UTS_Final
UTS_Final
ACONGA
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Name: MARIA MAY G. ACONGA
Address: C. VICENCIO St., BRGY. 3 CATUBIG, N. SAMAR
Contact Number: 09531298545
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Lesson 1: Philosophy
Lesson 2: Sociology
Lesson 3: Anthropology
Lesson 4: Psychology
Lesson 5: The Self in Western and Eastern Thoughts
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
a. Discuss the sexual development involving the human reproductive system,
erogenous zones, sexual behavior and human sexual response.
b. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in understanding one’s sexuality,
chemistry of lust, love and attachment and psychological aspect of being turned
on.
c. Examine the diversity of human sexuality, sexual health, sexually transmitted
diseases and methods of contraception.
Introduction
Puberty marks the start of sexual development in an individual. Physical changes
start and as an individual continues to adolescence, these changes are highlighted as
sex hormones, undergoing physical changes, and producing feelings that are sexual in
nature. Since sex is usually a taboo subject, most adolescents are confused with these
feelings: how to handle them, who to ask about these sexual feelings and what is
considered normal and inappropriate sexual responses. The best way to understand
these is to learn about human sexuality to get to know one's own body and responses
and establish her/his Sexual Self.
WHAT I YOUR SEXUAL SELF? This is the part of yourself where you learn and
understand your, sexual development and how people's sexual activity, beliefs,
misconceptions and unlimited access from the internet on sex can influence your own
sexual behaviors and responses. Your sexual self speaks of your sexual health, sexual
orientation gender identity and expression and values around sexuality
Discussion
1. Sexual Development
1. Each year children come under increasing cultural pressures from parents,
teachers, peer group and society at large to develop attitudes and behavior
patterns that are considered appropriate for members of their sex.
2. Learning experiences are determined by the individual's sex. In the home, at
school, and in play groups, children learn what is considered appropriate for
members of their sex.
3. The attitude of parents and other significant family members towards individuals
because of their sex. Strong preferences for a child of a given sex have marked
influences on parents’ attitudes affecting relationship with the child.
One of the many seemingly magical things about human reproduction is that only
one sperm can ever penetrate an egg. Sex, however, is not just for reproduction not in
humans That may be its primary biological mandate, but i serves other purposes as well.
It helps strengthen relationships, encourages a man to stick around to care for his child,
and affects not only health but also well-being (Tsiaras, 2006).
The change from child to adult is an especially dangerous time for adolescents in
our society. From their earliest years, children watch television shows and movies that
insist that "sex appeal" is a personal quality that people need to develop to the fullest
(focusas.com/SexuaBehavior-Range.html, 2008). While adolescents and their parents
generally agree about many issues and aspects of life, they hold strikingly different views
on sex. Parents, based on their perspective from greater experience, urge caution and
restraint. Adolescents, experiencing strong sexual desire for the first time and eager for
all pleasures life can offer, are frequently tempted to throw caution to the wind and
indulge (Tria, et al. 2012). TV, movies, and music are not the only influences - the Internet
provides teens with seemingly unlimited access to information on sex as well as a steady
supply of people willing to talk about sex with them. Teens may feel safe because they
can remain anonymous while looking for information on sex. Sexual predators know this
and manipulate young people into online relationships and, later, set up a time and place
to meet. (commercialexploitation.org/factsheets/eefe-factsmarketingsex.pdf. 2008).
2. Human Sexuality
Sexuality is much more than sexual feelings or sexual intercourse. It is an
important part of who a person is and what she/he will become. It includes all the feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors associated with being female or male, being attractive and being
in love, as well as being in relationships that include sexual intimacy and sensual and
sexual activity. It also includes enjoyment of the world as we know it through the five
senses: taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight.
(advocatesforyouth.org/lessonplans/circleso[sexuality1.htm. 2008)
1. Sensuality - is awareness and feeling about your own body and other people's
bodies, especially the body of a sexual partner. Sensuality enables us to feel good
about how our bodies' look and feel and what they can do. Sensuality also allows
us to enjoy the pleasure our bodies can give us and others.
