Cloud computing

unit 1 Systems Modeling, Clustering

and Virtualization
Scalable Computing over the Internet-

Remote loads are unavoidable in scalable parallel systems that use some form of
distributed memory. Accessing a local memory usually requires only one clock cycle
while access to a remote memory cell can take two orders of magnitude longer time. If a
processor issuing a remote load operation had to wait for the operation to be completed
without doing any usual work in the meantime, the remote load would significantly slow
down the computation.

Because the rate of load instructions is high in most programs, the latency problem
would eliminate all the potential benefits of parallel activities. A typical case is shown in
the figure where P0 has to load two values A and B from two remote memory blocks M1
and Mn to evaluate the expression A + B.

The pointers to A and B are rA and rB stored in the local memory of P0. A and B are
accessed by the rload rA and rload rB instruction which has to travel through the
interconnection network to fetch A and B.

The situation is even worse if the values of rA and rB are currently not available in M1
and Mn because they are to be produced by other processes to be run later. In this case,
where idling occurs due to synchronization between parallel processes, the original
process on P0 has to wait for an unpredictable time, resulting in unpredictable latency.
It can solve these problems several possible hardware/software solutions have been
proposed and applied in various parallel computers −

 Application of cache memory

 Prefetching
 Introduction of threads and a fast context switching mechanism among threads.

The use of cache memory greatly reduces the time spent on remote load operations if
most of them can be performed on the local cache. Suppose that A is placed in the same
cache block as C and D which are objects in the expression following the one that
contains A −

 Result:= A + B;
 Result2:= C – D;

Under such circumstances, caching A will also bring C and D into the cache memory of
P0, and hence the remote load of C and D is replaced by local cache operations, which
cause important acceleration in the program execution.

The prefetching technique relies on a similar principle. The main idea is to bring data into
the local memory or cache before it is needed. A prefetch operation is a direct non-
blocking request to fetch information before the actual memory operation is issued.

THEAge of Internet Computing,

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the
applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

Cloud Computing Technologies

There are certain technologies that are working behind the cloud computing platforms
making cloud computing flexible, reliable, usable. These technologies are listed below:

 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
  Grid Computing
 Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique which allows to share single physical instance of an
application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants(customers). It does so
by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that
physical resource when demanded.

The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants and
therefore, the organizations can use and customize the application as though, they each
has its own instance running.

Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA)
Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other
applications regardless type of vendor, product or technology. Therefore it is possible to
exchange of data between applications of different vendors without additional
programming or making changes to services.

cloud_computing-service_oriented_architecture

Grid Computing
Grid Computing refers to distributed computing in which a group computers from
multiple locations are connected with each other to achieve common objective. These
computer resources are heterogeneous and geographically dispersed.

Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are
distributed to CPUs that reside within the grid.
Utility Computing
Utility computing is based on Pay per Use model. It offers computational resources on
demand as a metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT
services are based on the concept of Utility computing

Cloud Computing Architecture

The Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many cloud components, each of them
are loosely coupled. we can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:

 Front End
 Back End

Each of the ends are connected through a network, usually via. Internet. The following
diagram shows the graphical view of cloud computing architecture:

Front End
Front End refers to the client part of cloud computing system. It consist of interfaces
and applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. Eg. Web
Browser

Back End
Back End refers to the cloud itself. It consist of all the resources required to provide
cloud computing services. It comprises of huge data storage, virtual machines,
security mechanism, services, deployment models, servers etc.
Cloud Infrastructure Components
Cloud infrastructure consist of servers, storage, network, management software, and
deployment software and platform virtualization.

Hypervisor
Hypervisor is a firmware or low level program that acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager. It allows to share the single physical instance of cloud resources between
several tenants.

Management Software
Management Software helps to maintain and configure the infrastructure.

Deployment Software
Deployment software helps to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.

Network
Network is the key component of cloud infrastructure. It allows to connect cloud
services over the internet. It is also possible to deliver network as a utility over the
internet i.e. the consumer can customize the network route and protocol.

Server
Server helps to compute the resource sharing and offer other services such as resource
allocation and de allocation, monitoring resources, security etc.

Storage

Cloud uses distributed file system for storage purpose. If one of the storage resource fails
then it can be extracted from another one, which makes cloud computing more reliable.

Cloud Deployment Models

Foloowing are the cloud deployment models:

 Public Cloud Model

 Private Cloud Model
 Hybrid Cloud Model
 Community Cloud Model

Public Cloud Model

The Public Cloud Model allows systems and services to be easily accessible to general
public. e.g. Google, Amazon, Microsoft offers cloud services via internet.
Benefits
 Cost Effective
 Reliability
 Flexibility
 Location Independence
 Utility Style Costing
 High Scalability

Disadvantages
 Low Security
 Less customizable

Private Cloud Model

The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible with in an organization.
The Private Cloud is operated only within a single organization. However, It may be
managed internally or by third-party.

