Environmental Impact Assessment Report Document on Wet Coffee Processing Industry

ADIS ANAGAW WET COFFEE INDUSTRY SEIA.

PROJECT OWNER:- ADIS ANAGAW

PROJECT LOCATION:- DAMBI UDO KEBELE , ODO SHAKISO DISTRICT , GUJI ZONE, OROMIA

REGIONAL STATE

AUGUST, 2024

SHAKISO

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Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................... v

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Rationale for an Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Author Presentation ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Public Participation and Scoping Report ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Approach to this Environmental AND SOCIAL Impact Assessment ............................................................ 3
1.5 Approaches to the Environmental Management Plan ..................................................................................... 4
1.6 Objectives of the study .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Out put of the Study ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2. ENVIROMENTAL SCOPING ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Project proposal, design and construction. ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Nature of the Project ....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 The project proposal and Justification ........................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Company / applicant and the project ............................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Project Specifications ...................................................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Project Construction ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Project input and activities ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.7.1. Land ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.2. Water ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.3. Labour .................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.4. Input during construction....................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.5. Inputs during operation.......................................................................................................................... 11
2.8 Project Implementation Sequencing.............................................................................................................. 11
2.8.1. Pre-construction stage............................................................................................................................ 11
2.8.2. Construction stage ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.8.3. Occupation stage.................................................................................................................................... 12
2.8.4. Decommissioning Phase ........................................................................................................................ 12
2.9 By product at construction phase and Disposal Methods ............................................................................. 12
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK.............................................................................. 13

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3.1. Environmental policy of Ethiopia. ............................................................................................................... 13

3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ............................................................... 13
3.1.2 Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy ......................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Industrial Policy and Strategy of Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 14
3.1.5 Export sector policy program ................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Legislative Framework .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.2.1. Environmental impact assessment ......................................................................................................... 14
3.2.2 Environmental pollution control............................................................................................................. 14
3.2.3 Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.4 Prevention of Industrial Pollution........................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Institutional Framework ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs ................................................................................................... 15
3.3.2 Environmental protection Authority....................................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 Regional Environmental Agencies (REA) ............................................................................................. 16
3.3.4 Zonal Environmental protection organs ................................................................................................. 16
3.3.5 District .................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.6 Kebele (PEASANT Association) ........................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Summary of the Relevant World Bank’s safeguard Policies ........................................................................ 17
3.4.1. Safety ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2. Health..................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.3. Welfare .................................................................................................................................................. 18
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC). ............... 19
4.1. Project description ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Demographic & Economical Characteristics of the study area..................................................................... 19
4.3 Project site physical environment ................................................................................................................. 20
4.4 Bio-physical environment ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.4.1 Physical environment ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.4.2 Climate.................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.4.3 Soils ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
4.4.4 Biological environment .......................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.5. Wild life resources ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.4.6. Vegetation .............................................................................................................................................. 22
4.5. Baseline of the socio-economic environment of the project area ................................................................ 22
4.5.1 Infrastructure and Services ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.2 Settlement Pattern ................................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.3 Health Facilities ...................................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.4. School .................................................................................................................................................... 22

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4.5.5. Infrastructure and Service ...................................................................................................................... 23

4.5.6. Historical, Cultural, Religious and Archaeology Resource ................................................................... 23
4.5.7. Public attitudes and perception .............................................................................................................. 23
4.6. Economic aspect........................................................................................................................................... 24
4.7. Water Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 24
4.8. Project Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 24
4.9. Required land and land use plan .................................................................................................................. 24
4.10 Community services .................................................................................................................................... 25
5. PROJECT ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES. ....... 26
5.1 Project ESIA assessment criteria................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Assessment of Bio-physical & Socio-economic impacts. ............................................................................. 26
5.2. Impact assessment on Bio-physical environment. ....................................................................................... 28
5.2.1. Impacts on Physical Environment ......................................................................................................... 28
5.2.1.1 Impact on Soil .................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2.1.2. Impacts on Air Quality.................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.2. Impacts on Biological Environment ...................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2.1. Flora ................................................................................................................................................ 29
5.2.2.2. Fauna ............................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Assessment on environmental Pollution ....................................................................................................... 30
5.4. Assessment on sewage and Effluents ........................................................................................................... 30
5.5. Socio- economic Impact Analysis ................................................................................................................ 30
5.5.1. Impact on Cultural, Archeological and Historical Resources ............................................................... 30
5.5.2. Impacts on Health and Safety ................................................................................................................ 30
I. Dust (Husk) and Noise ............................................................................................................................. 30
II. Infectious Diseases .................................................................................................................................. 30
5.6. Impact assessment of Disposal of Solid Materials ....................................................................................... 31
6. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURE. ............................................................................................................ 32
6.1. Social benefits .............................................................................................................................................. 32
6.1.1 Employment opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 32
6.1.2. Gender equity and work opportunities .................................................................................................. 32
6.2. Economic benefits ........................................................................................................................................ 32
6.2.1. Contribution to national economic development................................................................................... 32
6.3 Pre-construction phase Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................ 32
6.4. Construction phase Mitigation Measures ..................................................................................................... 33
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6.5. Operational Phase Impact Mitigation Measure ............................................................................................ 33

6.5.1. Waste Water Mitigation Measure .......................................................................................................... 33
6.5.2. Minimization of Air Quality Impacts .................................................................................................... 34
6.5.3. Minimization of Noise and Vibration .................................................................................................... 34
6.5.4. Minimization of Health and Safety ....................................................................................................... 34
6.5.5. Minimization of Solid Waste................................................................................................................. 35
6.6. Minimization of Occupational Health and Safety Impacts .......................................................................... 35
7. CONSULTATION ............................................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2 Public Participation Process .......................................................................................................................... 37
7.2.1 Consultation with Interested and Affected Parties ................................................................................. 37
7.2.2 The Content of the Questionnaire. .......................................................................................................... 37
7.3. The results of consultation ........................................................................................................................... 38
7.4. Summary of concerns on project construction phase. .................................................................................. 38
7.5. Summary of impact on construction and processing phase. ........................................................................ 39
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ................................................................... 41
8.1 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................... 42
8.2. Budget for waste management plan. ............................................................................................................ 44
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 46
9.1. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................... 46
9.2. Recommendation .......................................................................................................................................... 46
10. REFERENCE. ................................................................................................................................................... 48

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Executive Summary
This report presents the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the construction and operation
of a proposed ADIS ANAGAW WET COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY Project in OROMIA REGIONAL
STATE, OdO SHAKISO WOREDA, and specific location of Dambi Udo rural kebele.

The acquisition of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) license is a requisite under section low of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Proclamation NO. 299/2002 which stipulates that a proponent must
seek an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) license “Notwithstanding any approval, permit or license
granted under this Act or any other law in force in Ethiopia” This requirement applies to all projects listed in the
Second Schedule of the Ministerial Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change order no.

The project has been proposed in favor of Adis Anagaw Wet-coffee Processing Industry. The promoter of the
project Adis Anagaw has proposed to establish the new coffee washing station project here in Dambi Udo rural
peasant Administrative (PA) at Odo Shakiso district of Oromia Regional State, at specific location Danbi
Village. The project site is found 534 km away south-east of Addis Ababa and 41 km from shakiso Town. The
size of the project area is 1.17 ha. The project of this wet coffee processing station total financial requirement is
estimated to be Birr 20million.

The article 3 of the Proclamation no. 300/2002; determining the modalities of protection, conservation and
promotion of environment and article 4 of the Proclamation No 513/2007 urban administration engaging in
collection, transportation, use or disposal of solid waste, in Ethiopia stipulates that every development project
shall be required to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment prior to its commencement.

Furthermore the Ministry of Oromia Investment Board order No. BIIO/122-8536/891/16 of 26/08/2016 by
nominates the list of consultant and giving the competency certification to facilitate consult works. In this
regards that Adis Anagaw Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project hired the consultancy firm, Miju Investment
and Environmental Consulting Service PLC to carry out the present Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA).

Pursuant to the prevailing legal requirements as envisaged in the Environmental Management Coordination Act
(EMCA) and to ensure sustainable environmental management, the proponent undertook this ESIA study report
for the proposed wet coffee processing station; and incorporated substantial environmental aspects as advised by
Zonal EPA. This ESIA study report thus provides relevant information and environmental considerations on the

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project proponent’s intention to seek approval from Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) for the
development of the proposed project.

The major activities that have been done were practical field assessments and public consultations with the
community neighboring to the proposed project site, the promoter and pertinent stakeholders. By doing this,
around wet coffee processing station area three sub-local area in that rural peasant association dwellers of local
leaders and religion leaders were participate in community consultation to provide information on the activities
of the proposed coffee Industry that are either impact on the well-being of the residents or detrimental to their
lives.

Data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires, evaluating of environmental parameters face-
to-face interviews and observations during site visits where necessary in the manner specified in proclamation
No. 1997, 299, 2002,and 2003 and impact Assessment and Audit, Regulations 2003, Potential negative impacts
and mitigation measures during construction, and operation phases of the proposed project.

The methodologies also used to conduct this ESIA study report were includes: a) Questionnaires b) Interviews c)
Field observations) digital photography e) Desktop analysis d) The public participation comments. Data for the
study were therefore obtained through field survey where the functional statuses of this proposed Coffee Industry
site data were recorded and GPS devise was equally used to determine their co-ordinates. Based on the site
inspection, analysis appraisal and the views of the neighboring community consulted the construction and
operation of the Adis Anagaw Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project in Dambi Udo, will has positive and
negative impact its own well-being life.

The project will have a negative and positive impact on environment during the construction, decommission and
operation phase. The potential adverse negative impacts are pollution of water sources, air quality deterioration,
noise and occupational accidents, sanitation issues and public health; public safety, risk of the spread of diseases
and fire risk

The potential positive impacts of this wet-coffee industry project include: employment generation and enhanced
income and livelihoods of surrounding inhabitant, increased food production and food security in the district and
the country, source of raw material for food industries, tax revenue for the local and national economy

Notwithstanding the conclusion that the proposed project would not more significantly alter existing
environment in construction phase in the vicinity of the site, appropriate mitigation measures would be
implemented through the construction and operation phases to ensure that physical and socio environment
impacts would be minimized. In order to ensure the proposed project sustainably Waste Management Plan
(WMP) and mitigation measures was planned environment cost budget birr 120000.

This report therefore, presents the results of the Impact Assessment in accordance with EPA, 1997 and EIA/ EA
regulations, 2000, 2003. The EIA evaluated the effectiveness of the environmental considerations undertaken by
the project proponent in safeguarding the environment to ensure sustainability. With due considerations to
sustainable development, it’s recommended that, the proposed project be approved by Woreda EPA Authority.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale for an Environmental Impact Assessment
Ethiopia became one of the major coffee producing countries in the world with a world supply share of nearly
three per cent to date. Coffee constitutes the country’s largest export commodity that in 2007/08 reached 35.4 per
cent and in 2011/12 was at 26.4 per cent of the country’s export income. Consequently, the estimated size of the
population in the country dependent on coffee production and marketing well passed the 15 million mark and
can be estimated at 20 million. According to ICO, total annual production in 2012/13 was 486,000 tones, making
Ethiopia the fifth largest global coffee producer and the first largest in Africa. It should be noted that, as shown
in Table 2.4 (Annex 2), due to its large domestic consumption, Ethiopia is the tenth largest global coffee
exporter.

