1)What is Google App Engine (GAE)?

Google App Engine (GAE) is a cloud platform (PaaS - Platform as a Service) that helps
developers build and run web applications easily. It takes care of all the hardware, operating
systems, and software, so developers can focus on writing their applications.

Key Points About GAE (Simple Explanation)

1. Ready-to-Use Platform: GAE provides all the necessary tools to develop web
applications without needing to set up hardware or operating systems.
2. Programming Support: It supports Java and Python programming languages.
3. Runs on Google Servers: Once you develop your app, Google’s servers take care of
running it for you.
4. Easy Development: GAE simplifies web app development by offering tools and
services needed to build, test, and deploy apps.
5. Distributed Data Storage: GAE offers a powerful system to store and manage your
app’s data efficiently.

Google Cloud Infrastructure (Simplified)

1. Global Data Centers: Google has many data centers around the world, ensuring high
availability and reliability for apps.
2. Examples of Apps:
o Gmail
o Google Docs
o Google Earth
These apps use the same infrastructure and support millions of users.
3. Introduced in 2008: GAE was launched to provide a scalable and flexible web
application platform.

Google App Engine environment includes the following features :

 Dynamic web serving
 Persistent(constant) storage with queries, sorting, and transactions
 Automatic scaling and load balancing
ARCHITECTURE:
Technologies Used by Google in GAE (Simplified)

1. Google File System (GFS): Handles storing large amounts of data.

2. MapReduce: Helps in processing and developing applications efficiently.
3. Chubby: Manages distributed locking for better coordination in applications.
4. BigTable: A storage service designed for fast and large-scale data storage.

How GAE Works

1. Built on Google’s Infrastructure: Your application runs on Google’s servers,

removing the need for developers to handle server maintenance.
2. Clustered Servers: Inside each Google data center, there are thousands of servers
working together in clusters.
3. Third-Party Support: GAE lets other developers build cloud applications using its
platform.
4. Programming Languages: GAE supports Python and Java for app development.

Main Components of GAE

1. Datastore:
o Provides secure and efficient data storage.
o Uses BigTable technology for fast, scalable storage.
2. Distributed Data Service: GAE ensures data is stored safely and is easily accessible.
SDC DIAGRAM:

How Google App Engine (GAE) Works (Simplified)

1. Data Requests:
o Users request data from Google Apps.
o The request is forwarded to a tunnel server.
2. Identity Validation:
o The tunnel server checks if the user's identity is valid.
o If valid, a secure connection is set up using encryption to transfer data safely.
3. Access Control:
o The system also checks if the user is authorized to access the requested
resource.

Development and Deployment

1. Runtime Environment:
o GAE provides a platform to develop and run web applications.
o Supports Python and Java programming languages.
2. Software Development Kit (SDK):

A toolkit for developing apps locally

Free and Flexible Usage

1. Free Services:
o GAE is free for users within certain limits (quota).
o You can sign up using a Gmail account.
GAE APPLICATIONS:
🐀 Google Search Engine
🐀 Google Docs
🐀 Google Earth
🐀 Gmail
🐀 Applications run in the Google data centers.
🐀 Inside each data center, there might be thousands of server nodes to form
different clusters.
🐀 Each cluster can run multipurpose servers.
2)openstack:
OpenStack is a free and open-source software platform for cloud computing.
OpenStack is a virtualization tool to manage your virtual infrastructure
Components:
*Compute (Nova)
 Image Service (Glance)
 Object Storage (Swift)
 Dashboard (Horizon)
 Identity Service (Keystone)
 Networking (Neutron)
 Block Storage (Cinder)
 Telemetry (Ceilometer)
 Orchestration (Heat)
 Workflow (Mistral)
 Database (Trove)
 Elastic map reduce (Sahara)
 Bare metal (Ironic)
 Messaging (Zaqar)
 Shared file system (Manila)
 DNS (Designate)
 Search (Searchlight)
 Key manager (Barbican)
 Root Cause Analysis (Vitrage)
 Rule-based alarm actions (Aodh)
Key Components of OpenStack