Benefits

Here are the benefits of deploying cloud as private cloud model.

 Higher Security and Privacy

 More Control
 Cost and energy efficiency

Disadvantages

Here are the disadvantages of using private cloud model:

 Restricted Area
  Inflexible Pricing
 Limited Scalability
 Additional Skills

Hybrid Cloud Model

The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. Non Critical activities are
performed using public cloud while the critical activities are performed using private
cloud.

Benefits

Here are the benefits of deploying cloud as hybrid cloud model:

 Scalability
 Flexibility
 Cost Efficiencies

Disadvantages

Here are the disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model:

 Networking Issues
 Security Compliance
 Infrastructural Dependency

Community Cloud Model

The Community Cloud allows system and services to be accessible by group of
organizations. It shares the infrastructure between several organizations from a specific
community. It may be managed internally or by the third-party.

Benefits
Here are the benefits of deploying cloud as community cloud model:
 Cost effective
 Sharing Between Organizations
 Security

Issues
 Since all data is housed at one location, therefore one must be careful in storing
data in community cloud because it might be accessible by others.
 It is also challenging to allocate responsibilities of governance, security and cost.
Cloud Service Models

Following are the cloud service models:

 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) Model

 Platform as a Service(PaaS) Model
 Software as a Service(SaaS) Model
 Identity as a Service(IDaaS) Model
 Network as a Service(NaaS) Model

Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage etc. Apart from these resource the IaaS also offers:
 Virtual machine disk storage
 Virtual local area network (VLANs)
 Load balancers
 IP addresses
 Software bundles
All of the above resources are made available to end user via server virtualization.
Moreover, these resources are accessed by the customers as if they own them.

Benefits
IaaS allows the cloud provider to freely locate the infrastructure over the internet in
cost-effective manner. Some of the key benefits of IaaS are listed below:
 Full Control of the computing resources through Administrative Access to VMs.
 Flexible and Efficient renting of Computer Hardware.
 Portability, Interoperability with Legacy Applications.

Issues

Here are the issues associated with IaaS:

 Compatibility with Legacy Security Vulnerabilities

 Virtual Machine Sprawl
 Robustness of VM-level Isolation
 Data Erase Practices

Characteristics

Here are the characteristics of IaaS service model:

  Virtual machines with pre-installed software.
 Virtual machines with pre-installed Operating Systems such as windows, Linux,
and Solaris.
 On-demand availability of resources.
 Allows to store copies of particular data in different locations.
 The computing resources can be easily scaled up and down.

Platform as a Service(PaaS)
PaaS offers the run time environment for applications. It also offers development &
deployment tools, required to develop applications. PaaS has a feature of point-and-
click tools that enables non-developers to create web applications.

The following diagram shows how PaaS offers an API and development tools to the
developers and how it helps the end user to access business applications.

Benefits

Following are the benefits of PaaS model:

 Lower administrative overhead

 Lower total cost of ownership
 Scalable Solutions
 More current system software

Issues
Like SaaS, PaaS also place significant burdens on consumer's browsers to maintain
reliable and secure connections to the provider systems. Therefore, PaaS shares many of
the issues of SaaS. However, there are some specific issues associated with PaaS as
listed below:
 Lack of portability between PaaS clouds
 Event Based Processor Scheduling
 Security Engineering of PaaS applications

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service(SaaS) model allows to provide software applications as a
service to the end users. It refers to a software that is deployed on a hosted service and
is accessible via internet. There are several SaaS applications. Some of them are listed
below:
 Billing and Invoicing System
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) applications
 Help Desk Applications
 Human Resource (HR) Solutions
Characteristics

Here are the characteristics of SaaS service model:

 SaaS makes the software available over the internet.

 The Software are maintained by the vendor rather than where they are running.
 The license to the software may be subscription based or usage based. And it is
billed on recurring basis.
 SaaS applications are cost effective since they do not require any maintenance at
end user side.
 They are available on demand.
 They can be scaled up or down on demand.
 They are automatically upgraded and updated.
 SaaS offers share data model. Therefore multiple users can share single instance
of infrastructure. It is not required to hard code the functionality for individual
users.
 All users are running same version of the software.

Benefits

Using SaaS has proved to be beneficial in term of scalability, efficiency, performance and
much more. Some of the benefits are listed below:

 Modest Software Tools

 Efficient use of Software Licenses
 Centralized Management & Data
 Platfrom responsibilities managed by provider
 Multitenant solutions.