The Ethiopian coffee sector, is very important for the country and for its economic development due to the
reasons that: (i) as a major source of cash income and provider of employment, it supports millions of farming
families (for instance, those estimated as dependent on coffee production and marketing for livelihood are about
29 million) and, (ii) coffee is the first item in terms of revenue generated from export with a share of about 34
per cent. The coffee sector can contribute to the growth of the industrial sector share in the national GDP, owing
to its high potential of creating industrial roasting capacity that, at present, is rather marginal.

Industrialization has been embraced by many developing countries as a means of achieving structural transformation of
their economies. In Ethiopia industrialization has recently been embraced as a strategy for economic development,
employment creation and poverty eradication. As such, a policy framework was developed in 2008 for achieving
industrialization by the year 2020 dubbed “Vision 2020”. The major departure from previous policies on industrialization
is the encouragement of specifically selected industries through a broad array of support by the government over a 26-year
period, by which time Ethiopia will have achieved coffee industrialized status.

Coffee processing plants are among the major agro-based industries which are responsible for environmental
pollution special water body pollution. The conventional coffee processing industry by its nature of high
demands water to separate the outer red coffee skin and pulp and for the removal of the sugar contain mucilage
in fermentation processes. Due to this water demanding nature, most of wet coffee processing plants are usually
constructed very near to river or other water streams.

Thus the project will no more a significant impact during construction, whereas in operation or production
processing phase which have a negative impact on environment and socio-economic impacts. Some of
significant impact would be expected:-

 The effluent consists of different sugars compounds (crude protein, crude fiber)
 The Hydro organic compounds to crate BOD and COD competition in water bodies
 Fermentation of sugars in fermentation tank high acidity generates.

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 Coffee by-products consists high nutrients like Nitrogen and phosphate which cause of various
environmental and public health problems.
 It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to human health problems and loss of biodiversity.
 The downstream River uses of community’s are case impact on human health.
 Impact on various aquatic plants, animals and other organisms.

To minimize and even avoid this problem, understanding the nature of the coffee processing waste water is
fundamental question for the design of construction and using of appropriate and effective treatment
technologies. This concept has become accepted as an essential feature of development with the aim of
increasing well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs for this and future generations.

To predict these environmental impacts of the envisaged project activity should be providing an opportunity to
militate against negative impacts to enhance positive effects. In regard to this the environmental and social
impact assessment (ESIA) procedure of 299, 2002 and 300 was guide line for this ESIA Study.

An EIA may be defined as: a formal process to predict the environmental consequences of human development
activities and to plan appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to augment positive
effects.EIA thus has three main functions:

 To predict problems,
 To find ways to avoid them, and
 To enhance mitigation measures.

Due to the unprecedented rate of environmental degradation in Ethiopia, the government realized the need to
curb the same and this led to the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999,
further formulated in 2003. The Act requires among other things that an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) must be conducted on various categories of projects.

The purpose of the project is to incorporate the potential environmental (physical, ecological and cultural/socio-
economic) concerns and address them adequately at the inception (design) and construction stages in order to
guarantee sustainability in the operational phase of the coffee washing station. The Project is expected to raise
both the potentially positive and negative impacts likely to emanate from the proposed project. Integrating
Sustainable Environmental Management principles in the planning and implementation processes of to this
proposed project is a milestone in reducing/mitigating conflicts as well as enhancing control and revitalization of
the much-degraded environment

1.2 Author Presentation

This Report has been produced by Miju Investment and Environmental Consulting Service PLC that was hired
by the Project Promoter Adis Anagaw Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project to carry out the study. The
Consultancy firm is based in Ethiopia EIA regulation and has got strong background and knowledge in the area
of Environmental and Social Assessment, and a track record of over three years for conducting studies of
Environmental Impact Assessment for Development Projects in Ethiopia in general and particularly in oromia
regional state.

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1.3 Public Participation and Scoping Report

A Scoping Report was produced by Miju Investment and Environmental Consulting Service PLC following
a public participation process, site investigation and consultations with certain specialists. That report includes
full details of the public participation activities and all the issues and concerns raised by the Interested and
Affected Parties. There was considerable support for the project, particularly from the people of Dambi Udo
Kebele who were looking for employment opportunities.

It was apparent from the public participation that many of the public concerns stemmed from the legacy of the
New wet-coffee processing plant at Dambi Udo Keble, which had a medium record of environmental
management – especially in relation to all aspects of constructions, decommission and operation phase
environmental effect. This influenced many people’s perceptions that did not have experience of a coffee
industry effect. However, the Scoping Report was compiled in response to a number of inputs: -

 the concerns of Interested and Affected Parties,

 the initial site investigation,
 consultations with specialists
 professional experience, and
 The TOR Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.

The Scoping Report should be read as an integral component of this ESIA as its content is not repeated here. It
outlined the key issues that would need to be assessed in the ESIA. The study was carried out between 8th August
and 22nd.

The Scoping Report was submitted to Guji Zone EPA on 9 August 2024. The Scoping Report was made
available to the public through the Odo Shakiso Woreda EPA, Dambi Udo Kebele Council. Registered Interested
and Affected Parties were notified of its availability. No comments were received on that report, suggesting that
the Interested and Affected Parties were satisfied that it provides a comprehensive record of their issues and
concerns.

1.4 Approach to this Environmental AND SOCIAL Impact Assessment

In response to concerns raised during the Scoping Phase, further specialist studies were carried out and the
information fed into this ESIA report. All the key issues and potential impacts were then assessed.

This ESIA Report follows the following format: -

 Outlines the project proposal as a background against which to understand the impacts of project
activities.
 Provides a detailed description of the project environment.
 Summarizes the legal & policy requirements.
 Explains the criteria used to assess the potential environmental impacts that were identified during the
scoping stage and the specialist studies for this ESIA.
 Provides an assessment of the impacts – both biophysical and socio-economic. The impacts may be either
positive or negative.

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 Offers a summary of the potential impacts and the significance of each to a decision about the project.

1.5 Approaches to the Environmental Management Plan

Summarizes the key recommendations for environmental management was in the form of an Environmental
Management Plan. These recommendations are arranged according to the relevant phase of the project: -

1. Construction phase,

2. Decommission (Closure phase) and

3. Operations phase

1.6 Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study consists in carrying out a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment
study and to develop environmental waste management plan for the Wet-coffee Industry Project establishment
activities impact on the environment during the site construction, decommission and operation phase.

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

• To detect the effects of the project on the neighboring environment such as the water bodies, the soil, the
people, the infrastructure, the fauna, the flora and the atmosphere;
• To detect the effect of the neighboring environment on the project, this means the effect on the soil of the
project and the surrounding activities;
• To detect the effect of the project on the environment;
• To propose alternative measures where it is noticed that adverse effect may occur;
• To enable the proposal mitigation measures where adverse effects may have occurred;
• To carry out a diagnosis of the existing environment and activities in the area of the project;
• To propose enforcement measures where beneficial effects from the project are detected;
• To set up an environmental management plan that will govern all activities of the project for the better
protection of the environment.

1.7 Methodology
The methodology used follows the guidance of wet coffee processing project ESIA study and fulfill the criteria
of the country’s Environmental and social impact assessment guideline during the collection of necessary data,
review of related document, impact analysis, choosing mitigation measures, developing environmental
protection mechanism and enhancing management plans.

Based on terms of reference (TOR) prepared by the Miju Investment and Environmental Consulting Service
PLC, the methodology used during consultancy paraphrase in the following:

 Literature review: Documentation on policies, laws, regulations and guidelines related environmental
management, industry sector, waste management, land use ESIA process etc, at the national level as well
as the international level have been done.

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 Interviews: The consultant has interviewed people in the area of the project as well as in the woreda
institution and other governmental institutions related to this project.
 Field visit: Through site visit of the site, required qualitative and quantitative data have been collected
 Stakeholders consultation: the consultant analyzed key partners/stakeholders including three sub-village
inhabitants and in Dambi Udo Keble etc…, to find out their involvement, role, suggestion and
responsibilities on this project.
 Reporting: the data and information collected were organized and compiled in a report.
 Scoping Process: The scoping exercise was conducted to evaluate the project in its entirety so as to
identify areas of concern and the sources of potential environmental impacts that will be and/or
associated with the development. It was accomplished through the following;
• Evaluation of the location, Land ownership and use
• Design of the Development
• Project site visits
• Involvement with the project proponents, managers, and other professionals and operators concerned.
 Site assessment and public participation: Field visits were meant for physical inspection of the site
characteristics and the environmental status of the surrounding area in order to obtain baseline conditions
and determine anticipated impacts. To ensure adequate public participation in the EIA process,
questionnaires was administered to the project site’s neighbors within a one kilometer radius and the
information gathered was subsequently synthesized an incorporated into the EIA study report. A public
consultation meeting comprising of stakeholders was also held on 8th August to 18th August 2024.
 Detailed Site Assessment Survey: During the field investigations, reconnaissance survey was conducted
in order to collect information on biophysical and socio-economic environment of the area and its
environs. The team made observations on a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic environments.
All features of biophysical environment including landscape, geology, soils, flora and fauna were
recorded. Photographs were taken where necessary. The team made a reconnaissance survey of the
project area and all the neighboring facilities and administered neighbor/stakeholder questionnaire. This
exercise generated primary data on the socio-economic conditions of the area covered by the proposed
project. Soil samples were collected for analysis. The results of the soil analysis are intended to provide
the following information:
 Baseline data of the site.
 To confirm that the site has not been contaminated.
 Stakeholder Consultation and Public Consultation Meeting: As part of the EIA Study, relevant
stakeholders and all affected and interested persons contacted at different times during the detailed field
baseline data collection and interviewed in order to discuss the proposed project to seek their views and
opinions on the proposed development.
 Purpose of Stakeholder Consultation: The main purpose of carrying out consultation with
neighbors/stakeholders, local community and local administration to obtain their views and concerns on
the upcoming project and incorporate their contribution into the project development to improve on
safety concerns and safeguard of the environment. Secondly, stakeholder consultation was conducted to

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take the opportunity to elaborate the essence of the project, to inform them of any potential negative
impacts and elaborate on the positive aspects so that an informed decision is made by the stakeholders.
 Stakeholder Consultation, Questionnaire Administration and Public Consultation Meeting:
Stakeholders were consulted and interviews conducted on the proposed project. There after
questionnaires were administered to obtain their views and suggestions. A Public Consultation Meeting
was held where stakeholders, local administration and local authorities met to discuss benefits and
impacts of the proposed project.

1.8 Out put of the Study

The output of this study is the production of this ESIA study report with recommendations for submission to
Zonal EPA for purposes of seeking an ESIA license.

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2. ENVIROMENTAL SCOPING
In the aim of deciding the upon the limits of the study area for the project and drawing the list of
implementations and impacts to be studied during the assessment, the multi discipline consulting team carried
out an initial environmental examination and scoping with the following activities.

