UNIT 5 PRW
UNIT 5 PRW
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Course Code/Title: OHS352/PROJECT REPORUnit:V
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Course Code/Title: OHS352/PROJECT REPORUnit:V
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Course Code/Title: OHS352/PROJECT REPORUnit:V
Journal Articles:
o Format:
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue
number (Year): page numbers.
o Example:
Johnson, Linda, and Kevin Wright. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Marketing."
Journal of Marketing Research 12, no. 3 (2019): 45-60.
Website:
o Format:
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Webpage." Name of Website. Last modified Month
Day, Year. URL.
o Example:
Brown, Tom. "The Future of Technology in Education." Tech Trends. Last modified April
15, 2021. https://www.techtrends.com/future-education.
4. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Style
Books:
o Format:
Author(s) Initial(s). Last name, Title of Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State),
Country: Publisher, year, pp.
o Example:
J. Smith, Understanding Social Media Trends, 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Tech
Publishers, 2020, pp. 23-45.
Journal Articles:
o Format:
Author(s) Initial(s). Last name, "Title of Paper," Abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp.
xxx-xxx, Month, year.
o Example:
L. Johnson and K. Wright, "The impact of artificial intelligence on marketing," J. Mark.
Res., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 45-60, May 2019.
Website:
o Format:
Author(s). "Title of Webpage," Webpage name. [Online]. Available: URL. Accessed:
Month, Day, Year.
o Example:
T. Brown, "The Future of Technology in Education," Tech Trends. [Online]. Available:
https://www.techtrends.com/future-education. Accessed: April 20, 2021.
FONT:
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Course Code/Title: OHS352/PROJECT REPORUnit:V
3. Line Spacing
Body Text: 1.5 or double line spacing is recommended to make the text more readable.
Headings: Single spacing is typically used.
4. Alignment
Justified Alignment: Often used for the main body text, as it gives a clean and formal look.
Left Alignment: Can be used for headings and subheadings, or if the justified text creates awkward spacing.
5. Page Layout
Margins: Standard margins are usually 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides, but this can vary depending on
institutional guidelines.
Header and Footer: Ensure these are consistent, usually including page numbers and possibly the document
title or chapter name.
6. Consistency
It’s important to maintain consistency in font type, size, and formatting throughout your report. This includes
the body text, headings, footnotes, and references.
7. Institutional Guidelines
Always check if your institution or the organization you’re submitting to has specific guidelines regarding font
choice, size, and formatting. These guidelines take precedence over general advice.
8. Special Considerations
Tables and Figures: Use a slightly smaller font size (10 or 11-point) for tables and figure labels to ensure they
fit within the document margins.
Bold and Italics: Use bold for headings and subheadings and italics for emphasis within the text, such as for
foreign words or titles of works.
SPACING :
1. Line Spacing
Body Text:
o Use 1.5 or double spacing (2.0) for the main text. This spacing makes the report easier to read and
provides room for comments or annotations if printed.
Headings and Subheadings:
o Typically, use single spacing for headings and subheadings.
o Ensure there is extra spacing (usually one line space) before and after headings to distinguish them
from the body text.
Captions, Footnotes, and References:
o Use single spacing for footnotes, endnotes, captions, and references, with a double space between
each entry in the bibliography.
o
2. Paragraph Spacing
Before and After Paragraphs:
o Generally, do not add extra space before or after paragraphs if you are using 1.5 or double spacing.
This maintains consistency and avoids unnecessary gaps in the text.
Between Sections:
o Add extra space (usually one additional line) before starting a new section or heading to clearly
separate different parts of the report
o
3. Spacing for Headings
Main Headings:
o Ensure there is double space (two lines) before a main heading and a single space (one line) after it
before the subsequent text begins.
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Course Code/Title: OHS352/PROJECT REPORUnit:V
Subheadings:
o Provide a single space before and after subheadings to make them stand out.
4. Indentation
First Line of Each Paragraph:
o It is common to indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches (1.27 cm). Alternatively, if you
prefer not to use indentation, ensure that there is a space between paragraphs to distinguish them.
Block Quotations:
o If you include block quotations (quotes longer than three or four lines), these should be indented 0.5
inches from the left margin and single-spaced.
5. Spacing in Lists
Bulleted or Numbered Lists:
o Use single spacing within each item of the list, but add a double space between different items to
separate them clearly.
Nested Lists:
o Ensure that nested lists (lists within lists) are indented further than the main list items.
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2. Numbering
Consistent Numbering:
o Tables and illustrations should be numbered consecutively throughout the report. For example, Table
1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.