Issues

There are several issues associated with SaaS. Some of them are listed below:

 Browser based risks

 Network dependence
 Lack of portability between SaaS clouds

Identity as a Service(IDaaS)

Overview

Employees in a company require to login to system to perform various tasks. These

systems may be based on local server or cloud based. Following are the problems that an
employee might face:

 Remembering different username and password combinations for accessing

multiple servers.
 If an employee leaves the company, It's required to ensure that each of the user's
account has been disabled. This increases workload on IT staff.
To solve above problems, a new technique emerged which is known as Identity as a
Service (IDaaS).

IDaaS offers management of identity (information) as a digital entity. This identity can be
used during electronic transactions.
Identity
Identity refers to set of attributes associated with something and make it recognizable.
All objects may have some same attributes but their identity can not be the same. This
unique identity is assigned through unique identification attribute.
There are several identity services that have been deployed to validate services such
as validating web sites, transactions, transaction participants, client etc. Identity as a
Service may include the following:

 Directory Services
 Federated Services
 Registration
 Authentication Services
 Risk and Event monitoring
 Single sign-on services
 Identity and Profile management

Single Sign-On (SSO)

To solve the problem of using different username & password combination for different
servers, companies now employ Single Sign-On software, which allows the user to login
only one time and manages the user's access to other systems.

SSO has single authentication server, managing multiple access to other systems, as
shown in the following diagram:

SSO working

There are several implementations of SSO. Here, we discuss the common working of
SSO:

Following steps explain the working of Single Sign-On software:

1. User logs into the authentication server using a username and password.
2. The authentication server returns the user's ticket.
 3. User sends the ticket to intranet server.
4. Intranet server sends the ticket to the authentication server.
5. Authentication server sends the user's security credentials for that server back to
the intranet server.
If an employee leaves the company, then it just required to disable the user at the
authentication server, which in turn disable the user's access to all the systems.

Federated Identity Management(FIDM)

FIDM describes the technologies and protocols that enable a user to package security
credentials across security domains. It uses Security Markup Language (SAML) to
package a user's security credentials as shown in the following diagram:

OpenID

It offers users to login multiple websites with single account. Google, Yahoo!, Flickr,
MySpace, WordPress.com are some of the companies that support OpenID.

Benefits
 Increased site conversation rates.
 Access to greater user profile content.
 Fewer problems with lost passwords.
 Ease of content integration into social networking sites.

Network as a Service(NaaS)

Overview
Networks as a Service allows us to access to network infrastructure directly and
securely. NaaS makes it possible to deploy custom routing protocols.
NaaS uses virtualized network infrastructure to provide network services to the
consumer. It is the responsibility of NaaS provider to maintain and manage the network
resources, which decreases the workload from the consumer. Moreover, NaaS
offers network as a utility.
NaaS is also based on pay-per-use model.

How NaaS is delivered?

To use NaaS model, the consumer is required to logon to the web portal, where he can
get on line API. Here, the consumer can customize the route.

In turn, consumer has to pay for the capacity used. It is also possible to turn off the
capacity at any time.
Mobile NaaS

Mobile NaaS offers more efficient and flexible control over mobile devices. It uses
virtualization to simplify the architecture to create more efficient processes.

Following diagram shows the Mobile NaaS service elements:

NaaS Benefits

NaaS offers a number of benefits, some of the are discussed below:

 Independence
 Analytics
 Resilience
 Ease of Adding new Service Elements
 Isolation of customer traffic
 Support Models

Cloud Management Tasks

Cloud Management involves a number of tasks to be performed by the cloud provider to

ensure efficient use of cloud resources. Here, we will discuss some of these tasks:

 Audit System Backups

 System's Data Flow Management
 Ensuring no Vendor Lock-in
 Provider's security procedures
 Monitor Capacity Planning and Scaling Capabilities
 Monitor Audit-Log Use
 Solution testing and Validation

Cloud Data Storage

Cloud Storage is a service that allows to save data on offsite storage system managed by
third party and is made accessible by a web services API.

Storage Devices

Storage devices can be broadly classified into two categories:

 Block Storage Devices

 File Storage Devices
Block Storage Devices
Block Storage Devices offers the raw storage to the clients. This raw storage can be
partitioned to create volumes.

File Storage Devices

File Storage Devices offers storage to clients in form of files, maintaining its own file
system. This storage is in the form of Network Attached Storage (NAS).

Cloud Storage Classes

Cloud Storage can be broadly classified into two categories:

 Unmanaged Cloud Storage

 Managed Cloud Storage

Unmanaged Cloud Storage

Unmanaged Cloud Storage means that the storage is preconfigured for the consumer.
The consumer can not format nor the consumer can install own file system or change
drive properties.

Managed Cloud Storage

Managed Cloud Storage offers online storage space on demand. Managed cloud storage
system presents what appears to the user to be a raw disk that the user can partition
and format.