2.1. Project proposal, design and construction.

2.2 Nature of the Project

The proposed project is the construction of a proposed wet coffee Processing Industry site at odo shakiso
district Area of Oromia regional state. This ESIA project report is based on information and consultations with
the project proponent, the Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers, and financial Analysts and details
contained in the Drawings of the proposed project (attached at the Annex). The project highlights include:-
Canopy over the Red Cherry Sorting Shade, Red Cherry Reception, Cherry Hoper/Siphon, Pulpier Machine
House and water channels, Fermentation and Firs Washing Tank, Water reservoir/water sump, Skin Separator
tank, Washing and Grading Channels and Soaking, Motor House, Washed Coffee Storage, Office and Residence.
However the ESIA study project site visiting and observation was assessed according to the nature of the
construction of facilities which are listed below in the table-1.

Table 1: Summary of Site Facilities

Facility Qut Remarks

Red Cherry Sorting Shade 1 Concrete slab and paving
Red Cherry Reception 1 Concrete slab and paving
Cherry Hoper/Siphon 1 Concrete slab and paving
Pulpier Machine House and water channels 1 Concrete slab and paving
Water reservoir/water sump 3 Concrete slab and paving
Washing and Grading and Soaking Channels 2 Concrete slab and paving
Washing and Grading and Soaking tank 12 Concrete slab and paving
Motor House 2 Concrete slab and paving
Washed Coffee Storage 2 Concrete slab and paving
Office and Residence 1 Concrete slab and paving
Kitchen and Equipment’s 1 Concrete slab and paving
Water Pump pips Pipe line 2 Concrete slab and paving
Electric Institution
Guard House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Skin drying tray 60
Main drying Bed 200
Toilet House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Industry Compound Fence length 8,000M Wood stalk withconcrete slab

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2.3 The project proposal and Justification

The project is comprised of an establishment of Wet-coffee Processing Plant and adjacent washed parchment
coffee production as shown in table-2. Most of the raw materials required for cement parchment coffee
manufacture are available at Odo Shakiso district coffee production area. These will be obtained from coffee
producers supply to the wet-coffee processing industry as read cherry price negotiating system.

In 2021 coffee crop year this wet-coffee Coffee Industry project annual washed coffee production plan were
considered to speculation the amount of project coffee waste generated and its impact. The project processing
industry machine type is AAGARD 3-disk pulping with 2-disk re-passes machine.

Based on the project owner annual washed coffee production plan in the year 2021, 1,123,500Kg ripped red
cherry 75% of processing plant capacity were purchase and required per crop season for washed coffee
production.

The project plant will operate one shift, 6hours per 24 hours a day, and per cropping season totally 900 working
days in three month per year. Based on this assumption the owner’s was planed of 1,123,200 kg of annual red
cherries to production 213,408 kg parchment coffee per year and supply to the Ethiopia commodity exchange
market. The detail of production program is shown below in the table 2.

Table 2: Project Annual Production Program

Description Unit Qt

Industry machine type AAGARD 3-disk

Red Cherry Pulping capacity of 1-disk (Kg/per hrs) kg 800

Pulping capacity of 3-disk( Kg/per hrs) kg 3,200

Pulping hour /day hr 6

Annual working days day 78

Machine Processing Installed capacity 1,497,600

Owner/Project Capacity % 75

Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,123,200

Total Parchment coffee production in kg 19% 213408

Sources: Data obtained from the Owners

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 Environmental Impact Assessment Report Document on Wet Coffee Processing Industry

The project is meant to stimulate economic and social development of our country through meeting the high
demand of high quality washed coffee products in the country and also to meet proponent’s economic desires.
The project area is along a main Arabica coffee producing area therefore suitable for such project hence there
will be no land-use conflict. It is therefore hoped that once the project is implemented, The National Coffee and
Tea Authority goal to stimulate economic and social development of our country and its own economic goals
through meeting the high demand of quality washed coffee products will be achieved.

2.4 Company / applicant and the project

Name of Owner M/r ADIS ANAGAW

Nationality: Ethiopian

Type of business: Washed Parchment Coffee Production

Full Address : Addres

Project Name: Adis Anagaw Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project

Status of the Project: New

Proposed Site: Odo ShakisoWoreda, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE,

Specific location: Dambi Udo Specific location dambi Village

Size of proposed land: 1.17 ha

Total estimated capital: 20Million Birr

Legal Form of organization: Proprietor

Registering office: Odo ShakisoWoreda Investment Unit

Taxpayer Identification No.: ----------------

Right of Occupancy: Lease agreement

Contract Period: 25 years (2020-2042)

2.5 Project Specifications

The following are specific descriptions of the project;

The project site is located in an area of relatively low density area of Odo Shakiso.
There is sewer system and developers rely on septic tanks for sewer disposal.
An experienced consultant has made the final design of the project and the constructions will follow
details as given by the engineer on site.

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The structures will be founded on solid ground using reinforced concrete strips laid on concrete blinding.
The laying of the foundation will follow details as given by the structural engineers on site.
The developments will be constructed using machine dressed stones, bound by mortar of concrete and
sand.
All drainage and sewerage pipes will have a diameter that is approved by the site engineer.
Washing and Drainage channels will be provided leading from run-off generation areas such as
fermented mucilage and all paved areas and will drain in the soak pit.
Water supply will be connected to the developments from existing boreholes.
More fine details for the development and specifications for the features of the proposed project have
been given in the copies of the architectural and site drawings attached in the separate document.

2.6 Project Construction

The proposed Coffee Washing Station will comprise of the following:

Excavation of the site to a level that will create a platform upon which the service station can be
constructed.
Four water collection sup compartments above -ground Storage Tanks (AGST) will have concrete and
slab filling of 20cm thickness for circumferential joints and lap welded longitudinally. No longitudinal
joint shall be located at the bottom of the tanks. The above ground water tank will meet Ethiopia building
standards as a requirement.
There will be a reinforced concrete washing and final soaking channels which is not water leaked. The
washing and soaking will be located on the front side of pulpier machine and have manholes for product
offloading and dipstick checks. Remote fill of washing water and removal of fermented mucilage open
cannels will be typical incorporating spill containment to prevent accidental releases entering the
environment. Single walled tank installation with excavation lined with geo-fabric will be done to
prevent migration of native soil into the backfill material.
The installation of husk separate and mucilage filler points. The filling points will be positioned such that
they allow for easy maneuvering of the canals and be contained within open sumps so that in the event of
a spillage when connecting and disconnecting the pipes from the filler points, such spilled material would
be contained within the sumps.
Installation of piping for the distribution of the washing water from the rivers to the AGSTs and from the
water sump points to the water dispensing units. All subsurface piping will be contained within the
secondary piping and laid in reverse graded trenches on non-cohesive bedding material, so should
product leak out of the pipes, it will be contained within the secondary piping and drain back to the
AGSTs.

The project will be constructed based on applicable standards of Ethiopia and any other standards which may be
incorporated. The constructions will as well incorporate environmental guidelines, health and safety measures.

The project inputs are;

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Construction raw materials will include sand, cement, stones, gravel/ ballast, metals, among others. All
these will be obtained from licensed dealers and especially those that have complied with the
environmental management guidelines and policies.
Construction machines will include machinery such as trucks, concrete mixers and other relevant
construction equipment. These will be used for the transportation of materials, mixing of materials and
clearing of the vegetation and resulting construction debris. Most of the machinery will use petroleum
products to provide energy.
Most construction materials will be sourced locally but where the contractor deems necessary will import
from other authorized countries especially the finishes.
A construction labor force of both skilled and non-skilled workers will be involved.

The project will begin after the National Environmental Management Authority (NEPA) issues an approval to
the proposed project and funds are released by the financiers. It is estimated to take approximately 6 months to
complete.

2.7 Project input and activities

The development of the proposed Coffee washing Station project will utilize but not be limited to the following
inputs:

2.7.1. Land - Land is necessary for sitting the wet coffee processing station. The proponent has acquired land for
the facility.

2.7.2. Water - The project area is well served by throw-out the year flow of water system.

2.7.3. Labour - during the construction and operation of the project. It is the intention of the proponent that this
labour is sourced from within the local community. This will be a direct economic benefit to them and will go far
in creating a friendly relationship between the project and the neighboring community.

2.7.4. Input during construction - The materials that shall be used include building sand, aggregates, natural
stones; hand cut construction stones, repainted LTZ-5 sheets. Others include concrete block for constructing
selected internal and external pavements, precast units for drains, PVC pipes for sewer and water reticulation,
carbon works, wire mesh, water tanks and steel gutters. Window casement and glasses, spades, pick axes, and
jembes and a host of other tools will also be needed.

2.7.5. Inputs during operation - Materials used for washed coffee product supply will be procured from the coffee
producers during the operation phase of the project. These include ripen red cherry products and other facilities
associated with washing station operations.

2.8 Project Implementation Sequencing

2.8.1. Pre-construction stage:-This involved the following: Plan preparation and seeking of the appropriate
approvals from the relevant authorities. Appraisal of baseline condition to determine supply and demand for
required infrastructural services. EIA project report preparation.

2.8.2. Construction stage:- This will involve the following:

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Establishment of related works and all support infrastructures that are significant for the construction
work: This would involve the transportation of machinery and deployment of the workers to the construction
site. The machinery would be used for ground breaking and for transportation of materials from the sources to
the site. It is important to note that light machinery will be used at this stage. The major machineries that would
be used include: Mixers, Welding machines and transmission machines. The contractor would also mobilize
human workforce to the site. Both casual (unskilled) and permanent (skilled) would be hired.

Site Clearance: This will involve clearing of the site of any debris and foreign materials.

Acquisition and transportation of building materials - The contractor shall source for materials for
construction from the various available suppliers. Supply of materials would be a continuous activity throughout
the project life since different materials will be needed at different phases of the construction. The materials that
shall be used in the construction include among others building stones, sand, ballast, cement, timber, reinforced
concrete frame, steel, bars, G.I pipes, PVC pipes, pavement blocks, concrete slabs, murram, hardcore, insulated
electrical cables and timber among others.

Construction of the Coffee washing station:-The engineering designs and site layout plans that have been
approved shall be implemented. The setting would comply with the specifications set out by the client to the
contractor under the supervision of qualified engineers. In accordance with the designs and the layout plans, the
construction of the proposed project and associated infrastructure will begin immediately Zonal EPA approves
the project report. The contractor will then be supplied with all the approved documents including the EIA
report.

Excavation and land filling works:-This is part of normal construction works

Transportation of the construction wastes from the site for landscaping Solid and liquid waste
management - Waste management infrastructure shall be set thus dustbin cubicles and shall be protected from
rain and animals. These will be used both during construction and occupation stages.

2.8.3. Occupation stage - This stage shall involve running and managing the facility as per the laid down rules and
procedures.

2.8.4. Decommissioning Phase - Decommissioning refers to the final disposal of the project and associated
materials at the expiry of the project life span. This is dealt with in chapter ten of this project report.