1. Compute (Nova)
o Manages virtual machines.
o Works with virtualization technologies like KVM, VMware, and XenServer.
2. Image Service (Glance)
o Stores and retrieves virtual machine images.
o Acts as a template for creating new virtual machines.
o Supports images from VirtualBox, VMware, and KVM.
3. Object Storage (Swift)
o Stores large amounts of data securely and efficiently.
o Has a distributed design for scalability and redundancy.
4. Dashboard (Horizon)
o A web-based interface for managing OpenStack resources like compute,
storage, and networking.
o Includes tools for monitoring and billing.
5. Identity Service (Keystone)
o Handles user authentication and authorization for OpenStack services.
o Supports login methods like usernames and passwords.
6. Networking (Neutron)
o Manages networks and IP addresses.
o Allows users to create their own networks and offers advanced services like
VPNs, firewalls, and load balancing.
7. Block Storage (Cinder)
o Provides storage that can be attached to virtual machines for databases and
other data.
o Includes a self-service API for users to request storage.
8. Telemetry (Ceilometer)
o Tracks resource usage for billing and alerts.
9. Orchestration (Heat)
 o Coordinates multiple applications using templates for cloud deployment.
10. Workflow (Mistral)

 Automates workflows using predefined instructions.

3)Amazon AWS:
What is AWS?
AWS stands for Amazon Web Services.
The AWS service is provided by the Amazon that uses distributed IT infrastructure to

provide different IT resources available on demand. It provides different services

such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and

packaged software as a service (SaaS).
Amazon launched AWS, a cloud computing platform to allow the different

organizations to take advantage of reliable IT infrastructure

Uses of AWS:

 A small manufacturing company can expand its business by outsourcing IT

management to AWS, so they don't need to worry about servers and data storage.
 A large enterprise can use AWS to provide training to employees around the world,
thanks to its global infrastructure.
 An architecture consulting firm can use AWS for high-computing tasks, such as
rendering construction prototypes.
 A media company can store and distribute various content, like videos and audio
files, to a global audience.

Pay-As-You-Go:

AWS operates on a "Pay-As-You-Go" model, meaning businesses only pay for the services
they use, without any long-term commitments or large upfront investments.

Advantages of AWS:

1. Flexibility: AWS allows businesses to quickly use new services without changing
much about their existing setup. It also lets you mix using AWS services with your
own infrastructure.
2. Cost-Effectiveness: Unlike traditional IT infrastructure that requires big investments
upfront, AWS is cheaper because businesses pay only for what they use.
3. Scalability: AWS can automatically adjust the computing power to handle more users
when necessary (like during a busy season) and scale down when demand drops,
helping to manage costs effectively.
 4. Security: AWS provides strong security for your data, including physical security at
its data centers, and ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of your
information.

4)Eucalyptus:

Eucalyptus Architecture and Features: Simplified Explanation

Eucalyptus is a cloud computing platform that supports private clouds while being
compatible with Amazon Web Services (AWS) like EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3
(Simple Storage Service). It lets users run their private instances while also allowing the
migration of workloads to AWS.
Key Features of Eucalyptus

1. Images: These are pre-configured software packages (Eucalyptus Machine Images)

that can be uploaded to the cloud.
2. Instances: When you run an image, it becomes a functioning instance that can be
used.
3. Networking:
o Static Mode: Assigns a fixed IP address to instances.
o System Mode: Connects instances directly to the physical network with a
MAC address.
o Managed Mode: Creates isolated networks for security and assigns IPs to
instances.
4. Access Control: Provides user-specific restrictions to enhance security.
5. Elastic Block Storage (EBS): Offers persistent storage that can attach to instances.
6. Auto-scaling and Load Balancing: Automatically adjusts resources (instances or
services) based on demand.