Creating Cloud Storage System

The cloud storage system stores multiple copes of data on multiple servers and in
multiple locations. If one system fails then it only requires to change the pointer to stored
object's location.

To aggregate storage assets into cloud storage systems, the cloud provider can use
storage virtualization software, StorageGRID. It creates a virtualization layer that
fetches storage from different storage devices into a single management system. It can
also manage data from CIFS and NFS file system over the Internet. The following
diagram shows how SystemGRID virtualizes the storage into storage clouds:
Virtual Storage Containers
Virtual storage containers offer high performance cloud storage systems. Logical Unit
Number (LNU) of device, files and other objects are created in virtual storage
containers. Following diagram shows a virtual storage container, defining a cloud storage
domain:

Challenges

Storing the data in cloud is not that simple task. Apart from its flexibility and
convenience, it also has several challenges faced by the consumers. The consumers
require ability to:

 Provision additional storage on demand.

 Know and restrict the physical location of the stored data.
 Verify how data was erased?
 Have access to a documented process for surely disposing of data storage
hardware.
 Administrator access control over data.

Virtualization Concept

Creating a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is referred as
Hardware Virtualization. Virtual Machines provide an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.

The machine on which the virtual machine is created is known as host

machine and virtual machine is referred as a guest machine. This virtual machine is
managed by a software or firmware which is known as hypervisor.

Hypervisor
Hypervisor is a firmware or low level program that acts as a Virtual Machine Manager.
There are two types of hypervisor:
Type 1 hypervisor runs on bare system. LynxSecure, RTS Hypervisor, Oracle VM,
Sun xVM Server, VirtualLogic VLX are examples of Type 1 hypervisor. The following
diagram shows the Type 1 hypervisor.
The type1 hypervisor does not have any host operating system because they are
installed on a bare system.

Type 2 hypervisor is a software interface that emulates the devices with which a
system normally interacts. Containers, KVM, Microsoft Hyper V, VMWare Fusion,
Virtual Server 2005 R2, Windows Virtual PC and VMWare workstation 6.0 are
examples of Type 2 hypervisor. The following diagram shows the Type 2 hypervisor.

Types of Hardware Virtualization

Here are the three types of hardware virtualization:

1. Full Virtualization
2. Emulation Virtualization
 3. Paravirtualization

Full Virtualization
In Full Virtualization, the underlying hardware is completely simulated. Guest software
do not require any modification to run.

Emulation Virtualization
In Emulation, the virtual machine simulates the hardware and hence become
independent of the it. In this, the guest operating system does not require modification.
Paravirtualization
In Paravirtualization, the hardware is not simulated. The guest software run their own
isolated domains.

VMware vSphere is highly developed infrastructure that offers a management

infrastructure framework for virtualization. It virtualizes the system, storage and
networking hardware.

Securing the Cloud

Security in cloud computing is a major concern. Data in cloud should be stored in
encrypted form. To restrict client from direct accessing the shared data, proxy and
brokerage services should be employed.

Security Planning

Before deploying a particular resource to cloud, one should need to analyze several
attributes about the resource such as:

 Select which resources, he is going to move to cloud and analyze its sensitivity to
risk.
 Consider cloud service models such as IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. These models
require consumer to be responsible for security at different level of service.
 Consider which cloud type such as public, private, community or hybrid.
 Understand the cloud service provider's system that how data is transferred,
where it is stored and how to move data into and out of cloud.
Mainly the risk in cloud deployment depends upon the service models and cloud types.
Understanding Security of Cloud
Security Boundaries
A particular service model defines the boundary between the responsibilities of service
provider and consumer. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) stack model defines the
boundaries between each service model and shows how different functional units relate
to each other. The following diagram shows the CSA stack model:

Key points to CSA model:

 IaaS is the most basic level of service with PaaS and SaaS next two above level of
service.
 Moving upwards each of the service inherits capabilities and security concerns of
the model beneath.
 IaaS provides the infrastructure, PaaS provides platfrom development
environment and SaaS provides operating environment.
 IaaS has the least level of integrated functionalities and integrated security while
SaaS has the most.
 This model describes the security boundaries at which cloud service provider's
responsibility ends and the consumer's responsibilities begin.
 Any security mechanism below the security boundary must be built into the
system and above should me maintained by the consumer.
Although each service model has security mechanism but security needs also depends
upon where these services are located, in private, public, hybrid or community cloud.

Understanding Data Security

Since all the data is transferred using internet, therefore, data security is of major
concern in cloud. Here are key mechanisms for protecting data mechanisms listed below:

 Access Control
 Auditing
 Authentication
 Authorization

All of the service model must should incorporate security mechanism operating in all
above mentioned areas.
Isolated Access to Data

Since data stored in the cloud can be accessed from anywhere, therefore, in order to
protect the data, we must have a mechanism to protect it from the client direct access.