2.9 By product at construction phase and Disposal Methods

In all construction projects, some waste or by products are usually produced on the project site. These wastes
include; broken glasses, pieces of broken tiles, nails, pieces of broken wood and pieces of roofing materials. The
contractor will emphasize on efficiency to minimize construction wastes. The removal and disposal of such
refuse and other related wastes comes in handy. The contractor will work hand in hand with private refuse
handlers and the District Environmental Authority to facilitate waste handling and disposal from the site. The
wastes will be disposed of into the approved dumpsites.

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3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. Environmental policy of Ethiopia.
The Ethiopia’s Government environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental management for
sustainable development following “green Economy Policy. “This is envisaged in the principle of prudent use of
resource. This requires that the present day usage should not “compromise the needs of the future generations”.
The policy emphasis on environmental protection in order to ensure sufficient supplies for the present and future
generation the pone envisages the use of the “Polluter pays principle”, where one is expected to make good any
damage made to the environment. The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people
and their organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public Awareness and promote
understanding of the essential linkage between environment and development. In addition to its guiding
principles, the policy addresses sect-oral and cross sect-oral environmental issues.

This envisaged of Wet-Coffee Industry Project will be governed by the relevant environmental policies,
strategies, proclamations to ensure environmental sustainability. The environmental policies, laws, legislations,
proclamations and institutional frameworks pertinent to this project are summarized and presented as follows.

3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions are providing guidance to all other
policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE has various provisions that are
aimed to ensure the implementation of development project in an environmentally sustainable manner.

The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the Constitution of the
FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to development and right to live in clean
and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced, or
whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate
monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance . The
government shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not
take into account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to private
property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of
compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8). Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with
the rights to development states that nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in
particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting the community.

Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and development
projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be fully consulted and express
their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies and project

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3.1.2 Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy

To cope up with the prevailing environmental problems such as land degradation, rainfall fluctuation, increasing
temperature, flooding and speed up its socioeconomic development, the Government of Ethiopia has planned a
climate-resilient green economy as a development strategy. This development direction promotes environmental
protection, reducing fossil fuel consumption which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With demand
for energy growing with the increasing population, industrialization and urbanization, the Government realized
that harnessing clean and renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro and geothermal energy sources is
critical.

3.1.3 Industrial Policy and Strategy of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has set its own industrial policy and strategy as of august 2002.The industry development strategy of
the country has put in place the principles that primarily focus on the promotion of agricultural lead
industrialization, export lead development, and expansion of labor intensive industries these principles are
interdependent and inter linked to one another. The strategy has also set the other principles that clearly stated
the pivotal contribution of the private sector, the leadership role of the Government, and the integrated and
coordinated participation of the public at large in nurturing the strategy. This strategy refers to those industries
which are primarily involved in the production of manufactured foods.

3.1.5 Export sector policy program.

Ethiopia has the most attractive incentive strategies which make it selective location for investment. Land is
considered as state property and investors can easily obtain access to land to produce export production. The
Ethiopia bank lends 70% of the project capital at a rate of 6.5% to export projects, without restriction on
nationality.

3.2 Legislative Framework

3.2.1. Environmental impact assessment

As indicated in federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia proclamation No 299/2002, it is designed targeting at
EIA obligatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies that
every proponent of the project must prepare the EIA and either approve or disprove the project based on the real
environmental context.

3.2.2 Environmental pollution control

According to Ethiopia’s governmental environmental protection (EGEP) proclamation No. 300/2002,
Environmental pollution control primarily targeting to protect the right of all nations, to attain sustainable
healthy environment and to impose obligation to protect the environment of the country through green economy
policy. The regulation addresses the management of harmful squander: establishment of environmental quality
standard for air, water and soil and frequent monitoring of pollution.

The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest and insect, crop
diseased, fertilizer application management and industrial development are becoming a serious environmental
concern. In association with this, proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant environmental standard

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applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning violation of these standards as criminally punishable
offence.

For the sake of an appropriate project implementation, environmental standards and related requirements,
inspectors belonging to EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the proclamation
to enter, without prior notice or court order, land premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide power was
drive from Ethiopia’s serious concern and commitment to protecting the environmental from pollution.

3.2.3 Solid Waste Management

Proclamation no. 513/2007 aims to promote community participation in order to prevent adverse effects and
enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. It provides for preparation of solid waste management action plans
by urban local governments.

Therefore, Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007 states (Article 5.1) that Urban Administrations
shall ensure the participation of the lowest administrative levels and their respective local communities in
designing and implementing their respective solid waste management plans. In Article 5.1 each Region or urban
administration shall set its own schedule and, based on that, prepare its solid waste management plan and report
of implementation. Measures related to waste handling and disposal:

 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which does not affect
the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminate the environment
or affects the health of the society.

3.2.4 Prevention of Industrial Pollution

As a follow up to Proclamation 300/2002, a regulation to prevent industrial pollution was developed by the
Federal Environmental Protection Authority and endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure compatibility of
industrial development with environmental conservation.

This Regulation confers important obligations to industrial operators. A factory subject to the regulations is
obliged to prevent or minimize the generation and release of pollutants to a level not exceeding the
environmental standards. The regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle its equipments, inputs and
products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and to human health. Moreover, the regulations
urge industrial operators to prepare and implement an emergency response system of their own. On the other
hand industrial operators are required to prepare and implement internal environmental monitoring systems and
keep written records of the pollutants generated and the disposal mechanisms used to get rid of the pollutants. In
relation to it, factories are required by the regulation to submit annual compliance reports with the provision of
the regulations.

3.3 Institutional Framework

3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According to this
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proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime Minister. It has also established the Environmental protection
council (EPC). EPC oversee EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental
units with respect to environment management.

There are so many organizations involved in environmental management in the country. These organizations
include the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Regional land and protection and Environmental,
National Environment and Management Authority, Local Authorities, Ministry of Water and Irrigation etc. It
also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental matters.

The proclamation stipulates the mandatory need for establishment of Environmental organs by regions.
Mandates of the regional environmental organs are to enable regions to coordinate environmental activities,
avoid duplication of efforts and improve the dissemination of environmental information. This proclamation also
mandates the EPA to undertake studies and research, to develop action plans etc, in the area of combating
desertification.

3.3.2 Environmental protection Authority

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According to this
proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime minister. This proclamation has also established the
Environmental protection Council (EPC) oversees EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies
and environmental units with respect to environmental management. It also ensures coordination among sectorial
ministries and agencies on environmental matters. This proclamation also mandates the EPA to undertake studies
and research, to develop action plans etc., in the area of washing station waste management.

3.3.3 Regional Environmental Agencies (REA)

Under proclamation No. 925/2002, all regional states are expected to establish their own environmental organs.
Following this, regions and two city administration have established their respective environmental organs and
the other regional states are in the process. Regional environmental organs are vested in, among others, the
responsibility in their respective region.

3.3.4 Zonal Environmental protection organs

Zonal organs are one of the most administrative regarding EPA. The Zonal administration is the highest decision
maker organ next to regional Authority. Zonal administration is accountable for regional Authority According to
Ethiopia’s government governance structure; zonal offices are headed by cabin members. Therefore, zonal Rural
land and Environmental protection organ is the middle administrative level responsible for monitoring and
evaluating environmental issues of the washed station

3.3.5 District
The highest administrative structure at district level is the District council consisting of the administrative arm
and a cabinet. Therefore, the Woreda environmental issues were seen at district level. The most policies, laws
and directives of the state Coordination of the activities applied at woreda level.

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3.3.6 Kebele (PEASANT Association)

The peasant associations have their own council consisting of the administrative structure and the cabinet
members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from local school, Agricultural offices and
locally selected health centuries and another four. The main responsibilities of the kebeles include promoting
rural development, Executing government policies and facilitate their implementation and conducting tax
collection. Furthermore, they have a mandate to visit development and correct their negative impacts through
advising the investors. Therefore kebele administrative office, will conduct such activities for social and
environmental sustainability of the established washed station

3.4 Summary of the Relevant World Bank’s safeguard Policies

On June 13th 2003, the Minister of Environment, Natural Resources and Wildlife promulgated the Environment
(Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations 2003 (EIA/EA Regulations) under section 147 of the EMCA. These
regulations provide the framework for carrying out EIAs and EAs in Ethiopia

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity
and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable
development.

The proposed Industrial zone Development Project activities will be implemented in an agricultural land and is
not likely to adversely impact any of the Natural Habitats. This project is not therefore going to trigger OP/BP
4.04.

OP/BP 4.36 Forests

The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a
sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital
local and global environmental services and values of forests.

No forest or shrubs of major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the land preparation and
construction of the industrial zone development project and other ancillary development activities associated
with the provision of infrastructures and various utilities. This policy under the sub-project will not therefore
trigger OP/BP 4.36.

OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on
physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or
immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have
archaeological, paleontological,

The Occupational Safety and health act, 2007 applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether
temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this Act is to: Secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at

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work; and Protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or in
connection with, the activities of persons at work.

3.4.1. Safety
Workers must be trained on personal safety and how to handle waste emission from washing station. They
should be provided with Personal Protective equipment which should be worn at all times.. There should be a
toxic acidic contamination risk preparedness plan clearly spelt out and implemented. Adequate protection close
should be installed at every pump, in the office, escape route clearly marked and an assembly point provided and
marked.

3.4.2. Health
Associated with wet coffee industry are vector borne diseases such as malaria. Conditions favoring the
proliferation of vectors include stagnant waste water in disposal thank, drains, reservoirs and seepage sites.
Furthermore, lack of sanitary and waste water treatment facilities as well as increased incidence of human-water
contact will exacerbate the problem of vector-borne diseases. Wastewater generated from this process is acidic,
rich in suspended dissolved and organic matter. This processing activity in the project area could affect public
health and safety in a negative manner; because of appropriate mitigation measures are not implemented.
Specific risks include:- Spinning sensation, eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea and breathing
problem among the residents of nearby areas and risk of increase of water-related diseases from standing
wastewater in abandoned borrows areas and seepage.

3.4.3. Welfare
Every occupier shall be provide and maintain so as to be readily accessible, a first-aid box or cupboard of the
prescribed standard. The occupier of a workplace shall cause a thorough safety and health audit of his workplace
to be carried out at least once in every period of twelve months by a safety and health advisor, who shall issue a
report of such an audit containing the prescribed particulars to the occupier on payment of a prescribed fee and
shall send a copy of the report to the Zonal and district EPA.

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4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-

ECONOMIC).
4.1. Project description
The agricultural based Ethiopia economy is mostly dependent on coffee, hotly clutters, and Etc and our project is
another income to the society and country`s foreign exchange earnings. No other products or services in Ethiopia
has earned as much the labor intensive tree crop also provides much employment in rural areas and is the means
of lived hood for people in Ethiopia. It will greatly contribute to the growth of the country is economy.

Despite its importance to the majority of the population to the economy, its quality has remained low. This is
mainly due to constraints associated to the an adequacies of natural water the need for additional investment in
this sector.

The economic benefits earned by other countries are proof that the rights establish and running of this industry
could be taken as a major basis for a storage economy in Ethiopia.

Coffee industry could be one of the major areas of investment in building the country economy. Among different
approaches, one possible alternative to increase the quality natural mineral water products would be the
establishment of coffee processing industry.

