x = −1, 3
log5 x not real for x = −1 ∴ x = 3
1
e log6 x2 = log6 5(2x − 5) f log7 4x − log7 =1
x−6
x2 = 5(2x − 5) log7 4x(x − 6) = 1
x2 − 10x + 25 = 0 4x(x − 6) = 7
(x − 5)2 = 0 4x2 − 24x − 7 = 0
24 ± 576 + 112
x=5 x= =3± 1
2
43
8
log7 4x not real for x = 3 − 1
2
43
∴ x=3+ 1
2
43 [ = 6.28 (3sf)]

x
8 a logx y = 2 ⇒ y = x2 b log5 x − 2 log5 y = log5 2 ⇒ =2
y2
sub. x3 = 27 ⇒ x = 2y2
x=3 sub. 3y2 = 12
∴ x = 3, y = 9 y2 = 4
for real log5 y, y > 0 ∴ y = 2
∴ x = 8, y = 2
− 52 3
c logy 32 = − 52 ⇒ y = 32 d logy x = 3
2
⇒ y2 = x
− 52 1 1
⇒ y = 32 = 1
4
⇒ y2 = x3
1
sub. log2 x = 3 − 2 log2 1
4
sub. 4 x 3 = 20
1
log2 x = 3 − (−4) = 7 x3 = 5
x = 27 = 128 x = 53 = 125
∴ x = 128, y = 14 ∴ x = 125, y = 25
1
e loga x + loga 3 = 1
2
loga y ⇒ 3x = y 2 f log10 y + 2 log10 x = 3 ⇒ x2y = 103
y
⇒ y = 9x2 log2 y − log2 x = 3 ⇒ = 23
x
sub. 3x + 9x2 = 20 ⇒ y = 8x
9x2 + 3x − 20 = 0 sub. 8x3 = 1000
(3x + 5)(3x − 4) = 0 x3 = 125
for real loga x, x > 0 ∴ x = 4
3
x=5
∴ x= 4
3
, y = 16 ∴ x = 5, y = 40
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet C

1 a 1.78 b 0.778 c 2.40 d −0.398

2 a x = lg 14 = 1.15 b 10x = 4 c 3x = lg 49
x = lg 4 = 0.60 x = 13 lg 49 = 0.56
d x − 4 = lg 23 e 2x + 1 = lg 130 f (102)x = 102x = 5
x = 4 + lg 23 = 5.36 x = 12 (lg 130 − 1) = 0.56 2x = lg 5
1
x= 2
lg 5 = 0.35

3 let y = loga b ⇒ ay = b
y logc a = logc b
log c b
y=
log c a
log c b
∴ loga b =
log c a

lg 7 lg172 lg 49 lg 4
4 a = = 2.81 b = = 1.72 c = = 2.42 d = = 0.631
lg 2 lg 20 lg5 lg9

5 a x lg 3 = lg 12 b x lg 2 = lg 0.7 c −y lg 8 = lg 3 d 1
2
x lg 4 = lg 0.3
lg12 lg 0.7 lg3 2lg 0.3
x= x= y=− x=
lg 3 lg 2 lg8 lg 4
x = 2.26 x = −0.515 y = −0.528 x = −1.74
e (t + 3) lg 5 = lg 24 f (4 + x) lg 3 = lg 16 g (2x + 4)lg 7 = lg 12 h 23x + 1 = 12.4
lg 24 lg16 lg12
t= −3 x= −4 x= 1
2
( − 4) (3x + 1) lg 2 = lg 12.4
lg 5 lg 3 lg 7
lg12.4
t = −1.03 x = −1.48 x = −1.36 x= 1
3
( − 1)
lg 2
x = 0.877
i (2 − 3x) lg 4 = lg 32.7 j x lg 5 = (x − 1) lg 6
lg 32.7
x= 1
3
(2 − ) x (lg 6 − lg 5) = lg 6
lg 4
lg 6
x = −0.172 x= = 9.83
lg 6 − lg5