2. Sexual Intimacy - is the ability to be emotionally close to another human being
and to accept closeness in return. Several aspects of intimacy include sharing
intimacy, caring about another, liking or loving a person, emotional risk-taking and
vulnerability to a loved one.
3. Sexual identity - is a person's understanding of who he/she is sexually, including
the sense of being male or of being female. Sexual identity consists of three
There are physiological and psychological aspects in being turned on, being in
love and attached to another person. The chemistry of lust, love and attachment lies in
our brains, which is the humans most important ‘sex organ'. “The unexplained
mechanism responsible for sexual attraction lies in the brain and not in the genital areas.
Lust - This is a phase which is driven by the sex hormones testosterone and
estrogen - in both men and women. Estrogen and Testosterone are the two basic
types of hormones present equally in men and women's body that excite the feeling
of lust within the brain.
Attraction - This phase is said to be one of the beautiful moments of life. This is
the phase when a person actually starts to feel the love. This is the amazing time
when you are truly love-struck and can think of little else. Scientists think that three
main neurotransmitters are involved in this stage; adrenaline, dopamine and
serotonin.
Attachment - Is a bond helping the couple to take their relationship to advanced
levels. It instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling in love with them
wholeheartedly. Scientists think there might be two major hormones involved in this
feeling of attachment; oxytocin and vasopressin.
There are many "rules" about what men and women can/should do that have
nothing to do with the way their bodies are built or function. This aspect of sexuality is
especially important for young adolescents to understand, since peer, parent, and cultural
pressures to be "masculine" or "feminine" increase during the adolescent years. Both
young men and young women need help sorting out how perceptions about gender roles
Sexual Intercourse
Sexual intercourse is one of the most common behaviors among humans. Sexual
intercourse is a behavior that may produce sexual pleasure that often culminates in
JefreyRonato UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | 10
orgasm in females and in males. Sexual intercourse may also result in pregnancy and/or
STDs. In programs for youth, discussion of sexual intercourse is often limited to the bare
mention of male-female (penile-vaginal) intercourse.
However, youth need accurate health information about sexual intercoursevaginal,
oral, and anal.
Premarital Sex
Is sexual activity practiced by people who are unmarried. It can be any sexual
relations a person has prior to marriage. The alternative terms tor premarital sex have
been suggested, including non-marital sex (which overlaps with adultery), youthful sex,
and young-adult sex.
A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered
particularly unacceptable in "predominantly Muslim nations", such as Indonesia, Jordan,
Pakistan and Egypt, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western
European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany and Françe
expressing less than 10% disapproval.
These are also known as Venereal Diseases (VD). They are passed through
sexual contact of genital through vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex. The term STI
evolved from “venereal disease” to "sexually transmitted disease", then sexually
transmitted infection which has a broader range of meaning: that it can be passed without
disease. (You don’t have to be ill to infect others).
HIV/AIDS
This is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the
pregnancy ends. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other
women. There are however, additional medical concerns, for mothers aged below 15
years old. For mothers aged 15-19, risks are associated more with socio economic
factors than with the biological effects of age. In teenage pregnancy, there are risks of
low birth weight premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia arc connected to the
biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births. Every day in developing countries,
20,000 girls under age 18 give birth
This amounts to 7.3 million births a year. And if all pregnancies are included, the
number of adolescent pregnancies is much higher.
Education
The Dutch approach to preventing teenage pregnancy has often been seen as a
model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication
and negotiation skills, as well as biological aspects of reproduction. The media has
encouraged open dialogue and the health-care system guarantees confidentiality and a
non-judgmental approach.