Therefore, the proposed project is aimed at establishing a quality coffee processing unit in this area. According
to the project`s proposal, the project in proposed to sustainably enhance the production and productivity of
agriculture mineral sector for improvement of the living conditions of the people. The project area is
characterized by midland to lowland agro climatic zone and is suitable for coffee processing industry.

The following baseline information details on environmental, ecological and bio-physical characteristics of the
proposed development site which will provide for a benchmark for continued monitoring and assessment of the
impact of the proposed activities on the environment. Coffee Industry is an important global industry and trade
that has important socio-economic implications for communities and countries that are endowed with suitable
natural resources.

4.2 Demographic & Economical Characteristics of the study area

Odo Shakiso district is located geographic coordinates 5o45'0.00” N Latitudes and 38o55'0.01” E Longitudes
(Guji Zone land use office). These Odo Shakiso wereda has a total population of 135,862, of whom 67,744 are
men and 68,118 women; 6,745 or 4.97% of is population are urban dwellers as at 2007 with Oromo as the
predominate tribe (CSA, 2007). The area lies within the dilla to shakiso district all-weather road at a mean level
range from 1700-2000 meters above sea level and most the rivers which is found in Odo Shakiso district is one
the most popular high land area of water there have been an important coffee processing quality products

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Agricultural development in Odo Shakiso district just as in other fertile lands is good due to high rainfall and the
menace of wildlife and pests. In the District crop production has been made quite reliable and evenly distributed
in the recent years the district has been no experiencing crop failure of almost 90% thus rendering the majority of
people self-suffice of food production in the district.

The people of Odo Shakiso district are engaged in various economic activities for their livelihoods. Whereas the
majority is engaged in agriculture, especially cereal crops, coffee as cash crops and livestock keeping still
remains the income earner in the district. People practice mixed farming because livestock acts as a buffer during
poor rain seasons. Most of what is harvested is consumed domestically, and there is hardly any net surplus. The
District is non-famine-prone; there is no supplemented with external food aid.

Major commercial activities like wholesale, retail shop keeping, process of food products, honey farming
harvesting and refining are other economic activities taking place in urban centers and market places. Coffee
ginning, till a major commercial activity has greatly declined due to worsening climatic conditions

4.3 Project site physical environment

The project site is located on Dambi Udo,in line with mormora river, Odo Shakiso district, Oromia regional
state. It is a rural area, where most of the people live of agriculture. The Odo Shakisois situated in 36 kilometers
of all-weather roads and 25 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 129 kilometers per
1000 square kilometers (According to a 2004)

The project established with an area of 1.17 ha. There is no passing through site area. Due care has been taken
while identifying the project site to avoid habitations, forest lands and vicinity of wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks and other sensitive areas. There are no industries in the vicinity of the site area and no residential houses
either in the radius of 4km meters.

4.4 Bio-physical environment

This section gives in details the description of existing environment and describes the present land use of the
project and area contiguous to it.

4.4.1 Physical environment

The site is situated on a sloping hillside with a dominantly loamy soil. There is natural vegetation some
plantation consisting of grasses and .

4.4.2 Climate
The climate of the district is tropical with very surfeit and unreliable rainfall. Most of the areas are generally wet
to moderate leading to high rate of perception. This combined with unreliable rainfall; limits intensive and
meaningful land use and related development activities. The annual rainfall ranges between 1500 -1700mm with
70 percent reliability. The long rains come in April/May and short rains in November/December. The short rains
are more reliable while long rains are usually unreliable. The periods falling between January to March are
usually dry. The topography of the landscape is not influences the amount of rainfall received. The district
experiences moderate temperatures throughout the year, which ranges from 240c to 280c.The hot months are
between Januarys to April.

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4.4.3 Soils
Soil is an important non-renewable natural resource that supports life, and is especially significant because of
their importance of agriculture. Soil patterns are influence by geology, land forms altitude and climate. There are
four (4) major soil types in the central part of the district. Two (2) of which are found in the central part of the
District. The distribution of soil types in different CSA provide information that may facilitate planning of that
use and management. Soils vary in their physical and chemical characteristic, being either saline or acidic or
both.

Table 3: Environmental setting in 1000m radius

NO. Parameters Details

1 Latitude 5o45'0.00” N orth

Longitude 38o55'0.01” East

2 Elevation a.s.l. 1700m – 1900M

3 Climatic Conditions:

Annual Mean Max Temp 330C

Annual Mean Min Temp 250C

Annual Total Rainfall 1500-1700

Predominant Wind Direction East-West

4 Land use at project site Wet-Coffee Processing Industry

5 Nearest Road Dilla to shakiso district road

6 Nearest Human settlements (Village / Town) No residential area, 500m

7 Forest Reserve within 500m radius None

8 Ecologically Sensitive Zones (Protected Areas / Wetlands None

…)

9 Notified Archaeological Monuments None

10 Water bodies and Hot water Spring Mormora river in about 500m

4.4.4 Biological environment

The site selected for the implementation of the wet-Coffee processing Industry site in Odo Shakiso district has
little natural flora, and the existing land use at the beginning of the project included subsistence crops like

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bamboo trees, Barley and Enset and coffee. The site also presents different types of bamboo trees and indigenous
trees that can, on the wildlife point of view, shelter rodents and lizards or serve as ecological niche for various
types of birds.

4.4.5. Wild life resources

The area is a suitable habitat for a wide diversity of fauna some of which attract tremendous conservation
interest. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Book there is
non-threatened large mammals found in the Odo Shakiso district of project area.

4.4.6. Vegetation
This type of vegetation is found in the project at all level of altitude areas of Odo Shakiso district and its
surrounding. It is characterized by species such as Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus, Dombeya
spp.,Combretumcollinum, Combretummollemeliavolkensii. Other species are Vitexdoniana,Euphorbia spp.,
Sclerocaryabirreaamongothers. In this type of vegetation exotic species such as Eucalyptus species, Grevillea
robusta, Mangiferaindicaand occasionally bananas are seen in project area of the district.

4.5. Baseline of the socio-economic environment of the project area

The project will be at the edge of ensuring sustainable development, delivering economically, socially and
environmentally important values. It will contribute to the delivery of Ethiopia’ s Sustainable Development and
Poverty Reduction Program by creating employment and export revenues whilst supporting social development
through Fair Trade.

4.5.1 Infrastructure and Services

When compared with others neighboring district, odo shakiso woreda has good infrastructure services, such as
electricity, mobile network and access to water. The other good thing is, road networks are in a very good
condition, and most of kebeles and woredas are interconnected by weather road while the remains are under
construction.

4.5.2 Settlement Pattern

Most of in habitants of Odo shakiso woreda characterized as Agro pastoral and crop growers. As usual trend in
the same agro ecology of Ethiopia, crop producer and agro pastoralists live in a scattered manner. Most of the
crops producers are engaged in cash crop production like coffee, chat and others cereal and horticulture crops
such as mango, Banana, Avocado etc where as the others are engaged in mixed agricultural productions
including livestock production.

4.5.3 Health Facilities

Regarding community`s health facility, there is nearly Hangadi health post and private clinic are available in the
project area. In addition to that, Adola Hospital and Health center are accessible within short distance. Therefore,
most of the locality people have access for medium level health services in their area.

4.5.4. School
No Level of School Level Number
1 Primary School 1-4 5
2 School 1-6 -

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3 Pri-secondary School 1-8 2

4 Preparatory School 9-12 -
Total 7

4.5.5. Infrastructure and Service

To implement the project, water supply is available at a short distance. This availability of water will contribute
to the productivity and effective development of the project.

4.5.6. Historical, Cultural, Religious and Archaeology Resource

The project is expected to have no impacts on the cultural and historical resources of the area; no known
historical and cultural site is included in the project area. Where there are accidental ‘’ chances of finding’’ of
some archeological artifacts on the line routes, construction and others field workers and surveyors shall report
to the environmental monitoring bodies or environmental protection, forest and climate change authority district
that will then report to the authority for research and conservation for cultural heritage(ARCCH) for further
investigation.

The area is mainly dominated by oromo Guji tribes while Gedeo is neighboring ethnic group and lives together
in a certain bordering areas collectively. They have long year historical background and share common culture;
inter marriage, customs and norms belief that linked them together more. Those different ethnic groups share
equal natural resource; like water, grazing land electricity and other all infrastructures. There is stability and
absolute peace surrounding the project area and district as well.

4.5.7. Public attitudes and perception

Public consultation and participation is a continuous process, which identifies and discusses the key issues and
impacts of the propose project. Views from local leaders , surrounding institution and development partners who
in one way or another would be affected or have interest were sought interviews and public meetings.

Public participation includes both the information exchange (determination and consolation) and collaborative
forms of decision- making and participation. Dissemination refers to transfer of information from project
establishment the affected population.

While consolation generally refers to join project authorities and the affected population serving as a linkage for
transfer of information and sharing of ideas, public participation is an ongoing process throughout the
implementation of the project on an event. The level of information which is disseminated or the issues of which
consultation takes place vary with the progress in the project process. During the field assessment, the team has
made public consultation with the affected community households.

The discussions were focused on the following major issues.

o Description of the project`s impact on the existing biological, environmental and socio-economic
condition
o The predicted negative and positive impact during construction, operation and maintenance phases.
o The possible mitigation to be undertaken

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o Community`s attitude towards the project

Accordingly, the team has confirmed that almost all the participants have commonly stated their positive attitude
and good impression in the project. They explained that the project would foster the national economy in general
and the local investment and socio economic development in particular.

4.6. Economic aspect

The project demonstrates strong economic fundamentals, providing good returns to all shareholders, being the
developers, the government and the local community. It also will stimulate substantial economic activity in the
surrounding region through:

 Supply of services,
 Supply of labor,
 Supply of inputs,
 Rural Coffee Market access, etc.

4.7. Water Resources

Water resources are generally high in Odo Shakiso Woreda and there is more stream and small river with
perennial flows in the project area. Streams and Groundwater is the main source of water for the majority of the
people in Odo Shakiso district to meet their water needs, groundwater from dug wells, bore holes and springs are
the primary sources of water for the population in the most of the districts. Small rivers are harnessed by the
rural

4.8. Project Objective

The main objective of the project is to establish modern wet coffee pulping factory that would supply best
quality of coffee products/ clean coffee/ to local and global markets.

Specific Objective of the project

 To produce locally and globally acceptable high quality coffee products

 To expand and promote investment opportunity in the area
 To create additional employment opportunity to the society
 To create market opportunity to coffee growers local community
 To generate foreign exchange earnings
 To create job opportunity for local people.
 To generate reasonable profit to the owner
 To add income of government by tax and cooperative
 To create favorable trade transaction
 To produce better quality coffee products that meet international standard.

4.9. Required land and land use plan

Area of the required to the proposed project is estimated to be 1.17 hectare. The requested land for the project
has been decided by taking the dimension of building and for other facilities as follows.

