Wireless Communication Concepts

6. Mention the need for calculation of free space path loss along with valid equation.
7. State Shannaon Hardley theorem.
8. Consider a channel with the bandwidth capacity of 5 mbps, calculate the minimum snr required
for transmitting data of capacity 500 kbps.
9. Name the stack elements present in Bluetooth.
10. What are the three modes of operation on Bluetooth?Write down the operating frequency and range of
WLAN.
13. Write the general form of friis transmission equation. give ans for all in detial

Let's go through each of these questions in detail:

6. Free Space Path Loss Calculation

Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) is the loss of power of a radio signal as it travels through free space (with no
obstructions like buildings or terrain). FSPL is essential in understanding signal degradation and is a key factor in
determining the power budget for wireless communications.

Equation for Free Space Path Loss:

4π
FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f ) + 20 log10 (
​ ​ ​ ​)
c

Where:

d: Distance between transmitter and receiver (meters)

f : Frequency of the signal (Hertz)
c: Speed of light (≈ 3 × 108 m/s)

Alternatively, it is often presented as:

FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f ) − 147.55

​ ​

(for distance in meters and frequency in Hz)

FSPL is important for estimating the signal strength at the receiver end and designing reliable communication
systems.

7. Shannon-Hartley Theorem

The Shannon-Hartley theorem defines the theoretical maximum data rate for a given communication channel,
considering both the channel bandwidth and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).

Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem:

C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
​

Where:

Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 1/4
 C : Maximum channel capacity (bits per second)
B : Bandwidth of the channel (Hertz)
SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio (dimensionless)

The Shannon-Hartley theorem is critical because it provides a theoretical limit on the amount of error-free data that
can be transmitted over a channel with a certain bandwidth and noise level. It implies that increasing bandwidth or
improving SNR will enhance the data rate.

8. Minimum SNR Required for 5 Mbps Bandwidth and 500 kbps Data Rate

Using the Shannon-Hartley theorem to determine the minimum required Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given
data rate:

Given:

Bandwidth (B ) = 5 Mbps = 5 × 106 Hz

Capacity (C ) = 500 kbps = 500 × 103 bits per second

Using the formula:

C = B log2 (1 + SNR)​

Rearranging to solve for SNR:

C
SNR = 2 B − 1 ​

Substituting the values:

500×103
SNR = 2 5×106 − 1 = 20.1 − 1
​

Calculating 20.1 :

20.1 ≈ 1.0718

SNR = 1.0718 − 1 = 0.0718

So, the minimum SNR required is approximately 0.0718 (dimensionless). In decibels (dB), this can be expressed as:

SNR (dB) = 10 log10 (0.0718) ≈ −11.44 dB

​

9. Bluetooth Stack Elements

The Bluetooth protocol stack consists of several layers, which are responsible for different aspects of Bluetooth
communication. The major elements of the stack are:

1. Radio Layer: Responsible for the physical transmission of data over the air.
2. Baseband Layer: Manages physical channels, links, and media access control.
3. Link Manager Protocol (LMP): Responsible for link setup, security, and control.
4. Host Controller Interface (HCI): Acts as an interface between hardware and software.
5. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): Manages data packet segmentation and reassembly.
6. RFCOMM: Provides emulation of serial ports for data transfer.
7. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): Allows devices to discover services available on other devices.
8. Application Layer: Runs user applications and interfaces with profiles, such as Hands-Free, Audio/Video, etc.

10. Bluetooth Modes of Operation and WLAN Frequency and Range

Three Modes of Operation on Bluetooth:

Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 2/4
 1. Active Mode: The device is actively participating in communication and is fully powered.
2. Sniff Mode: The device periodically listens for transmissions, reducing power consumption.
3. Hold Mode: The device is temporarily inactive and may switch to low-power mode for a defined time.

Operating Frequency and Range of WLAN:

Frequency: WLAN (Wi-Fi) generally operates in two main frequency bands: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
Range:
2.4 GHz: Up to 150 feet (45 meters) indoors and 300 feet (90 meters) outdoors.
5 GHz: Shorter range compared to 2.4 GHz, typically 50-100 feet (15-30 meters) indoors.

13. General Form of Friis Transmission Equation

The Friis transmission equation calculates the power received by an antenna under ideal free-space conditions,
given the transmitted power and characteristics of the antennas.

Friis Transmission Equation:

Gt Gr λ 2
Pr = Pt
​ ​

(4πd)2
​ ​ ​

Where:

Pr : Received power (watts)

​

Pt : Transmitted power (watts)

​

Gt : Gain of the transmitting antenna (dimensionless)

​

Gr : Gain of the receiving antenna (dimensionless)

​

λ: Wavelength of the signal (meters), calculated as λ = fc , where c is the speed of light

​

d: Distance between the transmitter and receiver (meters)

The Friis transmission equation is widely used in wireless communication system design to estimate the power
that a receiver will receive given the distance, frequency, and antenna characteristics. It helps in understanding the
propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space and is essential for link budget analysis.

is power adn link budjet same ???

No, power and link budget are not the same, although they are closely related concepts in wireless
communications.

Power

Power refers to the amount of electrical energy that a transmitter sends to the antenna, which is then
radiated as an electromagnetic signal.
It is measured in watts (W) or decibels relative to 1 milliwatt (dBm).
Power can describe different points in a communication system, such as:
Transmit Power (Pt ): The power output from the transmitter.
​

Received Power (Pr ): The power received by the receiver after accounting for losses in transmission.
​

Link Budget

A link budget is a calculation that accounts for all the gains and losses in a communication link to determine
the received power at the receiver end.
Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 3/4
 It includes:
Transmit Power.
Antenna Gains (both transmitter and receiver antennas).
Propagation Losses, such as Free Space Path Loss (FSPL).
Losses due to obstacles, atmospheric conditions, fading, and connector losses.
Any additional gains, such as amplifiers.

The link budget helps in determining whether the signal arriving at the receiver is strong enough for successful
communication and provides a clear picture of the overall system performance.

Link Budget Equation

A general link budget can be expressed in dB as:

P r = P t + Gt + Gr − L f − L m
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Where:

Pr : Received Power (dBm)

​

Pt : Transmit Power (dBm)

​

Gt : Gain of the Transmitting Antenna (dBi)

​

Gr : Gain of the Receiving Antenna (dBi)

​

Lf : Free Space Path Loss (dB)

​

Lm : Miscellaneous Losses (dB), which could include environmental factors, atmospheric losses, cable losses,
​

etc.

Summary

Power is a specific quantity, either transmitted or received, in a communication system.

Link Budget is the accounting of all gains and losses in a link, to determine whether the received power is
sufficient for reliable communication.

In other words, power is a component of the link budget, while the link budget is a holistic analysis to ensure the
end-to-end communication link performs as required.
Is this conversation helpful so far?
ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 4/4