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF | 12
3.3 Family Planning/Responsible Parenthood
In Philippine education, the concept of Family Planning is a mandatory topic in the
curriculum. Family Planning, also called Responsible Parenthood, is as old as
humankind. It is a simple way of regulating and spacing the births of children. It is giving
birth according to the health and economic conditions of the family, giving birth of the
mother according to her right age. Conception is not left to chance. Benefits derived from
Family Planning are identified as follows
1. For the family - to promote healthy, happy family.
2. For the mother - she can recover her health and strength after delivery.
3. For the child - a better chance of growing healthier and well cared.
1. Natural Birth Control - employs natural control methods that people do to help
prevent an unintended pregnancy are without the use of modern/artificial ways of
contraception. These require commitment when you make the decision, discipline
and self-control for it to be effective. These include abstinence, fertility awareness
methods, the rhythm, calendar of standard days method, outercourse and
continued breastfeeding. all requiring discipline and responsibility which the
Catholic Church approves.
2. Artificial Birth Control - employs artificial control methods to help prevent
unintended pregnancy use modem/contemporary measures such as contraceptive
or birth control pills, diaphragm, male and female condoms, spermicide, cervical
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Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
MATERIAL SELF
A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century, William James, wrote in his
book, The Principles of Psychology in 1890 that understanding the self can be
examined through its different components.
He described these components as: (1) its
constituents (2) the feelings and emotions they
arouse-self-feelings; (3) the actions to which they
prompt-self-seeking and self-preservation. The
constituents of self are composed of the
material self, the social self, the spiritual self and
the pure ego.
(Trentmann 2016; Green 1997).
The innermost part of our material self is our body. Intentionally, we are investing
in our body. We are directly attached to this commodity that we cannot live without. We
strive hard to make sure that this body functions well and good. Any ailment or disorder
directly affects us. We do have certain preferential attachment or intimate closeness to
certain body parts because of its value to us.
There were people who get their certain body parts insured. Celebrities, like Mariah
Carey who was reported to have placed a huge amount for the insurance of her vocal
cords and legs (Sukman 2016).
Next to our body are the clothes we use. Influenced by the "Philosophy of Dress"
by Herman Lotze, James believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self.
Lotze in his book, Microcosmus, stipulates that "any time we bring an object into the
surface of our body, we invest that object into the consciousness of our personal
existence taking in its contours to be our own and making it part of the self." (Watson
2014) The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring sensations to the body to which
directly affect our attitudes and behavior. Thus, clothes are placed in the second
Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family. Our parents and siblings hold
another great important part of our self. What they do or become affects us. When an
immediate family member dies, part of our self dies, too. When their lives are in success,
we feel their victories as if we are the one holding the trophy. In their failures, we are put
to shame or guilt. When they are in disadvantage situation, there is an urgent urge to
help like a voluntary instinct of saving one's self from danger. We place huge investment
in our immediate family when we see them as tne nearest replica of our self.
The fourth component of material self is our home. Home is where our heart is. It
is the earliest nest of our selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were recorded and
marked on particular parts and things in our home. There was an old cliché about rooms:
"if only walls can speak." The home thus is an extension of self, because in it, we can
directly connect our self.
Having investment of self to things, made us attached to those things. The more
investment of self-given to the particular thing, the more we identify ourselves to it. We
also tended to collect and possess properties. The collections in different degree of
investment of self, becomes part of the self. As James (1890) described self: "a man's
self is the sum total of all what he CAN call his." Possessions then become a part or an
extension of the self.
The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our
selfconcept, our past, and even our future.
The material self, according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes,
immediate family, and home. We are deeply affected by these things because we
have put much investment of our self to them.
The innermost part of our material self is our body. Next to our body are the clothes
we use. Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family. The fourth component of
material self is our home.
Russel Belk (1988) posits that "...we regard our possessions as part of ourselves.
We are what we have and what we possess."
LEARNING TASK 1
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Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of the "self”
according to William James in his book, The Principles of
Psychology in 1890. The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner
subjective part of self. It is the most intimate version of the self
because of the satisfaction experienced when thinking of one's
ability to argue and discriminate, of one's moral sensibility and
conscience, and of our unconquerable will (James 1890) is
purer than all other sentiments of satisfaction.
(Green 1997)
The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may
be seen through the expressions of religion, its beliefs and practices. In the same
manner, cultural 0rituals and ceremonies are some manifestations what people believe
in. Moreover, seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is on.