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Table 1. Land use plan

No Description Required area

1 Raw material storage area 500
2 Dumping site 600
3 Office area 400
4 Quality control center 6000
5 Washing area 500
6 Washing water hole/storage tunk/ 200
7 Waste accumulation area 1000
8 Parking and green area 500
9 End product storage area 2000
Total 11700m2

4.10 Community services

In general, Community services include water supply, sewage disposal, flood control, solid waste management,
power supply, education, healthcare, police and Fire protection, churches and libraries. The Ethiopia power and
lighting Authority is responsible for the supply of electricity through the national grid whereas the Ethiopia
Water Authority is responsible for water supply. The proposed Project will be connected to the septic tank to be
developed in the Project site. The government of Ethiopia and some private organizations are responsible for
running of facilities like schools, hospitals and healthcare centers in this area.

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5. PROJECT ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED

MITIGATION MEASURES.
5.1 Project ESIA assessment criteria.
This section provides an introduction to the assessment of potential impacts and the criteria used in making each
assessment are explained.

Firstly, in line with national practice in EIAs, a broad definition of “Environment” is adopted, which
incorporates both bio-physical and socio-economic components. The EA Policy of Ethiopia seeks to achieve a
balance between negative and positive impacts and between biophysical impacts and social and economic gains
to society. Therefore, both negative and positive impacts on the environment will be considered below. To the
extent that it is practically possible, this report will recommend measures to mitigate negative impacts and
optimize (or enhance) positive impacts.

This assessment is made on the basis of the current proposals. Should these proposals change in any material
way, then some of the assessments below may have to be reconsidered. In Section 8, for each activity with the
potential for environmental impacts, a discussion of the impact is presented. Where practically possible, the
discussion is followed by a table that summarizes the assessment according to specific criteria as follows

The impacts of the proposed alteration project on the environmental elements are both positive and negative. The
magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or permanent, short-term or long
term, specific (localized) or widespread, reversible or irreversible. Most of the impacts have been addressed in
the proactive design of the project and other mitigations can only be guaranteed through active and responsible
management committed to the propositions of the environmental management plan. The assessment criteria of
the significant impacts are as shown in the table below:

Table 4: Assessment criteria of significant impacts

Key Type of impact Key Type of impact

++ Major positive impact. + Minor positive impact
-- Major negative impact - Minor negative impact
O Negligible/zero impact No No change
Sp Specific/localized W Widespread
R Reversible Ir Irreversible
Sh Short term L Long term
T Temporary P Permanent

5.2 Assessment of Bio-physical & Socio-economic impacts.

The production processing system of Wet-coffee Processing plant consists of four major operations related to
Waste generation:-

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 Project construction phase

 Reds Cherry Reception and Sorting
 Red Cherry Pulping,
 Washing and Fermentation
 Final Washing and Soaking
 Drying

Through the above processing system the project annual washed coffee production processing which assert large
amount coffee industry waste effluent were generated and associated negative impact on to environmental would
be expected.

The project has conventional type of processing plan which required high amount of water for its processing
function. This conventional wet coffee processing plant, the actual water requirement is 80,000-93,000 litter
water for 1tons of red cherry were processing.

Base on this bench mark the consultant was estimation the amount of project annual water requirement based on
owner’s annual red cherry requirement plan and in the meantime predicted the amount and the type of coffee
processing industry waste by the project.

This is also important for the project owner’s to allocate environmental cost budget for the gross waste
management mitigation measure, its eco- solution of the business and reduction of the environmental cost. Here,
therefore, the detailed information the amount of waste effluent estimated is shown below table-5.

Table 5: The amount of waste generated in Red Cherry Coffee Pulping Industry

Description Unit Qt

Project Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,123,200

Water Requirement for processing/ton of red cherry liter 93,000

Total Annual water Requirement water Liter 104,457,600

Type and amount of Waste unit % Qt in tons Total effluent

Fresh pulp & Skin (82 % MC) tons 44% 494.208 494.208

Total Solid Waste tons 494.208

Evaporated water litter 20% 20,891,520 20,891,520

Mucilage (65-75 % MC) litter 16% 16,713,216 16,713,216

Total Liquid waste Litter 37,604,736 37,604,736

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It is concluded that, this coffee industry 1,123,200 red cherry processing 494.208 tons mucilage contaminated
solid waste (coffee skin& pulp) and 37,604,736 litters of sugar contain of mucilage and evaporate water lagoon
liquid waste will been generate due to its high water demanding nature of the project machine. Those generated
solid and liquid waste is containing with a very high potential of environment pollutants (effluent), when it
disposing to the downstream of water course with no any treatment is potential negative impact in washed coffee
processing industry. Such coffees wastes are nowadays become series problem on receiving environment
especially on water bodies and human health. The detailed type & nature of waste and its impact is well
described in the next section.

5.2. Impact assessment on Bio-physical environment.

In construction projects, there are usually some wastes on the site. Removal and disposal of such refuse and
other related wastes comes in handy. The waste should be disposed into the approved dumpsites.

In addition to this the proposed project would expected wastes are dust emissions, solid waste, liquid waste and
fuel, oil and lubricant and the associated maximum predicted ground level contamination would still comply
with the relevant environmental impact in all phase of construction, decommission and operations.
Consequently, it is considered that the proposed development would have a negligible impact on particulate
emissions and concentrations in the vicinity of the site.

5.2.1. Impacts on Physical Environment

5.2.1.1 Impact on Soil

In Ethiopia, up to 400 tons of fertile soil per hectare is lost annually from land with insufficient vegetation cover
as well as from land where no effective soil conservation practices have been carried out. Soil erosion has caused
several direct and indirect negative impacts. It has led to the degradation of agricultural land and consequent
reduction in agricultural production thus exposing the population to food insecurity.

During the construction of the houses and access roads, the clearing of vegetation and the excavation works may
lead the top soil underneath to be threatened by wind and water erosion. The erosion factor will increase in steep
areas. In the main time, the emergence of soil erosion may cause increasing of sedimentation load and
deterioration of the quality of rivers or streams nearby. Considering that soil erosion linked to deforestation and
overgrazing practices creates some environmental concerns in Ethiopia, this aspect should be managed properly
and mitigation actions should be undertaken during the construction phase.

5.2.1.2. Impacts on Air Quality

The construction and operation activities on the site will result to increased dust and gaseous emissions. Some
construction machinery and trucks, including small vehicles generate hazardous exhaust fumes such as Carbon
Oxides (Cox), Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Dust particles as caused by wind and vehicles
suspends in the air mostly during dry spells. Such dust and gases have direct negative impact to the quality of air
hence affects animal/ human health.

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The following negative impacts are also associated with the construction and others phases of the proposed
project. According to conducted environmental impact assessments in the proposed project area, this project will
have the impacts including;-

o During cutting, collecting, and burning natural trees(shrubs and bushes)

o Movement of heavy- duty vehicles for the transportation of building materials ( sand, stone, cement,
nails, can and others construction materials
o Daily movement of farm machineries from the beginning up to the of the project to accomplish their
daily tasks will affect air quality by releasing carbon monoxide.

These all activities have their own distinct negative impact on environmental pollution because they release high
carbon monoxide and others polluted elements on air, which is harmful for animals, human, and plants as well.
The implementation of the project would also have short –term adverse effect on air quality due to dust and air
emission released by the machineries involved in the clearing of R.O.W. from shrubs, bush, and perennial crops.
Road construction will also cause temporary dust pollution in the area.

5.2.2. Impacts on Biological Environment

5.2.2.1. Flora
Ethiopia is one of the biodiversity richest parts of the world. The Ethiopian flora is estimated to contain nearly
7000 species of higher plants, of which about 12% are endemic. The vegetations types with the highest portion
of endemics are the woodlands followed by the Afro alpine and sub afro alpine. Ethiopia is the centre of origin
for various crop species including Arabica Coffee, teff, false banana and sorghum (State of the Environment
Report for Ethiopia – August 2003).

The clearing of trees, shrubs and bushes during the construction period may negatively affect the flora genetic
resources in the project area.

The loss of natural vegetation cover may also cause habitant disturbance and favors the expansion of alien
invasive species in the study area. Alien invasive species usually lead to ecosystem disruptions by destroying or
displacing indigenous species through rapid reproduction and expansion. During the construction period forest
encroachment may increase in the project area due to the opening of new access roads and to natural vegetation
cut for clearance.

5.2.2.2. Fauna
Ethiopian has the most important endemic and epidemic wildlife, and we can consider them as natural resources
of the country. Out of 277mammals 31, out of 862 birds16, out of 201 reptiles 10, and out of 63 amphibians 34
are endemic to Ethiopia. Out of the bird`s species, 31are globally threatened. There are 5 mammals and 3 birds
found endangered in Ethiopia (state of the Environment Report for Ethiopia- August 2003). In the study area,
some wild animals may be affected during land preparation period. Their shelters may be disturbed and exposed
to poaching by the construction workers or go away from their original locations.

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5.3 Assessment on environmental Pollution

The construction activities on the site will result to increased dust and fermented toxic emissions. Such dust and
toxic mucilage have direct negative impact to the quality of air and hence animal/human health. Hooting of the
involved workers will generate noise and skin irritation which may have effect to the neighborhoods. Fermented
and toxic mucilage as drain to the downstream rivers and water body may cause to the aquatic ecosystem.

5.4. Assessment on sewage and Effluents

Effluent/sewage resulting from sanitary facilities and waste water from the proposed developments is of
significant concern with respect to the environment. It should always drain effectively into the available
sewerage treatment system via well designed and laid canals and septic tank networks. Options are being
explored to install a “pollution solution” system. The Pollution Solution system is an Effective Micro-Organism
(EMO) application and husk and fermented mucilage separator which separates mucilage from wash down water
collected from the under disposal area of a coffee washed station in two different tanks, and allows the waste
water to be discharged to sewer, while separating the solid material and/or contaminants in a separate tank for
collection.

5.5. Socio- economic Impact Analysis

5.5.1. Impact on Cultural, Archeological and Historical Resources

The project is expected to have no impact on the cultural and historical resources of the area; no known historical
and cultural site is included in the project area. Where there are accidental ‘’ chances of finding’’ of some
archaeological artifacts on the line route, construction and others field workers and surveyors shall report to the
environmental monitoring bodies or Environmental protection, forest and climate change authority offices of the
woreda, that will then report to the Authority for research and conservation for cultural Heritages(ARCCH) for
further investigations.

5.5.2. Impacts on Health and Safety

5.5.2.1. Dust (Husk) and Noise

General construction activity and traffic, will lead to an increase in dust and noise. This will have an effect on
people`s health, dust can cause respiratory problems and noise, when loud and frequent, can cause hearing
problems amongst both workers and local residents, and it can cause stress.

5.5.2.2. Infectious Diseases

Intestinal diseases, hepatitis, respiratory diseases (including TB) and plague are diseases that can occur in
situations where a large work force is not provided with the proper sanitary and work place facilities. Contractor
work camps shall be maintained in a in a clean and healthy condition as prescribed by international worker
health standards. Human waste will be treated properly and disposed of by the existing camp sewerage system,
which will be maintained in good working order.

A clean and protected water supply should be provided. Kitchen wastes must be burned or taken off-site, to
prevent a large rodent population and the breeding of disease carrying flies and other insects.

