Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
Testing Hypothesis 5
Quarter 2
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Testing Hypothesis
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

5
Quarter 2

Testing
Hypothesis
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Module on Testing
Hypothesis!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Module on Testing Hypothesis!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATION

At the end of the learning module, you are expected to:

1. compute for the test-statistic value (population mean); and
2. draw conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic
value and the rejection region (traditional / critical value method).

PRETEST

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the correct answer and write it on the
space before each number.
“The average weight of 22 randomly selected toasted siopao is 99.96g
with a standard deviation of 1.5g. The company claims that toasted siopao
weighs 100g.”
______ 1. Which among the following represents the null and alternative
hypothesis?
A. Ho: µ = 99.6g H1: µ ≠ 99.6g
B. Ho: µ ≥ 99.6g H1: µ < 99.6g
C. Ho: µ = 100g H1: µ ≠ 100g
D. Ho: µ ≥ 100g H1: µ < 100g
______ 2. Which among the critical values is correct if the problem is asking a
for 95% confidence level?
A. z > 1.95 C. t > 1.721
B. z = ± 1.95 D. t = ± 2.080
______ 3. What is the correct value of test statistic?
A. z = 0.125 C. z = -0.125
B. t = 0.125 D. t = -0.125
______ 4. Which among the rejection rule is NOT correct?
A. Reject Ho if test statistic is less than the negative critical value.
B. Reject Ho if the test statistic is greater than the positive critical
value.
C. Do not reject Ho if the test statistic is less than the negative critical
value.
D. Do not reject Ho if the test statistic is greater than the negative
critical value.
______ 5. What is the correct decision for the null hypothesis?
A. Reject the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis.
C. Insufficient evidence to accept the null hypothesis.
D. Cannot decide whether to reject or not the null hypothesis.
 RECAP

Sketch and Shade. Given the following critical values and blank normal curve,
draw the line then shade the rejection region.

Critical Values Plot the Critical Value/s then shade

the rejection region.

Level of significance:
90%

Critical Values:
t = -1.282

Level of significance:
99%

Critical Values:
z = ± 2.56

Level of significance:
95%

Critical Values:
z = 1.65

LESSON
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Traditional / Critical Value Method
Critical Value Method
1. Describe the population parameter of interest.

2. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.

3. Check the assumptions.

4. Choose a significance level size for α.
Make α small when the consequences of rejecting a true Ho is severe.
- Is the test two-tailed or one-tailed?
- Get the critical values from the test statistic table.
- Establish the critical regions.
5. Select the appropriate test statistic.
- Compute the test statistic using the appropriate formula.
 6. State the decision rule for rejecting or not the null hypothesis.
For a two-tailed test:
- Reject Ho if the computed test statistic ≥ positive critical value;
- Reject Ho if the computed test statistic ≤ negative critical value;
- Do not reject Ho if the computed test statistic < positive critical value;
- Do not reject Ho if the computed test statistic > negative critical value.
For a one-tailed test (Right):
- Reject Ho if the computed test statistic ≥ critical value;
- Do not reject Ho if the computed test statistic < critical value.
For a one-tailed test (Left):
- Reject Ho if the computed test statistic ≤ critical value;
- Do not reject Ho if the computed test statistic > critical value.
-
*decision is dependent on the critical value/s

7. Compare the computed test statistic and the critical value/s.

- Decide
- Interpret

Illustrative Example 1:

Conduct a hypothesis testing using critical value method.

The heart rates of 50 patients in an ICU have mean 95.3 beats/min and
standard deviation 16.9 beats/min. Are heart rates from ICU patients unusual given
normal heart rate has mean of 72 beats/min with a significance of .05?

Steps Solution
1. Describe the population parameter of The parameter of interest is the
interest. patients’ mean heart rate or normal
heart rate.
2. Formulate the null and alternative Ho: µ = 72 beats/min.
hypothesis. H1: µ ≠ 72 beats/min.
3. Check the assumptions. Since n = 50, by the Central Limit
Theorem, the distribution is
normally distributed.
4. Choose a significance level size for α. α = .01
Make α small when the consequences Two-tailed test
of rejecting a true Ho is severe. Critical Values: ± 2.704
- Is the test two-tailed or one-
tailed?
- Get the critical values from the
test statistic table.
Establish the critical regions.