Discussion
RELIGION
Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the definition of religion "as a set of cultural
beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. These
characteristics are:
An individual lives in a society where there are many practices of religion. The
choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self. Although the choice maybe
influenced by the society and its culture
RITUAL
The self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits a striking parallel between
their ritual and verbal behavior. Just as language is a system of symbols that is based
upon arbitrary rules, ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic acts that is based
upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals is expressions of religious beliefs.
There are two types of meditation practices: samatha and vipassana. Samatha is
practiced as mindfulness of breathing and development of loving kindness (Metta
Bhavana). Vipassana practices aim at developing insight into reality. Acquiring wisdom
is by studying Buddha's teaching, the Dharma. Through the reflection of Dharma,
Buddhists can achieve a deeper understanding of lite. Buddhists believe in non-violence
principle.
Some of the major Buddhist celebrations are Parinirvana Day in February; Buddha
Day (Wesak) in May; Dharma Day in July; Padmasambhava Day in October; and Sangha
Day in November.
CHRISTIANITY
Beliefs
Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One
God in three personas: God the Father
(Creator), God the Son (Savior), and God the
Holy Spirit (Sustainer) Eternal life after death
will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ is, God the Son, who came into
flesh, to spread the Good News of Salvation.
He died on the Cross for the sin of the
humanity but resurrected from the death, so
that anyone who believes in Him will be saved
and have eternal life. The Holy Bible is a
Customs and Practices selection of books, which is divided into two,
the Old Testament and New Testament.
HINDUISM
Beliefs
Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional beliefs
and religious groups; thus, there is no single founder or
leader. Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth,
death and rebirth, governed by Kama. Karma is a concept
where the reincarnated life will depend on how the past life
was spent. Hindus believe that the soul passes through a
cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is always
dependent on how the previous life was lived. Vedas are
sacred scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and Ramayana
are two other important texts of the Hindus.
ISLAM
Beliefs
Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One God." They believe in the unity and
universality of God. Muslims also have a strong sense of community or "ummah" and an
awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide. Islam means "willing submission
to God."
Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of
Muslim life:
1. Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no God but the one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger."
2. Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
3. Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a
Muslim's assets.
4. Hajj - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford are asked to do the
pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.
5. Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from food, drink, and sexual act, during the
celebration of Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
The fast is from dawn to sunset.
Two of the major festivals in lslam are Eidul-Fitr and Eidul-Adha. Eidul-Fitr is the
celebration at the end of Ramadan, while Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the completion
of the Pilgrimage, the Haij.
JUDAISM
Beliefs
The Jews believe in the God of Abraham, the same
God that liberated the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to
Canaan, the Promised Land through the leadership of
Moses and later, Joshua.
Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of
the spiritual self. What to believe and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent on
the individual, to the self. A person might believe that there is a higher being, a
supernatural being, usually termed as God, but not necessarily wants to be affiliated or
identified with a certain religious group. Others may have religious practices which are
perceived to be contrary to the practices of other groups. Religious beliefs and practices,
therefore, are formed relative to its context and culture.
Another extensive study of self can be found in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl.
The Viktor Frank Institute in Vienna was created in 1992. The Institute has a website
where there is a synopsis of his life and works and present programs
(http://www.viktorfranklinstitute.org/About_Viktor_Frankl.htmil). The following are the
excerpts from the website:
The Psychiatrist
Logotherapy
The Franklian Psychology has the basic concepts. These are the following:
Logotherapy Assumptions
1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. This first
assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According
to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are.
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. Assumption
two is "ultimate meaning." This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone
experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human
laws.
3. People have a will to meaning. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation
for living and acting. When we see meaning, we are ready for any type of suffering.
This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning.
Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning, and this can
be done under any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about
unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was
confined in the concentration camps.
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in
daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be
found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by
following the voice of our Conscience.
6. The individual is unique. The sixth assumption deals with one's sense of meaning.
This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable.