Brokered Cloud Storage Access is one of the approach for isolating the storage in
cloud. In this approach two services are created:
 A broker with full access to storage but no access to client.
 A proxy with no access to storage but access to both client and broker.

working of Brokered Cloud Storage Access system

When the client issue request to access data:

 The client data request goes to proxy's external service interface.

 The proxy forwards the request to the broker.
 The broker requests the data from cloud storage system.
 The cloud storage system returns the data to the broker.
 The broker returns the data to proxy.
 Finally the proxy sends the data to the client.

All of the above steps are shown in the following diagram:

Encryption

Encryption helps to protect data from being compromised. It protects data that is being
transferred as well as data stored in the cloud. Although encryption helps to protect data
from any unauthorized access, it does not prevent from data loss.

Cloud Computing Operations

Overview

Cloud computing operation refers to delivering superior cloud service. Today cloud
computing operations have become very popular and widely employed by many of the
organizations just because, it allows to perform all business operations over the internet.

These operations can be performed using a web application or mobile based applications.
There are a number of operations that are performed in cloud, some of them are shown
in the following diagram:
Managing Cloud Operations

There are several ways to manage day to day cloud operations, as shown in the following
diagram:

 Always employ right tools and resources to perform any function in the cloud.
 Things should be done at right time and at right cost.
 Selecting an appropriate resource is mandatory for operation management.
 The process should be standardized and automated to avoid repetitive tasks.
 Using efficient process will eliminate the waste and redundancy.
 One should maintain the quality of service to avoid re-work later.

Cloud Applications
Cloud Computing has its applications in almost all the fields such as business,
entertainment, data storage, social networking, management, entertainment,
education, art and global positioning system etc. Some of the widely famous cloud
computing applications are discusses here in this tutorial:

Business Applications
Cloud computing has made business more collaborative and easy by incorporating
various apps such as MailChimp, Chatter, Google Apps for business,
and Quickbooks.
SN Application Description

1 MailChimp
It offers an email publishing platfrom. It is widely
employed by the businesses to design and send their email
 campaigns.

Chatter
Chatter app helps the employee to share important
2
information about organization in real time. One can get the
instant feed regarding any issue.

Google Apps for Business

Google offers creating text documents,
3 spreadsheets, presentations etc. on Google
Docs which allows the business users to share them in
collaborating manner.

Quickbooks
It offers online accounting solutions for a business. It
4
helps in monitoring cash flow, creating VAT
returns and creating business reports.

Data Storage and Backup

Box.com, Mozy, Joukuu are the applications, offering data storage and backup services
in cloud.
SN Application Description

Box.com
1 Box.com offers drag and drop service for files. It just required to
drop the files into Box and access from anywhere.

Mozy
2
Mozy offers online backup service for files during a data loss.

Joukuu
Joukuu is a web based interface. It allows to display a single list
3
of contents for files stored to Google Docs, Box.net and
Dropbox.

Management Applications
There are apps available for management task such as time tracking, organizing
notes. Applications performing such tasks are discussed below:
SN Application Description

Toggl
1
It helps in tracking time period assigned to a particular project.

2 Evernote
Evernote is an application that organizes the sticky notes and even
can read the text from images which helps the user to locate the
 notes easily.

Outright
3 It is an accounting app. It helps to track income, expenses, profits
and losses in real time.

Social Applications

There are several social networking services providing websites such as Facebook,
Twitter etc.

SN Application Description

Facebook
1 Facebook offer social networking service. One can share
photos, videos, files, status and much more.

Twitter
Twitter helps to interact directly with the public. Once can
2
follow any celebrity, organization and any person who is on twitter
and can have latest updates regarding the same.

Entertainment Applications
SN Application Description

Audiobox.fm
1 It offers streaming service i.e. music can be stored online and can
be played from cloud using service's own media player.

Art Applications
SN Application Description

Moo
1 It offers art services such as designing and printing business
cards, poscards and minicards.

Cloud Providers

Various Cloud Computing platforms are available today. The following table contains the
popular Cloud Computing platforms:

SN Platforms Description

1 Salesforce.com
This is a Force.com development platfrom. This provide a simple
 user interface and lets users log in, build an app and push it in the
cloud.

Appistry
The Appistry's CloudQ platform is efficient in delivering a run-time
2
application platform. This platform is very useful to create scalable
and service oriented applications.

AppScale
3 The AppScale is an open source platform for Google App Engine
applications.

AT&T
The AT&T allows access to virtual servers and manages the
4 virtualization AT&T The AT&T allows access to virtual servers and
manages the virtualization infrastructure. This virtualization
infrastructure includes network, server and storage.