5. Select the appropriate test statistic. The test statistic is t statistic.

Compute the test statistic using the t=
(𝑥̅ −𝜇𝑜 )
t=
(95.3 −72)

appropriate formula. (𝑠⁄ )

√𝑛
(16.9⁄
√50
)

t = 9.75
 6. State the decision rule for rejecting Reject Ho if:
or not the null hypothesis. t ≤ -2.704 and t ≥ +2.704
Do not reject Ho if:
-2.704 < t < +2.704
7. Compare the computed test statistic Reject Ho:
and the critical value/s. 9.75 > +2.704
The heart rate of ICU patients is found
to be unusual than the normal heart rate
of patients.
Illustrative Example 2:

Conduct a hypothesis testing using critical value method.

The school nurse thinks the average height of 11th graders has increased.
The average height of a 11th grader five years ago was 158 cm with a standard
deviation of 20 cm. She takes a random sample of 200 students and finds that the
average height of her sample is 160 cm with a standard deviation of 17cm. Using 95%
confidence, are 11th graders now taller than those 11th graders before?
Steps Solution
1. Describe the population parameter of The parameter of interest is the
interest. average height of 11th graders.
2. Formulate the null and alternative Ho: µ ≤ 158 cm.
hypothesis. H1: µ > 158 cm.
3. Check the assumptions. Since n = 200, by the Central Limit
Theorem, the distribution is
normally distributed.
α = .05
One-tailed test (Right)
Critical Values: +1.645

4. Choose a significance level size for α.

5. Select the appropriate test statistic. The test statistic is z statistic.

Compute the test statistic using the z=
(𝑥̅ −𝜇𝑜 )
z=
(160 −158)
appropriate formula. (𝜎⁄ ) (20⁄ )
√𝑛 √200
z = 1.41
6. State the decision rule for rejecting Reject Ho if:
or not the null hypothesis. t ≥ +1.645
Do not reject Ho if:
t < +1.645
7. Compare the computed test statistic Do not Reject Ho:
and the critical value/s. 1.41 < +2.704
There is no difference between the
height of 11th graders 5 years ago and
11th graders at present. We can say that
11th graders at present are not found to
be taller than those 11th graders 5 years
ago.
Illustrative Example 3:

Conduct a hypothesis testing using traditional or critical value method.

A group of consumers conducted a survey concerning satisfaction level of

two competing internet provider within their area, with 1 being the least satisfied and
5 being most satisfied. Two competing internet providers were selected, 174 customers
from “CONVERT” and 355 customers from “GLOW” participated. Test at 1% level of
significance whether the data evidence conclude that “CONVERT” has a higher mean
satisfaction than “GLOW”. Refer to the given table for the result.

CONVERT GLOW
n = 174 n = 355
𝑥̅1 = 3.51 𝑥̅2 = 3.24
𝑠1 = 0.51 𝑠2 = 0.52

Steps Solution
The parameter of interest is the level of
1. Describe the population parameter of customers’ satisfaction based on the
interest. average rating on their internet
provider.
2. Formulate the null and alternative Ho: µ1 – µ2 = 0
hypothesis. H1: µ1 > µ2
Since n1 = 174 and n2 = 355, by the
Central Limit Theorem, both
3. Check the assumptions. distributions are large,
independent, and normally
distributed.
α = .01
One-tailed test
Critical Value: +2.236

4. Choose a significance level size for α.

The test statistic is z statistic.

(𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 2 )−0 (3.51−3.24)−0
z= z=
(0.51)2 (0.52)2
𝜎2 𝜎2 (√ 174 + 355 )
5. Select the appropriate test statistic. (√𝑛1 +𝑛2 )
1 2
Compute the test statistic using the
appropriate formula.
z = 5.684
*we used z test since both groups are
large, independent, and normally
distributed
 Reject Ho if:
6. State the decision rule for rejecting z ≥ +2.236
or not the null hypothesis. Do not reject Ho if:
z < +2.236

Reject Ho:
5.684 > 2.236
7. Compare the computed test statistic Customers’ level of satisfaction between
and the critical value/s. the two competing internet providers are
significantly different. Customers of
“CONVERT” are more satisfied than
customers of “GLOW”.