k (y + 2) lg 7 = (y + 1) lg 9 l (5 − x) lg 4 = (2x − 1) lg 11
y (lg 9 − lg 7) = 2 lg 7 − lg 9 x (2 lg 11 + lg 4) = 5 lg 4 + lg 11
2lg 7 − lg 9 5lg 4 + lg11
y= = 6.74 x= = 1.51
lg 9 − lg 7 2lg11 + lg 4

m ( 12 x + 3) lg 4 = (1 − 2x) lg 5 n (3y − 2) lg 2 = (2y + 5) lg 3

x ( 12 lg 4 + 2 lg 5) = lg 5 − 3 lg 4 y (3 lg 2 − 2 lg 3) = 5 lg 3 + 2 lg 2
lg 5 − 3lg 4 5lg3 + 2lg 2
x= = −0.652 y= = −58.4
1
2
lg 4 + 2lg 5 3lg 2 − 2lg3

o 72x + 4 = 113x − 4 p 3x + 1 = 2 4 + x
(2x + 4) lg 7 = (3x − 4) lg 11 (x + 1) lg 3 = (4 + x) lg 2
x (3 lg 11 − 2 lg 7) = 4 lg 7 + 4 lg 11 x (lg 3 − lg 2) = 4 lg 2 − lg 3
4lg 7 + 4lg11 4lg 2 − lg3
x= = 5.26 x= = 4.13
3lg11 − 2lg 7 lg3 − lg 2
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet C page 2

6 a (2x + 3)(2x − 2) = 0 b (3x − 1)(3x − 4) = 0 c 52x − 8(5x) + 12 = 0

2x = −3 [no sols], 2 3x = 1, 4 (5x − 2)(5x − 6) = 0
lg 4
x=1 x = 0, = 0, 1.26 5x = 2, 6
lg3
lg 2 lg 6
x= , = 0.43, 1.11
lg5 lg5

d 2(42x) − 7(4x) + 3 = 0 e 2(22y) + 7(2y) − 15 = 0 f 3(32x) − 17(3x) + 10 = 0

(2(4x) − 1)(4x − 3) = 0 (2(2y) − 3)(2y + 5) = 0 (3(3x) − 2)(3x − 5) = 0
4x = 12 , 3 2y = −5 [no sols], 32 3x = 23 , 5
lg 3 lg 32 lg 23 lg5
x = − 12 , = − 12 , 0.79 y= = 0.58 x= , = −0.37, 1.46
lg 4 lg 2 lg3 lg3

g 52t + 5(5t) − 24 = 0 h 3(32x) − 18(3x) + 15 = 0 i 3(42x) − 16(4x) + 5 = 0

(5t + 8)(5t − 3) = 0 3(3x − 1)(3x − 5) = 0 (3(4x) − 1)(4x − 5) = 0
5t = −8 [no sols], 3 3x = 1, 5 4x = 13 , 5
lg 3 lg5 lg 13 lg5
t= = 0.68 x = 0, = 0, 1.46 x= , = −0.79, 1.16
lg 5 lg3 lg 4 lg 4

7 a y b y

y = 5x y = 2x y = ( 13 )x y = 3x

(0, 1) (0, 1)
O x O x

c y d y
y = 4x (0, 8)

y = 4x − 1 y = 2x + 3 y = 2x

(0, 1)
(0, 0) (0, 1)
x O x

8 a y 9 x = 0 ⇒ y = −4
y = 0 ⇒ 2x = 5
lg5
x=
lg 2
(0, 3) lg5
AB2 = 42 + ( )2 = 21.391
y=2 lg 2
AB = 4.63
O x

b (3, 29) ⇒ 29 = 2 + a3
a3 = 27
a=3
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet D