Engine Yard
5
The Engine Yard is a Rails Application cloud computing platform.

Enomaly
6
Enomaly's provides the Infrastructure-as-a-Service platform.

FlexiScale
7 The FlexiScale offers a cloud computing platform that allows
flexible, scalable and automated cloud infrastructure.

GCloud3
8
The GCloud3 offers private cloud solution in its gPlatform.

Gizmox
The Gizmox Visual WebGUI platfrom is best suited for developing
9
new web apps and modernize the legacy apps based on ASP.net,
DHTML etc.

GoGrid
10 The GoGrid platform allows the users to deploy web and database
cloud services.

Google
11 The Google's App Engine, let the users build, run and maintain
their applications on Google's infrastructure.

LongJump
12 The LongJump offers a Business Application Platform, a platform-
as-a-Service (PaaS).

13 Microsoft
The Microsoft's Windows Azure is a cloud computing platform,
 offering an environment to create cloud apps and services.

OrangeScape
14 OrangeScape is offers a Platform-as-a-Service (Paas) for non
programmers. Building an app is as easy as spreadsheet.

RackSpace
15 The RackSpace provide servers-on-demand via a cloud-driven
platfrom of virtualized servers.

Amazon EC2
The Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) lets the users configure
16
and control computing resources while running them on Amazon's
environment.

Cloud Computing Challenges

Cloud computing, an emergence technology, have placed many challenges in different

aspects. Some of these are shown in the following diagram:

Security & Privacy

Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to cloud computing. To get
out of security and privacy issues can be over come by employing encryption, security
hardware and security applications.

Portability

This is another challenge to cloud computing that applications should easily be migrated
form one cloud provider to another. There should not be vendor-lock in. However, it is
not yet made possible because each of the cloud provider use different standard
languages for their platforms.

Interoperability

Application on one platform should be able to incorporate services from other platfrom. It
is made possible via web services. But this writing such web services is very complex.
Computing Performance

To deliver data intensive applications on cloud requires high network bandwidth which
result in high cost. If done at low bandwidth, then it does not meet the required
computing performance of cloud application.

Reliability and Availability

It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and robust because most of the business
are now becoming dependent on services provided by third party.

Mobile Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing offers such smartphones that have rich internet media experience and
require less processing, less power. In term of Mobile Cloud Computing, processing is
done in cloud, data is stored in cloud. And the mobile devices serve as a media for
display.

Today smartphones are employed with rich cloud services by integrating applications
that consume web services. These web services are deployed in cloud.

There are several Smartphone operating systems available such as Google's Android,
Apple's iOS, RIM BlackBerry, Symbian, and Windows Mobile Phone. Each of these
platform support third party applications that are deployed in cloud.

Architecture
MCC includes four types of cloud resources:
 Distant mobile cloud
 Distant immobile cloud
 Proximate mobile computing entities
 Proximate immobile computing entities
 Hybrid

The following diagram shows the framework for mobile cloud computing architecture:

Issues

Despite of having significant development in field of mobile computing, there still exists
many issues:
Emergency efficient transmission

There should be a frequent transmission of information between cloud and the mobile
devices.

Architectural Issues

Mobile cloud computing is required to make architectural neutral because of

heterogeneous environment.

Live VM migration

It is challenging to migrate an application which is resource-intensive to cloud and to

execute it via. Virtual Machine .

Mobile Communication Congestion

Due to continuous increase demand for mobile cloud services, the workload to enable
smooth communication between cloud and mobile devices has been increased.

Security and Privacy

This is one of the major issue because mobile users share their personal information over
the cloud.

Scalable computing over the internet

Cloud scalability in cloud computing refers to increasing or decreasing IT resources

as needed to meet changing demand. Scalability is one of the hallmarks of the cloud
and the primary driver of its explosive popularity with businesses.

Data storage capacity, processing power, and networking can all be increased by
using existing cloud computing infrastructure. Scaling can be done quickly and
easily, usually without any disruption or downtime.

Third-party cloud providers already have the entire infrastructure in place; In the
past, when scaling up with on-premises physical infrastructure, the process could
take weeks or months and require exorbitant expenses.

This is one of the most popular and beneficial features of cloud computing, as
businesses can grow up or down to meet the demands depending on the season,
projects, development, etc.

By implementing cloud scalability, you enable your resources to grow as your traffic
or organization grows and vice versa. There are a few main ways to scale to the
cloud:

If your business needs more data storage capacity or processing power, you'll want a
system that scales easily and quickly.
Cloud computing solutions can do just that, which is why the market has grown so
much. Using existing cloud infrastructure, third-party cloud vendors can scale with
minimal disruption.

