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11.1 New

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rohanbasava12
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Topic 11.

Electromagnetic
Induction
INDUCED EMF BETWEEN A CONDUCTOR & A MAGNETIC
FIELD
Ø HOW TO FIND DIRECTION OF INUCED CURRENT

1. Left hand Palm rule


2. Fleming’s Right hand rule
Ø LEFT HAND PALM RULE

1. Four fingers point in the direction of the magnetic field


2. Palm gives direction of the motion of conductor
3. Thumb points direction of Induced current

Ø FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE

1. First Finger or Index Finger points in the direction of the magnetic field.
2. Middle finger shows the direction of the Induced current.
3. Thumb points in the direction of the motion.
STRENGTH OF INDUCED EMF DEPENDS ON
FOLLOWING POINTS:
Determine the direction of the induced current for each situation:
a) c)

b)
d)
DERIVATION OF AN INDUCED EMF IN A CONDUCTOR:
• The maximum p.d is achieved across the conductor
when the magnetic force pushing the electrons
downwards equals the electric force pushing them
upwards.
• Magnetic force = qvB and is downwards (Fleming’s LH
rule)
• Electric force = qE upwards; E is the strength of the
electric field.
• qE = qvB
• ε/L = vB
• ε = BLv
• ε is the p.d between the ends of the conductor
(motional emf)
• v is the velocity of the conductor
• B is the magnetic field strength
• L is the length of the conductor
• B,L and v are mutually perpendicular
1.

2.

3.
MAGNETIC FLUX & MAGNETIC FLUX LINKAGE
The magnetic flux through any surface placed in a magnetic field is the number of magnetic field
lines crossing normally.
It is denoted by the letter ɸ. It is a scalar quantity.
Factors on which Magnetic Flux Depends
•MAGNETIC FLUX LINKAGE

It is defined as the product of magnetic flux and the number of turns in the circuit.
1.

2.
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION:

•B
•A
•Coil rotates
EMF can only change if magnetic flux is changing.
FARADAY’S LAWS
Faraday’s Second Law
MOTIONAL EMF FROM FARADAY’S LAWS:
Motional Emf from Lorentz force:
u The total force experienced by a charge particle moving in a region where
both electric and magnetic fields are present is called Lorentz force.

FE = qE
Fm = qvB
Total force = FE + Fm = qE +qvB = q (E+vB)
u qE = qvB
u ε/L = vB
u ε = BLv
u ε is the p.d between the ends of the conductor (motional emf)
u v is the velocity of the conductor
u B is the magnetic field strength
u L is the length of the conductor
u B,L and v are mutually perpendicular
u Current Induced in the loop:

Let R be the resistance of the movable arm PQ of the loop PQRS


I = V/R = BLv/R

- Force on the movable arm:


- F = BIL sin 90 = BIL (since L and b makes an angel of 90 degree)
- F = BIL = B(BLv/R) L = B2 L2 v/ R

- Mechanical Power Expended To Move The Conductor In The Magnetic Field


- P = Fv = B2 L2 v2/ R
- Electric power in the circuit
P = I2 R = B2 L2 v/ R
Energy Conversions In The Circuit

Mechanical Energy
Needed To Move Electrical Energy Thermal Energy In
The Conductor In In The Circuit The Circuit
A Magnetic Field
GRAPH OF FALLING MAGNET THROUGH A COIL:
u Change in magnetic flux is due to the relative motion between the coil and
the magnet.
u More the speed with which the magnet is moved towards the coil, greater
is the induced emf.
u The direction of induced current is such that it will oppose the change
producing it.
u When the N pole of the magnet is moved towards the coil, the nearer end
of the coil has induced current flowing in the ACW direction and acts as N
pole
u When the N pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, the nearer
end of the coil has induced current flowing in CW direction and acts as S
pole.
Lenz’s Law And Law Of Conservation
Of Energy
u Suppose the direction of the induced current was to enhance the change
that caused it. Then there would be an attraction between the magnet and
the coil and the magnet would be accelerated towards the coil gaining
kinetic energy from nowhere. Law of conservation of energy tells us this
cannot happen.

u Significance of Lenz’s law : It is a direct consequence of the law of


conservation of energy
Neumann’s Relation

ε = (-ΔNΦ) ÷ Δt
u ΔNΦ is the flux change linked with N turns of the coil.
u The negative sign shows that the direction of induced
current is such that it will oppose the change producing
it.
Copper Plate Oscillating In A Magnetic
Field
u Currents are induced in the copper plate when it
leaves and enters the magnetic field as the magnetic
flux linked with the plate changes.
Self Induction (Explanation Based On Lenz’s
Law)

Whenever the current


through coil 1 is
changing, an emf
is induced in coil 1
according to Lenz’s law.
Hence momentary
induced current
flows when the
switch is closed
or opened.
Coil – Coil Experiment (Mutual Inductance)
Nature of science:
Experimentation: In 1831 Michael Faraday, using primitive equipment,
observed a minute pulse of current in one coil of wire only when the current in
a second coil of wire was switched on or off but nothing while a constant
current was established. Faraday’s observation of these small transient
currents led him to perform experiments that led to his law of electromagnetic
induction. •When the switch is closed, the
galvanometer connected to coil 2
shows a momentary deflection
towards the right.
•When the switch remains closed,
there is no further deflection.
•When the switch is opened, there is a
momentary deflection towards the
left.
•When the switch remains open, there
is no further deflection in the
galvanometer.
Mutual Induction(Explanation Based On Lenz’s
Law)
•Whenever there is change in the current
through coil 1, magnetic flux linked with
the coil 2 changes and an emf is induced
in coil 2 and an induced current flows
through it.

•Hence momentary induced current flows


through coil 2 when the switch is closed
or opened
u Essential idea: The majority of electricity generated throughout the world is
generated by machines that were designed to operate using the principles of
electromagnetic induction.
u 11.1 – Electromagnetic induction
u Nature of science:
u Experimentation: In 1831 Michael Faraday, using primitive equipment, observed a
minute pulse of current in one coil of wire only when the current in a second coil
of wire was switched on or off but nothing while a constant current was
established. Faraday’s observation of these small transient currents led him to
perform experiments that led to his law of electromagnetic induction. (1.8)
u 1.8 The importance of evidence is a fundamental common understanding.
Evidence can be obtained by observation or experiment. It can be gathered by
human senses, primarily sight, but much modern science is carried out using
instrumentation and sensors that can gather information remotely and
automatically in areas that are too small, or too far away, or otherwise beyond
human sense perception. Improved instrumentation and new technology have
often been the drivers for new discoveries. Observations followed by analysis and
deduction led to the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe and to the
theory of evolution by natural selection. In these cases, no controlled
experiments were possible. Disciplines such as geology and astronomy rely
strongly on collecting data in the field, but all disciplines use observation to
collect evidence to some extent. Experimentation in a controlled environment,
generally in laboratories, is the other way of obtaining evidence in the form of
data, and there are many conventions and understandings as to how this is to be
achieved.

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