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Health education will include the proper handling and storage of foodstuffs, and all living quarters and work
places will be adequately ventilated to prevent respiratory diseases. Workers should be screened for tuberculosis.

5.6. Impact assessment of Disposal of Solid Materials

Construction activities create solid wastes that need to be disposed. Such wastes include:

• Excavated materials from the earth works;

• Timber from used formwork;
• Paints, lubricants and petroleum wastes;
• Containers, cement paper bags and other packaging materials;
• Metal, glass, plastic containers and other unwanted materials; and food remains

Soil will be excavated around the work area; the excavation works to level the site and to come up with the
basement will result in the generation of the excavated material. These wastes may direct impacts on the
neighboring premises.

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6. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURE.

Mitigation measure aims to prevent adverse impact from happening and to keep that do occur within acceptable
level. Opportunities for impact mitigation will occur through all project cycle. The purpose of mitigation is to
identify measures that safeguard the environment and community affected by the proposal mitigation is both
creative and practical phase of environmental impact assessment process. It seeks to find the best ways and
means of avoiding, minimizing and remedying of the project impact.

In terms of loss of some biodiversities in the area, the promoter will offer priorities to local people to involve in
the project works and benefit from. Generally, the project will assist in providing alternative to the livelihood of
the affected community by encouraging farmers to start cattle fattening activities using crop by products of
animal feed. The described adverse impact can be undertaking the following mitigation measures. In order to
encourage the farmers the project proponents will supply by products to the farmer.

6.1. Social benefits

6.1.1 Employment opportunities

The proposed development will generate both direct and indirect employment. It will directly offer jobs on
temporary basis during the construction. Not less than 8 permanent skilled employments and 50-70 casual labors
are expected to be involved in construction phase and operation phase.

6.1.2. Gender equity and work opportunities

Women efficiency I carrying out collecting, drying and packing make them suitable for the coffee processing.
This gender specific opportunity will address the historical inequality burden of un employment on women.

6.2. Economic benefits

6.2.1. Contribution to national economic development

As noted earlier in this report, coffee plays a pivotal role in economic growth and development. The foreign
currency that project can bring by contributing to exporting coffee product will have great roles in contribution
to national economic development. Apart from this contribution to the GDP such export oriented project will
have significant contribution for an other sectors. Besides the above financial resource induced economic
enhancement contribution, the project will be an opportunity for the introduction of new technology to the
country. Since the industry is a technology intensive enterprise, which involves many agricultural technologies it
is believed that the project will add additional knowledge to the local coffee producers and at the same time it
will create the opportunity and experience to the local experts on the sectors. The establishment of a wet coffee
processing station in this area will serve to improve accessibility of red cherry coffee market to area of coffee
producers near to the project area thus boosting the economy.

6.3 Pre-construction phase Mitigation Measures

The pre-construction activities are mainly activities related to site clearing, constriction materials and machine
transportation. The area of the establishment site is about 1.17hec. For which the machine occupies few square
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meters. Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedure related to EIA are
competing with.

Preparation of detailed designs for the project layout which incorporates specific features aimed at minimizing
adverse impacts in and enhancing beneficial impacts. Preparation of contract documents which contain
appropriate clause to allow control of impacts arising from contracting the projects.

Creating awareness on the value of environmental protection among the workers engaged on the construction
activities, vibrant sound and noise should be managed and controlled to minimal levels. There should be
managed and controlled to minimal levels. There should be application of sound construction guidelines
destruction. Carefully excavate store and reuse of top soil for the economic and environmental purposes. Limit
clearing and soil disturbance around project site.

At the project will be responsible for handling the above issue before the commencement of the construction, the
project owner will heir an environmentalist and engineering consultancies that facilitate the activities and enter
institutional relationship for the environmental management and other constriction activity as well. The Oromia
Environmental Protection, Forest and Climate change Biro will also be responsible for ensuring its own
environmental requirements are full met in the EIA study reports.

6.4. Construction phase Mitigation Measures

Limit clearing and soil disturbance in the site in a such way that Acacia trees are maintained. limit and control
movements of rock and construction machineries during construction in manner that trucks will not damage
vegetation. Record the type and number of trees and shrubs cut in order to replace after construction is
completed. Grade disturbed area and restore landscape.

Create awareness for the local people and workers in every opportunity about the importance of vegetation cover
for soil and water conservation. Create awareness on the value of environmental protection among the workers
engaged on the construction activities, vibrant sound and noise should be managed and controlled to minimal
levels. There should be application of sound construction guidelines.

Minimizing the movement of the vehicle and construction machineries particularly outside the premise of the
project site to avoid further destruction. Carefully excavate store and reuse of top soil for the economic and
environmental purpose. Limit clearing and soil disturbance around project site.

6.5. Operational Phase Impact Mitigation Measure

6.5.1. Waste Water Mitigation Measure

During the operational phase, the two major by products are waste water and parchments/husks. Therefore, we
have proposed the following methods of mitigation measures for these expected impacts.

 Construction of adequate and efficient Disposal system

 Construction of fermented mucilage interceptor septic tank
 Use Biofiltration wetland waste treatment technology
 Use By-product for commercial purpose

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 Use by product as compost/organic fertilizer for local farmers.

6.5.2. Minimization of Air Quality Impacts

To minimize or avoid any adverse consequence of visibility loss due to dust creation during operation, the
practical option is to sprinkle water on fresh construction spoil, in line with EHS and OHS guidelines, applicable
for project staff and contractors.

This will also be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to be used during construction
of the proposed project to ensure that vehicles fills are increased in order to reduce the number of trips done or
the number of vehicles on the road.

6.5.3. Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Significance of noise and vibration impacts depends on whether the project would increase noise and vibration
levels above the existing ambient levels by introducing new sources of noise and vibration. Noise and Vibration
impacts would be considered significant if the project would result in the following:

A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels (more than five) project vicinity above levels
existing without the project.
A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in project vicinity above levels
existing without the project.
Exposure of persons in generation of, noise levels in excess of standards established in the local general
plan or noise, or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies.
Exposure of persons in generation of, excessive ground- borne vibration
The owners of the proposed project shall put in place several measures that will mitigate noise pollution
and vibration arising during the construction phase.
Consult with the surrounding community on the permissible noise levels and best working hours.
Use quiet equipment (i.e. equipment designed with noise control elements).
Coordinate with relevant agencies regarding all construction activities in the project area.

The following noise suppression techniques will be employed to minimize the impact of temporary construction
noise at the project site.

 Install portable barriers to shield compressors and other small stationary equipment where necessary.
 Prescribe noise reduction measures if appropriate e.g. restricted working hours, transport hours and noise
buffering
 Limit pickup trucks and other small equipment to a minimum idling time and observe a common sense
approach to vehicle use, and encourage workers to shut off vehicle engines whenever possible.
 Construct mainly during the day. The time that most of the neighbors are out working.

6.5.4. Minimization of Health and Safety

In order to reduce the occupational health and safety impacts during the construction phase of the proposed
industrial project, the promoter through the contractor is committed to adherence to the occupational health and
safety rules and regulations stipulated in occupation safety and health Act, 2002. Since long exposure to

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vehicular emissions may result in irreversible effects on human health, it is advisable that the proponent should
ensure that:-

o Employees undergo regular medical check-ups (every six months)

o Wastes are treated with Effective Micro-Organism Bio-chemicals
o Construction of disposal septic tank
o Other safety measures that should be undertaken include:-
o Provide protective clothing to employees
o Install first aid facilities
o Provide washrooms for the facility workers
o Aware the workers the about the consequence of the solid wastes and proved west collection bins.
o Recycle coffee washing water to minimize liquid wastes.

6.5.5. Minimization of Solid Waste

The promoters of the wet coffee processing industry, through the contractor shall put in place measures to ensure
that construction materials requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction
materials left on after construction is kept minimal.

The further recommendation is that the proponent should consider the use of recycled or refurbished construction
materials. Purchasing and using once used or recovered construction materials will lead to financial savings and
reduction of the amount of construction materials debris disposed of as waste.

Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste include:

 Use of durable, long lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often, thereby reducing the
amount of construction waste generated over time.
 Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce the amount of
waste caused by damaged or exposure to the elements
 Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of excessive packaging
waste;
 Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in accordance with accepted
standards
 Adequate collection and storage of waste on site and safe transportation to the disposal sites and disposal
methods at designed area shall be provided.
 The proponent through the contractor will also make sure that the construction wastes generated are
disposed to the approved dump site by the private waste management company that will be contracted.

6.6. Minimization of Occupational Health and Safety Impacts

During decommissioning/ coffee pulling process/phase, risk of accidents and illness as a result of demolition
activities shall be mitigated by ensuring that appropriate health and safety measures are applied in all activities;
fence all unsafe and dangerous areas; and continue to monitor environmental health at all main receptor points
around the site until the site handover. High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or
dismantling works will be minimized as follows:

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 Rehabilitating or stabilize all disturbed areas through tree planting (reforestation) and landscaping
 Avoiding dusty activities for example loading and dumping on windy days; and
 Continuing to monitor and minimize the extent of release of dust in the surrounding area, etc

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7. CONSULTATION
7.1 Introduction
Proclamation (Art. 3(1)) of EPA, 2002; EPA, 1997 and subsequent EIA/EA Regulations of 299/2002 requires
any project to carry out environmental impact assessments for development proposals. According to EIA/EA
Regulations, 2003 such studies have to incorporate consultation and public participation (CPP) process.

EIA process is largely determined by effective consultation and public participation (CPP) which basically
provides a cornerstone for project planning and successful implementation. Consultation and Public participation
helps to:

 Facilitate involvement and participation of affected persons throughout the project cycle.
 Ensures a sense of responsibility and commitment towards implementing the proposed EMP.

CPP should be undertaken mainly during project construction, decommission and operations phases. It should
involve the affected persons, lead agencies, private sector, among others. The methodology for CPP may
include; Meetings and technical workshops with affected communities, Questionnaires, Interviews and Notices.

It is the responsibility of the project proponent to adequately ensure effective distribution of the information to
the affected persons to militate against unnecessary delays in decision making and project implementation

7.2 Public Participation Process

7.2.1 Consultation with Interested and Affected Parties

The intent of the Miju Investment and Environmental Consulting Service PLC strategy has been to identify
and incorporate a range of community values to ensure that the project was appropriately adapted to local
context. The steps in the local consultation program were designed to identify and address stakeholders concerns
about the project and to build positive, long-term relationships with the project community neighbors.
Consultation specific to the project was initiated through contacting the Environmental officer of Odo Shakiso
district Officer who thereafter provided the consultant team with contact persons at Woreda Sector. The
consultation process included to a large extent public consultation through Dambi Udo Keble with the local
people and interested and affected parties.

7.2.2 The Content of the Questionnaire.

The consultation process included on the content are;

 Awareness about the proposed Addis Anagaw pulping indusrty development project.
 On the anticipated wet-coffee processing industry waste impact on bio-physical and socio-economic
based on other coffee industry bench mark.
 Whether the proposed development project will cause negative impacts on the following.
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 Local residents
 Natural ecology of the area
 The human environment
 Public health and safety
 Effect on water resources and quality and water eco system
 The soil Quality in the local area
 The areas of aquatic animal
 Road transport and related infrastructure, etc
 Meeting with local residents-This meeting was held for three days as from 8th august to 18th august 2024
at the site. The reaming public consultation process continued in 19th august 2024 after receiving detailed
Terms of Reference from odo shakiso woreda Environmental protection office dated 19th august 2024.
The final meetings were held at the same time of august 20th 2024 as required by Woreda EPA for the
study.