Types of scaling
o Vertical Scalability (Scaled-up)
o horizontal scalability
o diagonal scalability

Vertical Scaling
To understand vertical scaling, imagine a 20-story hotel. There are innumerable
rooms inside this hotel from where the guests keep coming and going. Often there
are spaces available, as not all rooms are filled at once. People can move easily as
there is space for them. As long as the capacity of this hotel is not exceeded, no
problem. This is vertical scaling.

With computing, you can add or subtract resources, including memory or storage,
within the server, as long as the resources do not exceed the capacity of the
machine. Although it has its limitations, it is a way to improve your server and avoid
latency and extra management. Like in the hotel example, resources can come and
go easily and quickly, as long as there is room for them.

Horizontal Scaling
Horizontal scaling is a bit different. This time, imagine a two-lane highway. Cars
travel smoothly in each direction without major traffic problems. But then the area
around the highway develops - new buildings are built, and traffic increases. Very
soon, this two-lane highway is filled with cars, and accidents become common. Two
lanes are no longer enough. To avoid these issues, more lanes are added, and an
overpass is constructed. Although it takes a long time, it solves the problem.

Horizontal scaling refers to adding more servers to your network, rather than simply
adding resources like with vertical scaling. This method tends to take more time and
is more complex, but it allows you to connect servers together, handle traffic
efficiently and execute concurrent workloads.
Diagonal Scaling
It is a mixture of both Horizontal and Vertical scalability where the resources are
added both vertically and horizontally. Well, you get diagonal scaling, which allows
you to experience the most efficient infrastructure scaling. When you combine
vertical and horizontal, you simply grow within your existing server until you hit the
capacity. Then, you can clone that server as necessary and continue the process,
allowing you to deal with a lot of requests and traffic concurrently.

Scale in the Cloud

When you move scaling into the cloud, you experience an enormous amount of
flexibility that saves both money and time for a business. When your demand
booms, it's easy to scale up to accommodate the new load. As things level out again,
you can scale down accordingly.

This is so significant because cloud computing uses a pay-as-you-go model.

Traditionally, professionals guess their maximum capacity needs and purchase

everything up front. If they overestimate, they pay for unused resources.

If they underestimate, they don't have the services and resources necessary to
operate effectively. With cloud scaling, though, businesses get the capacity they
need when they need it, and they simply pay based on usage. This on-demand
nature is what makes the cloud so appealing. You can start small and adjust as you
go. It's quick, it's easy, and you're in control.
Difference between Cloud Elasticity and Scalability:
Cloud Elasticity Cloud Scalability

Elasticity is used just to meet the Scalability is used to meet the

sudden up and down in the static increase in the workload.
workload for a small period of
time.

Elasticity is used to meet dynamic Scalability is always used to

changes, where the resources address the increase in workload in
need can increase or decrease. an organization.

Elasticity is commonly used by Scalability is used by giant

small companies whose workload companies whose customer circle
and demand increases only for a persistently grows in order to do
specific period of time. the operations efficiently.

It is a short term planning and Scalability is a long term planning

adopted just to deal with an and adopted just to deal with an
unexpected increase in demand or expected increase in demand.
seasonal demands.

Why is cloud scalable?

Scalable cloud architecture is made possible through virtualization. Unlike physical
machines whose resources and performance are relatively set, virtual machines
virtual machines (VMs) are highly flexible and can be easily scaled up or down. They
can be moved to a different server or hosted on multiple servers at once; workloads
and applications can be shifted to larger VMs as needed.

Third-party cloud providers also have all the vast hardware and software resources
already in place to allow for rapid scaling that an individual business could not
achieve cost-effectively on its own.

Benefits of cloud scalability

Key cloud scalability benefits driving cloud adoption for businesses large and small:

o Convenience: Often, with just a few clicks, IT administrators can easily add
more VMs that are available-and customized to an organization's exact needs-
without delay. Teams can focus on other tasks instead of setting up physical
hardware for hours and days. This saves the valuable time of the IT staff.
o Flexibility and speed: As business needs change and grow, including
unexpected demand spikes, cloud scalability allows IT to respond quickly.
 Companies are no longer tied to obsolete equipment-they can update systems
and easily increase power and storage. Today, even small businesses have
access to high-powered resources that used to be cost-prohibitive.
o Cost Savings: Thanks to cloud scalability, businesses can avoid the upfront
cost of purchasing expensive equipment that can become obsolete in a few
years. Through cloud providers, they only pay for what they use and reduce
waste.
o Disaster recovery: With scalable cloud computing, you can reduce disaster
recovery costs by eliminating the need to build and maintain secondary data
centers.

When to Use Cloud Scalability?