In essence, all humans are unique with an entity of body, mind, and spirit. We all
go through unique situations and are constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to
do these at all times in response to certain demands.
Popova (2017) discussed Viktor Frankl's work. There are three possible sources
of the meaning of life: purposeful work, courage in the face of difficulty, and love.
1. Purposeful Work. To find the meaning of life starts with holding a future goal. Each
individual has each own future goal to achieve or a task to perform. That task or
goal to fulfill becomes the meaning of their life. Therefore, meaning of life is unique
to every individual.
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty. A meaningful life is a life with suffering.
Suffering is inevitable part of life. To find meaning of life is to recognize suffering,
pain, and death as part of life and to have the courage to face these life difficulties.
3. Love. Popova (2017) quoted Dr. Frankl's notes about his experience in the Nazi
Camp: "For hours I stood hacking at the icy ground. The guard passed by, insulting
me, and once again I communed with my beloved. More and more I felt that she
was present, that she was with me; I had the feeling that I was able to touch her,
able to stretch out my hand and grasp hers. The feeling was very strong: she was
there. Then, at that very moment, a bird flew down silently and perched just in front
of me, on the heap of soil which I had dug up from the ditch, and looked steadily at
me."
Dr. Frankl's wife, parents, and some relatives were victims of gas chambers. His
love for his wife kept him fight for his life. Popova (2017) also quoted Dr. Frankl's
definition of love: "Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost
core of his personality. No one can become fully aware of the very essence of another
human being unless he loves him. By his love, he is enabled to see the essential traits
and features in the beloved person; and even more, he sees that which is potential in
him... Furthermore, by his love, the loving person enables the beloved person to actualize
these potentialities. By making him aware of what he can be and of what he should
become, he makes these potentialities come true." Costello (2015) captured Viktor
Frankl's message: "The ultimate secret on the spiritual foundation of life is that love is
salvation and joy eternity." The ultimate factor to find the meaning of life is love.
1. Draw a symbol that best illustrates your most intimate or most meaningful
experience with God. Explain such experience and describe how you felt. What
do you think was God telling you in that particular experience?
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Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
Have you ever asked yourself what is truly a Filipino identity? Recall an instance,
or maybe you can imagine a moment when you are the only Filipino conversing among
a group of people from different nationalities. Will you be proud of speaking about all
the beautiful things about your country and of being a Filipino? Are you going to speak
ill of your country or will you be just quietly mortified by the fact you are a Filipino?
In this lesson, we will trace the historical roots of our values and traits, and we will
consider the community and institutional factors that a affect the Filipino identity.
Secondly, we will consider the role of the self in establishing a democratic culture.
Who Is a Filipino?
The Philippines is a lush island paradise famous for its grandiose mountain views,
pristine beaches, and rich and diverse culture changing from province too province.
While the Philippines may be well known for its awe-inspiring beauty, perhaps the
Filipinos' unique traits, reputable values, and laudable talents make the country a place
to be.
Tourists who have visited the Philippines can never forget the big and bright smiles
that greeted them, the colorful and loud jeepneys, the common Filipino phrases such as
FILIPINO MARKERS
What then are the hallmarks of our being a Filipino? What makes us truly relish in
our being a Filipino? The following are constant reminders of our nationality.
1. Proverbs or Salawikain
Filipino proverbs, just like any other proverbs, are sayings that convey lessons and
reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs, and traditions. Damiana Eugenio, regarded as
the Mother of Philippine Folklore, classified proverbs into six categories (Eugenio, 2000):
a. proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the laws that govern life;
b. ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
c. proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
e. humorous proverbs; and
f. miscellaneous proverbs.
An example of a Filipino proverb is the saying "Kung may tiyága, may nilaga,"
which means that hard work will be rewarded if one is persistent.
2. Superstitions
Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed down from
generation to generation. Some of these may be influenced by beliefs from other
cultures, but Filipinos have retold these superstitions according to their own experiences
and they sometimes end up even more interesting.
According to a Filipino superstition, a woman singing while cooking will end up a
spinster so parents remind their daughters to avoid singing while preparing their meals.