7.3. The results of consultation

The result of the consultation is that most of the respondents were aware of the proposed project and welcomed
this development. The overall conclusion from the interviews and analysis of the questionnaire led to
determination of the following:

 The proposed development project is accepted by the interested and the affected parties (i.e. almost all of
the respondents)
 The proposed project will benefit the general population of by providing the much-needed jobs and in the
long run reduce dependency and poverty.
 This industry in the area hopes to good price barging power the coffee producers with other industries
etc.

Participants Attending Result: The respondents however, did not object the project and were in agreement that
it should be implemented but the proponent should consider employing people from the local area for jobs that
do not need specialized skills before he brings other people in. put in place measures to curb insecurity.
Members of the public who participated in this public participation were so passionate about insecurity and how
it needs to be addressed.

7.4. Summary of concerns on project construction phase.

To date, stakeholder input has largely focused on creating an appropriate and contextual design for the project in
coordination with community input. Areas of particular interest have included the preparation of effective
environmental and socio-economic impact assessment, the mitigation of environmental effects. Most
stakeholder’s comments, and concerns focused cumulative effects and the need for clarity around the project
operations. A brief summary of the stakeholders concerns during construction phase that were incorporated into
the project

Table 6: Summary of Plan Modification during construction phase

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Concern Plan Modification

Construction Dust and fugitive Project for coffee washing industry facility is planned to be portable and
emissions partially enclosed to mitigate dust concerns

Construction phase Noise Project is planned workers should have partially enclosed, using closed
material and insulted cover in order to mitigate noise concerns and to
achieve compliance with the Ethiopia environmental Law. This enclosure
will also work in mitigating dust emissions and potential health concerns.

Effect to the Marshland None

downstream

Proximity to Road The construction will not extend beyond the site that was not traffic
problems

Mormora River Constructed Waste collection damp pit with cement concrete downstream
of the entire site is no expected impact potential sedimentation of the river

7.5. Summary of impact on construction and processing phase.

On the basis of information gathered during both the desktop and field study, the potential environmental
impacts of the proposed project are as tabulated below table-7.

Table 7: Potential Anticipated Environmental Impacts Summary

Impacts on or Construction Occupati Remarks

due to on

Changes in Land - -/0 The proposed construction will not have a

use Extent. significant change in the land use of the area
since the area has been approved for such
purposes

Pollution: During construction, dust and exhaust

emission from the construction activities,
noise from concrete mixers and workers will
generate noise and vibration that may not
have negative effect to the neighborhood.
Air/Dust & Major negative impact --
Noise Coffee waste effluxes from untreated septic
tank Spinning sensation, eye, ear and skin
Minor negative impact - irritation, stomach pain, Nausea and

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Coffee inhabitant Major negative impact -- breathing problem among the residents of
nearby areas

Water Resources Major negative impact -- The organic compounds in coffee wastewater
create high BOD and COD. Fermentation of
sugars in fermentation tank also generates
high acidity, effluent also consists of
different toxic chemicals cause human health
problems and loss of biodiversity

Public Health Lt -- During the operational Spinning sensation,

eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain,
Nausea and breathing problem among the
residents of nearby areas.

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

The environmental management plan involves risk management strategies that should be undertaken by the
project proponent and the project manager to mitigate environmental degeneration. They are approaches to
monitor, control, reclaim and restore the environment back to its appropriate state. EMPs for projects thus
provide logical frameworks within which the identified issues of environmental concern can be mitigated,
monitored and evaluated.

Environmental monitoring involves measurement of relevant parameters, at a level of details accurate enough, to
distinguish the anticipated changes. Monitoring aims at determining the effectiveness of actions to improve
environmental quality. The environmental management and monitoring plans have been developed and outlined
to bring home the key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project in mention,
recommending necessary mitigation actions, defining roles, monitor able indicators and the estimated cost.

The EMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative impacts and mitigation measures as well as
roles, costs and monitor able indicators that can help to determine the effectiveness of actions to upgrade the
quality of environment; as regards the proposed project. The EMPs have considered construction, occupation
and decommissioning phases.

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8.1 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

Table 8: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

Source of Mitigation measure Monitoring Monitoring and Cost of mitigation/ Responsibility bodies
potential Indicators reporting frequency
Impact enhancement

measure

Liquid and Extraction of waste management Presence of well At the end of every Part of operational worked, zonal
solid waste pit Maintained work months and cost environmental protection
report Forest and climate change
receptacles and Authority
central collection
point

Used and or All oil products should be stored No oils : Motor Monitoring every two Part of construction worked, zonal
waste oils : in a site store and handled oil, grease, lubes month or quarterly expense environmental protection
Motor oil, carefully. waste and oil spills Forest and climate change
diesel, petrol, and leaks on the Authority
kerosene, An oil interceptor (API Style) site
grease, lubes should be provided at drainage
etc channels

Office waste & building of toilet and solid waste healthy Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal
human pit environment and month or quarterly expense environmental protection
extraction workers from air Forest and climate change
pollution Authority

machine and Fulfillment of facility (helmet, fully protected Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal

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Generator protective close..etc) environment from month or quarterly expense environmental protection
operation noise, fire hazards Forest and climate change
& seeing dressed Authority
workers

Occupational Provide Personal Protective Workers using Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal
Health equipment Protective month or quarterly expense environmental protection
Equipment Forest and climate change
and Safety Train workers on personal safety Authority
and how to handle equipment’s Presence of a First
and machines Aid Box

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8.2. Budget for waste management plan.

The following table shows the estimated costs for implementing the proposed measures to the
project’s impacts, considering the local market price. That cost is the responsibility of the project
promoter Adis Anagaw wet coffee milling industry project. For more detailed information show
below table 12.

Table 9: Financial Requirement for Environmental protection costs

No Parameter to be Mitigation measures (Activity) Frequenc Institution responsible Budget

monitored y
birr

1 Solid waste Biannual Proponent, 50,000

environmentalist
Wet-coffee processing waste and regulatory body
other solid wastes

Recycle/reuse solid waste

2 Air quality Yearly Proponent, 10,000

once environmentalist,
Limit ambient air quality test regulatory body
parameter

Conduct air quality assessment

Limit dust emissions to below

standards

3 Soil disturbance Once Proponent, 10000

yearly environmentalist,
Limit soil disturbance regulatory body
Reuse removed topsoil for
economic and environmental
conservation purposes

4 Health hazards and Works incidences, status and Yearly Proponent, 10,000
spread of diseases trends of diseases in the project once environmentalist,
area, Assess employees health health office

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safety and utilization of safety regulatory body

devices

Total environmental monitoring cost 80,000

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9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1. Conclusion.

It is concluded that:

 The total odour emission rate for the wet-coffee mill would not have a significant
incremental or cumulative odour impact at the Dambi Udo site, and would equate to
<0.1% of the existing total odour emission rate for the Dambi Udo project site facility
(excluding emissions from the surrounding residents).
 Odour emissions from the wet-coffee mill would be likely to have a neutral hedonic tone,
which is to say that the odour would be regarded as being neither unpleasant nor pleasant.
 All exhaust discharge points would be equipped with Buhler Airjet filters, which are
capable of achieving an in stack particulate concentration of considerably less than 50
mg/m3.
 Emissions of total suspended particulates would comply with the concentration
prescribed by the Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2002.
 The total particulate emission rate for the wet-coffee mill would not have a significant
incremental or cumulative impact at the Dambi Udo project site, should be avoid
emission rate.
 The additional greenhouse gas emissions associated with the proposed wt-coffee mill at
the existing Dambi Udo site would be no any gas emissions.
 The development and rigorous implementation of appropriate environmental
management measures throughout the construction period would minimize environmental
impacts associated with the construction process.
 The positive impacts will also contribute greatly benefit to local community by creating
employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled people.
 The positive impacts will also considerable and greatly to the economic activity within
the location providing the community with clear opportunities to improve livelihoods and
food security.
 The proposed project will contribute to the development of the country by increasing
export of finished/clean coffee products and generate foreign currency exchange for the
country.
 The positive impacts include the fast contribution to proposed industry benefits by fast
payments.
 Effluents: the water leaving the processing facilities should be monitored for potential
contaminants.

9.2. Recommendation
Here below few recommendations are forwarded:

 To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project; it is
very important for the company management body and Proponents (a) to avoid or

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minimize any adverse impacts of the project on human health and, (b) to reduce impacts
on the environment.
 It is recommended that the proposed mitigating measures are properly implemented on
time.
 To ensure proper implementation of mitigation measures, monitoring and auditing must
be conducted.
 In addition, the company should create harmonious relationship between the local
communities by holding discussions with local people so as to develop strong ties with
them.
 During Production and Processing phase the project should be Adoption of Waste
Management Hierarchy Principles in order to avoid the liquid and solid waste of coffee
industry such as any waste reduce, reuse, recycle and energy use for different commercial
use and at the last disposed at permitted area.
 All appropriate environmental management measures detailed in this report, together
with any other environmental management commitments detailed in the Environmental
Assessment document be developed in a Construction Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) and implemented throughout the construction phase
 In collaboration with the local government and the affected community, the company
should support development efforts in the project site. This will strengthen trust between
local people and the company.
 The company should create harmonious relationship with community surrounding site
 The company should carry out regular internal monitoring in order to maintain
environmental and quality production
 Mainstreaming and scaling up best practices so that the local community can benefit from
it.

Therefore, major practical works are required to aware the local community and develop their
confidence in the coffee industry activities, and to conduct transparent mitigation measure
application and the necessary steps should make on what conditions the wet-coffee industry
Waste Management Plan consolidate by the consultant and provide to the Zone and woreda EPA
office for the acceptance and approval of to this envisaged coffee industry management plan.
This will however be overcome through close follow-up and implementation of the
recommended Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMPs).

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Birley (1991), Guidelines for forecasting the vector-borne disease implications of Water

Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat,

WHO,Geneva. WHO/CWS/ 91.3

EPA-ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORIYTY – State of Environment Report for

Ethiopia-Addis Ababa-2003

Bureau of Africa; Office of Sustainable Development (June1996); Environmental Guidelines for

Small-scale Activities in Africa

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-October 31,2002-proclamation No

295: ``Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation``

FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-

proclamation No 299: ``Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation``

FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-

proclamation No 300: ``Environmental pollution control Proclamation`` Guidelines Washington
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IIRR (2002), Managing Dry land Resources-An Extension manual for Eastern and Southern

Africa. International Institute of Rural RE- construction, Nairobi,Kenya. Impact Assessment

Service of EPA (June 2003), Environmental and social Management plan (ESMP) for
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The World Bank (2002), the Environment and the Millennium Development Goals.

The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II Sectorial
FDRE August 24,1995-proclamation No9: ``Environmental protection Authority Establishment
proclamation``

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