Successful businesses use scalable business models to grow rapidly and meet
changing demands. It's no different with their IT. Cloud scalability benefits help
businesses stay agile and competitive.

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Scalability is one of the driving reasons for migrating to the cloud. Whether traffic or
workload demands increase suddenly or increase gradually over time, a scalable
cloud solution enables organizations to respond appropriately and cost-effectively to
increased storage and performance.

How do you determine optimal cloud scalability?

Changing business needs or increasing demand often necessitate your scalable
cloud solution changes. But how much storage, memory, and processing power do
you need? Will you scale in or out?

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To determine the correct size solution, continuous performance testing is essential.

IT administrators must continuously measure response times, number of requests,
CPU load, and memory usage. Scalability testing also measures the performance of
an application and its ability to scale up or down based on user requests.

Automation can also help optimize cloud scalability. You can set a threshold for
usage that triggers automatic scaling so as not to affect performance. You may also
consider a third-party configuration management service or tool to help you manage
your scaling needs, goals, and implementation.
Technologies for Net
work Based systems

There are certain technologies working behind the cloud computing platforms making
cloud computing flexible, reliable, and usable. These technologies are listed below:

 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Grid Computing
 Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an
application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does this
by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that
physical resource when demanded.

The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants.
Hence, the organizations can use and customize their application as though they each
have their instances running.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other applications

regardless the type of vendor, product or technology. Therefore, it is possible to
exchange the data between applications of different vendors without additional
programming or making changes to services.

The cloud computing service oriented architecture is shown in the diagram below.
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Grid Computing
Grid Computing refers to distributed computing, in which a group of computers from
multiple locations are connected with each other to achieve a common objective. These
computer resources are heterogeneous and geographically dispersed.

Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller pieces, which are distributed to CPUs
that reside within the grid.

Utility Computing
Utility computing is based on Pay-per-Use model. It offers computational resources on
demand as a metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT
services are based on the concept of utility computing.

System models for Distributed and Cloud Computing

A distributed system contains multiple nodes that are physically separate but linked
together using the network. All the nodes in this system communicate with each other
and handle processes in tandem. Each of these nodes contains a small part of
the distributed operating system software.
A diagram to better explain the distributed system is −

Types of Distributed Systems

The nodes in the distributed systems can be arranged in the form of client/server
systems or peer to peer systems. Details about these are as follows −

Client/Server Systems
In client server systems, the client requests a resource and the server provides that
resource. A server may serve multiple clients at the same time while a client is in contact
with only one server. Both the client and server usually communicate via a computer
network and so they are a part of distributed systems.

Peer to Peer Systems

The peer to peer systems contains nodes that are equal participants in data sharing. All
the tasks are equally divided between all the nodes. The nodes interact with each other
as required as share resources. This is done with the help of a network.

Advantages of Distributed Systems

Some advantages of Distributed Systems are as follows −

 All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. So nodes can
easily share data with other nodes.
 More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as
required.
 Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system.
Other nodes can still communicate with each other.
 Resources like printers can be shared with multiple nodes rather than being
restricted to just one.
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems

Some disadvantages of Distributed Systems are as follows −

 It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the

nodes as well as the connections need to be secured.
 Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node
to another.
 The database connected to the distributed systems is quite complicated and
difficult to handle as compared to a single user system.
 Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes of the distributed system
try to send data at once.

Performance
Cloud performance refers to how well your applications, workloads and databases operate in
your cloud (or virtual) environment. Traditionally, most cloud computing was confined to on-
premises systems. With the advent of cloud computing technology, your data center is no longer
on site.

Cloud Storage is a mode of computer data storage in which digital data is stored on servers
in off-site locations. The servers are maintained by a third-party provider who is responsible for
hosting, managing, and securing data stored on its infrastructure.

Security and Energy Efficiency

Cloud computing is an internet based computing which provides metering based
services to consumers. It means accessing data from a centralized pool of compute
resources that can be ordered and consumed on demand. It also provides
computing resources through virtualization over internet.
Data center is the most prominent in cloud computing which contains collection of
servers on which Business information is stored and applications run. Data center
which includes servers, cables, air conditioner, network etc.. consumes more
power and releases huge amount of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) to the environment.
One of the most important challenge faced in cloud computing is the optimization of
Energy Utilization. Hence the concept of green cloud computing came into
existence.
There are multiple techniques and algorithms used to minimize the energy
consumption in cloud.
Techniques include:
1. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)
2. Virtual Machine (VM)
3. Migration and VM Consolidation
Algorithms are:
1. Maximum Bin Packing
2. Power Expand Min-Max and Minimization Migrations
3. Highest Potential growth
The main purpose of all these approaches is to optimize the energy utilization in
cloud.
Cloud Computing as per NIST is, “Cloud Computing is a model for enable