3 5
1 a = log10 2
2 a log3 x = 4
5
= log10 3 − log10 2 x = 3 4 = 3.95 (3sf)
=b−a b 3 log3 x − 5 log3 x = 4
b = log10 (23 × 3) log3 x = −2
= 3 log10 2 + log10 3 x = 3−2 = 19
= 3a + b
c = log10 (1.5 × 100)
= log10 1.5 + log10 100
=b−a+2
1
3 a i = log2 q 2 = 12 log2 q = 12 p 4 2000 = 1000 × 1.0224t
ii = log2 8 + log2 q = 3 + p 2 = 1.0224t
b 3 + p − 12 p = 2 4t lg 1.022 = lg 2
lg 2
p = log2 q = −2 t= = 7.96
4lg1.022
∴ q = 2−2 = 1
4
∴ 8 years

x +1
5 a (0, −3) 6 a log3 =1
x−2
x +1
b k = −4 =3
x−2
c ( 13 )x − 4 = 0 x + 1 = 3x − 6
1 x 7
( 3
) =4 x= 2
lg 4
x= = −1.26 (3sf) b (2x + 1) lg 3 = (x − 4) lg 2
lg 13
x (lg 2 − 2 lg 3) = lg 3 + 4 lg 2
lg3 + 4lg 2
x=
lg 2 − 2lg 3

7 a i = 2−1(2x) = 12 t 8 a log2 (3x + 5) + 3 = 7

ii = 2(22x) = 2(2x)2 = 2t2 3x + 5 = 24 = 16
b 2t2 − 7t + 6 = 0 x = 113
(2t − 3)(t − 2) = 0 b log2 (x + 1) + log2 (3x − 1) = 5
t = 2x = 32 , 2 (x + 1)(3x − 1) = 25 = 32
lg 32
x= , 1 = 0.585 (3sf), 1 3x2 + 2x − 33 = 0
lg 2
(3x + 11)(x − 3) = 0
x = − 113 , 3
for real log2 (3x − 1), x > 1
3
∴x=3
C2 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS Answers - Worksheet D page 2

9 a x+4= 5
4
x 10 a t = 0 ⇒ n = 2000
18000
x = 16 b 3600 =
1 + 8c −3
12
b y+2= 1 + 8c−3 = 5
y +1
(y + 2)(y + 1) = 12 c−3 = 1
2
y2 + 3y − 10 = 0 c3 = 2
(y + 5)(y − 2) = 0 c= 32
18000
y>0 ∴y=2 c 4000 =
1 + 8c −t
c logy x = log2 16 = 4 1 + 8c−t = 9
2

c−t = 7
16
lg 167
−t =
lg 3 2
t = 3.578 weeks = 25 days

y
11 a i log8 x2 = 2 log8 x = 2y 12 log2 y − log2 (3 − 2x) = 1 ⇒ =2
3 − 2x
ii y = log8 x ⇒ x = 8y = 23y ⇒ y = 6 − 4x
1
∴ log2 x = 3y log4 xy = 1
2
⇒ xy = 4 = 2 2

b 3(2y) + 3y = 6 sub. x(6 − 4x) = 2

y = log8 x = 23 2x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
2
∴ x = 83 = 4 (2x − 1)(x − 1) = 0
x = 12 , 1
∴ x= 1
2
, y = 4 or x = 1, y = 2

13 a y 14 a when x = 1,
LHS = 8 − 4(4) + 2 + 6 = 0
∴ x = 1 is a solution
b 23x = (2x)3 = u3
y = ( 12 )x y = 2x + 1 22x = (2x)2 = u2
∴ (I) ⇒ u3 − 4u2 + u + 6 = 0
(0, 2) c x = 1 ⇒ u = 2 ∴ (u − 2) is a factor
(0, 1)
u2 − 2u − 3
O x
u − 2 u3 − 4u2 + u + 6
u3 − 2u2
b at A, 2x + 1 = ( 12 )x 2
− 2u + u
(2x)2 + 2x = 1 − 2u
2
+ 4u
22x + 2x − 1 = 0 − 3u + 6
−1 ± 1 + 4 − 3u + 6
c 2x =
2
−1 − 5 −1 + 5
2x = [no sols] or (u − 2)(u2 − 2u − 3) = 0
2 2
∴ 2x = 1
2
5 − 1
2
(u − 2)(u − 3)(u + 1) = 0
∴ y = ( 12 5 − 1
2
)+1= 1
2
( 5 + 1) u = 2x = −1 [no sols], 2 or 3
lg3
x = 1 (given) or = 1.58
lg 2