Eucalyptus Architecture Components

1. Node Controller:
o Manages the lifecycle of instances on individual nodes.
o Interacts with the host machine’s OS and virtualization software.
2. Cluster Controller:
 oOversees multiple Node Controllers.
oHandles VM execution and gathers information about instances.
3. Storage Controller (Walrus):
o Provides block storage and file storage using S3 APIs.
o Stores images and snapshots.
4. Cloud Controller:
o Acts as the main interface for the system.
o Communicates with clients and internal components.

Operational Modes

1. Managed Mode:
o Most secure mode, uses VLANs for network isolation.
o Each security group gets specific IP addresses.
2. Managed (No VLAN) Mode:
o Easier to manage but lacks network isolation between virtual machines.
3. System Mode:
o Simplest mode with basic network functionality.
o Instances get a MAC address for identification.
4. Static Mode:
o Similar to System Mode but provides more control over IP assignment.

Advantages of Eucalyptus

1. Works with both private and public clouds.

2. Compatible with Amazon's machine images and services.
3. Can be used with DevOps tools like Chef and Puppet.
4. Supports hybrid cloud setups, combining private and public clouds.
5. Enables organizations to transform their data centers into private clouds.
6. Though less popular than OpenStack or CloudStack, it is a viable alternative.

Eucalyptus provides flexibility, scalability, and compatibility for cloud operations.

5)Microsoft Azure:

What is Azure?

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform by Microsoft. It offers various services to

host existing applications, develop new ones, and improve on-premises systems. It helps
organizations build, test, deploy, and manage applications using Microsoft-managed data
centers.
Azure Services

1. Compute Services:
o Provides resources like Virtual Machines, Cloud Services, Websites, and
Mobile Services to process data in the cloud with powerful processors.
2. Data Services:
o Stores data on the cloud and can scale as needed.
o Examples: Blob Storage, SQL Database, and Redis Cache.
3. Application Services:
o Offers tools for building and running applications.
o Examples:
 Azure Active Directory for user management.
 Service Bus for connecting different systems.
 HDInsight for big data processing.
4. Network Services:
o Helps connect cloud and on-premises systems.
o Examples: Virtual Networks, Content Delivery Network (CDN), and Traffic
Manager.

Azure Works:
 1. Racks and Fabric Controllers:
o Azure data centers have racks of servers, each with its own power and network
connections.
o Each rack is controlled by a Fabric Controller, a software that manages and
monitors the servers in the rack. If a server fails, the Fabric Controller detects
it and fixes the issue.
2. Orchestrator:
o All Fabric Controllers connect to a central software called the Orchestrator.
o When a user makes a request (e.g., via Azure Portal or PowerShell), the
Orchestrator handles it by:
1. Authenticating the user.
2. Checking if the user has permission for the task.
3. Assigning resources by communicating with a Fabric Controller.
3. Clusters and Data Centers:
o Racks combine to form clusters, and clusters make up a data center.
o Azure organizes these into:

Availability Zones: Separate locations within a region to ensure

reliability.
 Regions: Groups of data centers connected by low-latency networks.
 Geographies: Larger markets containing multiple regions, ensuring
data residency and compliance.
4. Global Reach:
o Azure has 50+ regions worldwide, more than any other cloud provider,
ensuring users and applications are close to the required resources.

Azure Pricing

Azure offers free credits for new users to try out its services for a limited time. This is
a great way for beginners to explore Azure without any cost.
 Microsoft uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model, which means you only pay for what
you use. This allows businesses to scale their resources up or down based on their
needs, offering flexibility and cost control.

Azure Certification

Microsoft offers Azure certifications to help bridge the gap between industry needs and
available expertise. There are three main types of certifications:

1. Azure Administrator:
Focuses on managing and maintaining Azure services and solutions.

2. Azure Developer:
Involves designing, building, and testing cloud applications and services, working
with architects, administrators, and clients.

3. Azure Solution Architect:

Requires expertise in areas like compute, networking, storage, and security to design
solutions running on Azure.
These certifications are divided into different levels. To start, you need to earn an associate-
level certification, and then you can progress to the advanced-level certifications.