Chapter-Based Numbering:
o If your report is divided into chapters, you might use chapter-based numbering, such as Table 2.1 for
the first table in Chapter 2, Figure 3.2 for the second figure in Chapter 3, and so on.
4. Formatting
Tables:
o Use a simple and clear layout for tables. Avoid overly complex designs. Ensure that all columns and
rows are clearly labeled.
o Use single spacing within the table for data entries, but add extra space between the title and the table
and between the table and the text.
o Make sure all numerical data are aligned correctly (usually right-aligned or centered) and that
decimal points are aligned if applicable.
Figures/Illustrations:
o Ensure that illustrations are of high quality, with clear labels and legends. Avoid using low-resolution
images that might become pixelated when printed.
o Use consistent colors, fonts, and styles for charts and graphs throughout the report.
5. Referencing in Text
Refer to Tables and Figures:
o Always refer to tables and illustrations in the text before they appear. For example, "As shown in
Table 3, the results indicate..." or "Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between..."
Consistency in References:
o Ensure that the table and figure numbers used in the text match the actual numbers on the tables and
figures.
7. Cross-Referencing
Internal Cross-References:
o Use cross-referencing to link tables and figures to relevant sections of the report. This helps in
maintaining clarity, especially in longer reports where the reader might need to jump between
sections.
Tables:
o Ensure that tables fit within the page margins. If a table is too wide, consider rotating it to landscape
orientation or splitting it into multiple tables.
Figures/Illustrations:
o Make sure figures and illustrations are large enough to be easily readable, but not so large that they
dominate the page. Ensure that text within figures (like axis labels) is legible.
Slides:
o Create a set of slides to accompany your presentation. Keep slides simple, with minimal text and
clear visuals.
o Use bullet points, charts, graphs, and images to support your spoken words. Avoid overcrowding
slides with information.
o Follow the “6x6 rule”: no more than six bullet points per slide and no more than six words per bullet
point.
Tables and Figures:
o If you need to show data, use tables and figures to summarize complex information. Ensure these
visuals are clear and easy to understand.
Consistency:
o Maintain a consistent design throughout your slides, including font size, color scheme, and layout.
9. Final Preparations
Dress Appropriately:
o Dress professionally and appropriately for the context of the presentation.
Handouts:
o Consider preparing handouts summarizing key points or data, but only if they add value and won’t
distract during the presentation.
Relaxation Techniques:
o Use relaxation techniques such as deep breathing before your presentation to calm nerves.
10. Follow-Up
Feedback:
o After the presentation, seek feedback from the audience or your mentors. This can help you improve
future presentations.
Document Sharing:
o If appropriate, share your slides or a summary of your presentation with the audience after the
session.
TECHNIQUE :
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3. Cohesive Writing
Logical Flow:
o Ensure your ideas flow logically from one to the next. Use transition words and phrases to connect
paragraphs and sections.
Topic Sentences:
o Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea. This helps readers
follow your argument.
Paragraph Structure:
o Each paragraph should contain one main idea, supported by evidence or examples. Keep paragraphs
focused and concise.
4. Use of Visual Aids
Tables and Figures:
o Use tables, graphs, and illustrations to present complex information visually. This can make your
report more engaging and easier to understand.
Integrate Visuals:
o Refer to all visuals in the text and explain their relevance. Ensure they are labeled correctly and
positioned near the corresponding text.
Clarity in Visuals:
o Visual aids should be clear and easy to interpret. Use appropriate labels, legends, and titles to guide
the reader.
5. Effective Data Presentation
Accuracy:
o Ensure that all data presented in the report is accurate and well-documented. Double-check
calculations, sources, and citations.
Relevance:
o Only include data that directly supports your research questions or objectives. Avoid overloading the
report with unnecessary information.
Comparative Analysis:
o Where applicable, compare your results with those of other studies. This adds depth to your analysis
and situates your findings within a broader context.
6. Critical Analysis
Interpretation of Results:
o Go beyond merely presenting data. Discuss what the results mean in the context of your research
questions and objectives.
Address Limitations:
o Acknowledge any limitations in your study and how they might impact the results. This demonstrates
critical thinking and honesty in your research.
Discussion and Implications:
o Explore the broader implications of your findings. Discuss how they contribute to the field and
suggest areas for future research.
7. Referencing and Citation
Use Reliable Sources:
o Ensure that all references come from credible and relevant sources. Avoid using outdated or non-
academic references unless necessary.
Consistent Citation Style:
o Use a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) throughout your report. Be meticulous
with in-text citations and the reference list.
Plagiarism Check:
o Always check your report for plagiarism before submission. Properly paraphrase and cite all sources
to avoid unintentional plagiarism.
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