Filipinos also avoid taking picture in threes as the one in the center is said to die,
according to another superstition.
Now you know that your traits and values are important indicators of being a
Filipino. The problem now is how to truly become one and how you can be useful to the
development and progress of our country. The following are a few ways on how to be a
good Filipino:
The road of the Philippine history is long and bloody, and by learning and fully
understanding the events of the Philippine history, you will learn so much as to why it is
so important for you to love your country with your life, extend help to your fellow Filipinos
in need, and recognize abuse of political power.
Filipino citizens are those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines,
those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and those who are naturalized in
accordance with law.
Filipino proverbs, just like any other proverbs, are sayings that convey lessons and
reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs, and traditions.
Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the Mother of Philippine Folklore, classified
proverbs into six categories.
Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed down from
generation to generation.
Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they have
sacrificed their lives for the sake of their country's freedom and progress.
A good Filipino citizen is aware of the current events and participates in government
programs that aim for the country's progression and development
Discuss how being a Filipino affects your “self”. How can becoming a
better Filipino influence your duty to becoming a better version of
yourself?
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LEARNING TASK 2
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Who is a Filipino?
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Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
Discussion
Media users in the Philippines grew by 12 million or 25% while the number of
mobile social users increased by 13 million or 32%. Those growth figures are still higher
compared to the previous year. More than half the world now uses a smartphone.
The following guidelines will help you share information online in a smart way that
will protect yourself and not harm others. Before posting or sharing anything online,
consider the following.
Is this post/story necessary?
Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, warm-hearted, teachable-or am I just
making noise online without purpose?
Have we (as a family or parent/child) resolved this issue? An issue that is still being
worked out at home, or one that is either vulnerable or highly emotional, should not
be made public.
Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries of our family values?
Will this seem as finny in 5, 10, or 15 years? Or is this post better suited for sharing
with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?
Rules to Follow
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use of
the Internet according to New (2014):
Stick to safer sites.
Guard your passwords.
Limit what you share.
Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even
if you try to delete it.
Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
Be choosy about your online friends.
Be patient.
LEARNING TASK 1
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2.
What is your general evaluation of the module? Share
your judgments.
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3.
Kindly share your utmost and least experience while
reading the lessons.
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This third and final module identifies three areas of concern for the students,
namely: learning, goal setting, and managing stress. It also provides for the more
practical application of the concepts discussed in this course and enables them the
hands-on experience of developing self-help plans for self-regulated learning, goal
setting, and self-care.
A. Understand the theoretical underpinning for how to manage and care for the
different aspects of the self
B. Acquire and hone new skills and learning for better managing of one’s self and
behaviors
C. Apply these new skills to one’s self and functioning for better quality of life
Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
Knowing the "self is not enough. Since "who you are" is partly made up of your
choices, you must also have the ability to choose especially to be better you." in the
school setting. your knowledge of yourself should at least enable you to become a better
student.
We are Homo sapiens or the wise man. We think in a more complex level than
our ancestors and most, if not all, of the other beings. But being called wise, not only do
we think, but we are also capable to think about thinking, like how we think of things and
why we think in a certain way about things. It is like your brain thinks about itself, then
thinks about how it thinks about itself.
In the context of learning, studies show that when you are able to think about how
you think, how you process information, and how you utilize techniques while you are
studying, you have a higher chance of improving your learning process than those who
do not reflect on their methods.
Metacognition is also not limited to the thinking process of the individual. It also
includes keeping one's emotions and motivations while leaning in check
(PapaleontiouLouca 2003). Some people learn better when they like the subject, some
when they are challenged by the topic, and others if they have a reward system each
time, they finish a task. The emotional state and the motivation of a person then should
also be in the preferred ideal state for that person in order to further facilitate his or her
learning.
Under metacognitive knowledge, there are several variables that affect how you
know or assess yourself as a thinker. First is the personal variable, which is your
evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses in learning. Second is the task variable,
which is what you know or what you think about the nature of the task, as well as what
strategies the task requires. Lastly, strategy variable refers to what strategies or skills
you already have in dealing with certain tasks (American Institutes for Research 2010).