ACTIVITIES

Table Completion. Supply the missing part of the table using the problem stated
below.
The quality of the drinking water must be monitored as often as possible. One
variable of concern is the pH level, which measures the alkalinity or acidity of the
water. A pH below 7.0 is acidic while a pH above 7.0 is alkaline. A pH of 7.0 is neutral.
A water-treatment plant is targeting higher than 8.0 pH. Based on 16 random water
samples, the mean and standard deviation were found to be: 𝑋 ̅=7.6 and s = 0.4. Test
the claim using 5% level of significance.

Steps Solution

1. Describe the population parameter of

interest.

2. Formulate the null and alternative

hypothesis.

3. Check the assumptions.

4. Choose a significance level size for α.

 5. Select the appropriate test statistic.
Compute the test statistic using the
appropriate formula.

6. State the decision rule for rejecting

or not the null hypothesis.

7. Compare the computed test statistic

and the critical value/s.

WRAP–UP

1. What are the steps in conducting hypothesis testing exercise?

2. How does the critical value method differs from the p – value method?
4. Which is the most important part of the hypothesis testing exercise?
3. How important is hypothesis testing in experiments and researches?

VALUING

Hypothesis testing is a vital part of a decision-making process under the area

of statistics and research. A hypothesis test assesses two mutually independent
statements about a population. Decision making process helps any individual to
solve problems by examining alternative choices and deciding which best path to
take. A step by step approach makes it efficient and effective in making sound, and
well-versed decisions that leads to a constructive impact on the area you are
investigating.
Never be afraid of rejections, if you want to find the truth make a hypothesis,
compare observations, then decide; “if the result confirms the hypothesis, then
you’ve made a measurement; if it contradicts, then you’ve made a discovery”
~Enrico Fermi.

Have you been rejected without any obvious reason? Are you afraid of knowing
the result of your actions? Share a story related to these two questions.
 POSTTEST

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space
before each number.
“Suppose that a motorcycle company claims that their newly released
fuel-efficient scooter has a lesser fuel consumption than the old model which has a
mean mileage of 68 kilometers per liter with a standard deviation of 6.2 kilometers per
liter. You take a simple random sample of 30 motorcycles and test their mileage and
found out that the average is 66 kilometers per liter.”
______ 1. What is the appropriate test statistic based on the given?
A. z = 1.77 C. t = 1.77
B. z = -1.77 D. t = -1.77

______ 2. Which among the critical values is correct if the problem is asking a
for 95% confidence level?
A. z = –1.65 C. t = –1.96
B. z = +1.65 D. t = +1.96

______ 3. What is the correct decision if the significance level is α = 0.05?

A. Reject the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis.
C. Cannot determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or not.
D. Unable to solve the critical values because of insufficient given.

______ 4. If another test was made using 60 motorcycles, with the mean of 64
kph, what will be the value of the test statistic?
A. z = 3.75 C. t = 3.75
B. z = -3.75 D. t = -3.75

______ 5. Using the result in item #4, what is the correct decision if the
significance level is α = 0.05?
A. Reject the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis.
C. Cannot determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or not.
D. Unable to solve the critical values because of insufficient given.
 KEY TO CORRECTION
5. A 5. B

4. B 4. C

3. A 3. D

2. A 2. D

1. B 1. A

POST-TEST PRE-TEST

3. 2. 1.

RECAP

REFERENCES
Belecina, Rene R; Baccay, Elisa S; Mateo, Efren B. Statistics and Probability.
(Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, 2016) 250 – 263.
Hanneman, Roberta A; Kposowa, Augustine J; Riddle, Mark D. Basic Statistics for
Social Research. (San Francisco, CA 94104-4594) 247 – 302.
Calon.catpictures.co, Best Chart for Business Copyright 2020. T-table and Z-table.
http://calon.catpictures.co/z-value-chart-statistics/