According to Waterloo Student Success Office (n.d.), the following are other skills
that can help you in exercising metacognition:
1. Knowing your limits. As mentioned earlier, one cannot really make any
significance advancement in using metacognitive skills without having an honest
and accurate evaluation of what you know and what you do not know. Knowing
your limits also looks at the scope and limitations of your resources so that you can
work with what you have at the moment and look for ways to cope with other
necessities.
2. Modifying your approach. It begins with the recognition that your strategy is
not appropriate with the task and/or that you do not comprehend the learning
experience successfully. Recognizing, for example, that you are not understanding
what you are reading, you should learn to modify your strategy in comprehending
your material. You might want to read and reread a page in five-minute intervals
instead of trying to finish the material in one sitting. You may want to make a
summary or code for yourself instead of using keywords or highlighting sections of
what you are reading.
4. Rehearsing. This is not just about repeatedly talking, writing, and/or doing what
you have learned, but also trying to make a personal interpretation or summary of
the learning experience. One of the fun ways to do this is by imagining yourself
being interviewed about your task. As you try to convey what you have learned
5. Self-Test. As the name implies, this is trying to test your comprehension of your
learning experience or the skills you have acquired during learning. While some
materials already come with tests like this book, you can still create tests for
yourself. Yu can make essay questions or definition of terms test while you are
reading or watching a material. Self-test does not only focus on what you have
learned but also on how you learned it. After the experience, you should also ask
questions like, "What strategies did I use? "How successful were my learning,
strategies?" "How can I further improve my learning skills?"
Other strategies that you need to develop include asking questions about your
methods, self-reflection, finding a mentor or support group if necessary, thinking out loud
(though you have to be considerate of others also when doing this), and welcoming errors
as learning experiences. For clarification, "welcoming errors" does not mean seeking
them or consciously making them as much as possible. It means that when you commit
a mistake, you do not dismiss it as insignificant or you do not try to avoid responsibility
of the results. You must process them to learn every lesson that you can take about
yourself, about the topic, and other people or things. By having a more positive attitude
toward mistakes, you will also have the courage to venture into new and unknown
learning experiences that may one day interest you.
Other tips that you can use in studying are the following (Queensland University
of Technology Library n.d.):
1. Make an outline of the things you want to learn, the things you are reading or doing,
and/or the things you remember.
4. Try to incubate your ideas. First, write your draft without doing much editing. Let
the ideas flow. Then leave your draft at least overnight or around 24 hours-some
even do not look at it for a week-and do something else. After a given period, go
back to your draft or prototype and you might find a fresh perspective about it.
Sometimes, during incubation, you suddenly have ideas coming to you. Write them
down in a notebook first and do not integrate them into the draft yet. Review what
you have written when the incubation period is done.
6. Engage what you have learned. Do something about it. On a reading material for
example, highlight keywords and phrases, write your opinions about the matter on
a separate notebook, or create a diagram or concept map. Some people also learn
best by copying the key paragraphs word for word. You may want to look for other
definitions and compare or contrast materials. Use your new knowledge during
discussions-just do something about it.
FEEDBACK
As you were reading this topic, were you aware of your metacognitive
processes? What changes did you feel as you try to use the metacognitive
strategies and skills? We encourage you to utilize and adapt the
aforementioned techniques in whatever learning experiences you are about
to accomplish and find enjoyment and success in learning.
Lesson Objectives:
Introduction
Discussion
Students are bound to face multifarious tasks, overlapping with other roles they
portray at different social institutions. Enlightening them with which goals they are to track
would ease their minds in possible dilemma.
Ryan (1970) as cited by Locke & Latham (2002), premised that conscious
goals affect action, thus, a goal is the object or aim of an action. A college student’s
academic goal is to fulfill the course requirements and pass all examinations to
graduate on time for the length of the program he/she is taking. Goals affect
performance through four mechanisms (Locke, 2002).
First, goals serve a directive function; they direct attention and effort toward
goalrelevant activities and away from goal-irrelevant activities.
Second, goals have an energizing function. High goals lead to great effort than low
goals.
Third, goals affect persistence. When participant is allowed to control the time,
they spend on a task, hard goals prolong effort.
Fourth, goals affect action indirect by leading to the arousal, discovery, and/or use
of task-relevant knowledge and strategies.
Students’ goals can be achieved only if they are worthy of believing these goals
can be achieved. As Gandhi perfectly understood the essential role of self-belief in the
students’ lives: “Your beliefs become your thought. Your thoughts become your
words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your
habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.”
Self-efficacy was developed by Albert Bandura as part of a larger theory, the Social
Learning Theory (Ashford & LeCroy), which has progressed into the Social Cognitive
Theory. Self-efficacy beliefs are an important aspect of human motivation and behavior
and they influence the actions that can affect one’s life.
People with fixed mindsets believe that their traits are just
given. They have a certain amount of brains and talents and
nothing can change that. If they have a lot, they are all set, but if
they do not… So, people in this mindset worry about their traits
and how adequate they are. They have something to prove to
Carol Dweck
themselves and other. Believing that their qualities are carved in
stone, creates an urgency to prove themselves over and over.
People with growth mindset see their qualities as things that can be developed
through their dedication and effort. They are brainy and talented, but that is just the
starting point. They understand that no one has ever accomplished great things without
years of passionate practice and learning. This is based on the belief that their basic
qualities are things they can cultivate through their efforts.
D. Goal-Setting Theory
FEEDBACK
As you were reading this topic, were you aware of what is the importance of
goal-setting? What changes did you feel as you try to use the principles of
goal-setting? The whole idea of goal setting is to facilitate a person’s success.
It has to be made sure that the surrounding conditions inspire and allow
people to accomplish their objectives.
First, goals serve a directive function; they direct attention and effort toward
goalrelevant activities and away from goal-irrelevant activities. Second, goals have
an energizing function. High goals lead to great effort than low goals. Third, goals
affect persistence. When participant is allowed to control the time, they spend on a
task, hard goals prolong effort. Fourth, goals affect action indirect by leading to the
arousal, discovery, and/or use of task-relevant knowledge and strategies.
Self-efficacy, as Bandura (1995) explains, “refers to belief in one’s capabilities to
organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective
situation.”
Mastery Experiences. It is also known as personal performance
accomplishments; are the most effective way to create a strong sense of efficacy.
Vicarious Experiences. These are done through observance of social models that
also influence one’s perception of self-efficacy.
Verbal or Social Persuasion. It is a “way of strengthening people’s beliefs that
they have what it takes to succeed.”
LEARNING TASK 1
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Alata, Eden Joy, Caslib, Bernardo Jr., Serafica, Janice, and Pawilen, R.A..
“Understanding The Self”. Philippine Copyright 2018 by Rex Book Store, Inc.
Villafuerte, Salvacion., Guillope, Al., Tunac, Rudjane., and Borja, Estela., “Understanding
The Self”. Philippine Copyright 2018 by Nieme Publishing Hoise Co. Ltd.
Test I: Multiple Choices. Read the statement carefully. Encircle the letter of your
chosen answer. Strictly no erasure.
d. Sigmund Freud
1. It is the process or controlling
how one is perceived by other
people and is the key to 5. They believed that existence is
relationship inception and a cycle of birth and rebirth,
development. Governed by Karma. a.
a. Self-presentation Muslim
b. Gender b. Buddhist
c. Sexuality Online c. Christians
d. Impression Management d. Hindus
__1. The ovum is 100,000 times larger than the sperm cell.
__2. Testes produces 300 million sperm cells/ spermatozoa every week.
__3. Body is the innermost part of our material self.
__4. Sexual Intercourse refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or
sexual attractions to men, women or both sexes.
__5. Dr. Viktor Frankl is considered the Father of Logotheraphy.
5 Pillars of Islam
2 Types of Meditation
GOD BLESS!