School of Computing Science and Engineering

Project work Academic Year: 2024-25

Course Code: Synopsis
Semester: 7th
(Phase 1 Review 1)

Project Group Members Details

Group No: Group Name:

Sl.
Se Mobile
N SRN Full Name Email_ID Sign
c No.
o

R21EF18 Sauban D 81473794 [email protected]

1
7 Imtiaz Khan 37 u.in

R21EF19 M Shashank D 63628155 [email protected]

2
4 80 u.in

R21EF20 Abdullah D 99160813

[email protected]
3 2 Mohammed 71
u.in
Zaid

R21EF24 Nitheeshwa D 93536135 [email protected]

4
0 rBR 33 u.in

Task Distribution

Project Nitheeshwar B R
Leader

Documente Abdullah Mohammed Zaid

r Lead:

Developme Nitheeshwar B R
nt Lead:

Project Details

Project Smart City Governance: An IoT based (Resource Allocation

Title: Management System) real time traffic management system

Type of Software
Project

Guide Name: Dr. Anooja Ali Mobile No:

Details: 8050779104
 Designation: Associate Professor

Place of School of Computer Science And Engineering, REVA University

Project Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560064
Work:

External Name: Mobile No:

Guide :
Designation:

Remarks by Guide:
Guide Signature

Date:

Contents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Survey
3. Positioning
1. Problem statement
2. Product position statement
4. Stakeholder Descriptions
1. User stakeholders
5. Project overview
1. Objectives
2. Goals
3. Feasibility Study
4. Alternatives
5. Budget
6. Key deliverables
7. Necessary materials
8. Methodology
 9. Modules identified
6. Conclusions
7. References

Abstract:
The growing proliferation of IoT devices in various sectors presents new
opportunities for optimizing resource allocation, especially in urban settings. One
crucial area is traffic management, where real-time data from IoT-enabled sensors
can drive significant improvements in efficiency and safety. This paper proposes an
enhanced resource allocation algorithm tailored for IoT devices, with a focus on its
application in smart traffic management systems. Our algorithm dynamically
allocates resources by processing real-time data collected from IoT sensors placed
at traffic intersections. By analyzing traffic flow in all four lanes, the system
intelligently adjusts green signal durations to reduce congestion and improve the
overall traffic flow. Unlike traditional static traffic systems, our approach leverages
cloud infrastructure to optimize computational resources and ensure scalability
across larger urban networks. This smart, data-driven approach not only minimizes
delays but also improves energy efficiency and reduces carbon emissions. The
proposed solution aims to serve as a foundation for future advancements in urban
IoT applications, offering a flexible and scalable model for resource allocation
across various use cases beyond traffic management.

1. Introduction:

With the rapid rise of urbanization, traffic congestion has become a pressing issue in
cities worldwide. Traditional traffic management systems rely on pre-set signal
timings and are unable to adapt to real-time traffic conditions. This leads to
inefficient resource allocation, causing delays, fuel wastage, and increased carbon
emissions. At the same time, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a
transformative technology, enabling devices to collect, analyze, and communicate
real-time data. In this context, integrating IoT with traffic management systems
presents an opportunity to create smarter and more efficient cities. By leveraging
real-time data from IoT sensors, we can optimize resource allocation and make
informed decisions that improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and contribute to
environmental sustainability.

Our motivation for this project stems from the limitations of current resource
allocation algorithms used in IoT systems. These algorithms are often generic and
do not consider the specific challenges of traffic management, such as the need for
dynamic decision-making based on real-time traffic data. To address this, our work
focuses on developing an enhanced resource allocation algorithm specifically
tailored for smart traffic management systems. The algorithm is designed to
process live data from IoT-enabled traffic sensors and allocate resources
dynamically, adjusting the green signal duration in response to the actual traffic
conditions on all four lanes of an intersection. This real-time approach ensures
optimal traffic flow and reduces the waiting time for vehicles, which in turn
minimizes fuel consumption and pollution.

By embedding our algorithm in a cloud-based infrastructure, we ensure that it is

scalable and can be applied to larger networks of IoT devices across an entire city.
The cloud platform allows for efficient processing of large volumes of data and
ensures the flexibility needed to adapt to changing traffic patterns. Furthermore,
this approach provides a blueprint for other IoT-based applications, making it a
valuable contribution to smart city initiatives. Our research aims to demonstrate
that an IoT-based smart traffic management system, powered by an optimized
resource allocation algorithm, can significantly enhance urban traffic efficiency
while supporting broader environmental goals. Through this work, we seek to
address not only the immediate issue of traffic congestion but also contribute to the
global shift towards smarter, more sustainable cities.

2. Literature Survey:
The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for efficient
resource management, particularly in smart cities, where IoT devices generate vast
amounts of data that need to be processed in real-time. Edge computing, which
processes data closer to these devices, has emerged as a solution to reduce latency
and improve efficiency. However, edge nodes have limited computational resources,
creating the need for intelligent resource allocation mechanisms. In the proposed
system, machine learning algorithms prioritize IoT tasks based on urgency and
resource consumption. This dynamic allocation aims to optimize the performance of
edge nodes while ensuring minimal delays, especially in critical applications like
digital health and traffic management systems [1].
The methodology of the proposed system involves a task classification model,
utilizing k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Logistic
Regression to categorize tasks into high, medium, and low priority levels. Requests
from IoT devices are assigned to edge nodes based on real-time resource
monitoring, ensuring efficient resource use. The system employs Docker for
simulating the edge environment and the MQTT protocol for communication
between devices. A key
innovation is its failure control mechanism, which reassigns tasks from failed nodes
to functioning ones, thereby maintaining service continuity. The results show that
the kNN model outperformed other algorithms, achieving 92% accuracy, with
balanced CPU and memory usage across edge nodes, even under varying loads [1].

Despite the system's success, there are challenges in handling the complexity of
real-time data monitoring and the computational costs associated with machine
learning models. The system may encounter difficulties scaling as more edge nodes
and requests are introduced. To mitigate these drawbacks, optimization of machine
learning algorithms is necessary, potentially reducing computational overhead.
Moreover, robust failure management mechanisms are essential for enhancing
reliability in high-demand scenarios. These improvements could further refine
resource allocation and ensure uninterrupted service in critical IoT applications,
making the system more scalable and efficient in smart city environments [1].

The rise of IoT devices in smart city applications, such as real-time traffic
management, has led to a demand for effective task scheduling and resource
allocation techniques. Traditional cloud computing infrastructures are often
insufficient due to latency caused by the geographical distance between IoT devices
and cloud data centers. To address this, edge and fog computing have been
introduced, allowing data to be processed closer to the source. However, managing
IoT tasks and resources at the edge remains challenging, particularly in maintaining
low latency and optimal resource utilization. In this context, task scheduling
methods play a pivotal role, and existing solutions often address this issue from a
limited perspective. [2] proposes a novel solution using game theory to schedule
IoT-edge tasks, considering both the preferences and constraints of IoT devices and
edge nodes.

[2] introduces an autonomous, multi-factor IoT-Edge scheduling method based on

game theory. Their methodology comprises two primary components: first, an
interaction mechanism where IoT devices and edge nodes evaluate each other
based on factors like latency and resource usage; second, the implementation of
centralized and distributed scheduling models. A unique Preference-Based Stable
Matching (PBSM) algorithm is proposed, which allows both IoT devices and edge
nodes to express their preferences in pairing with one another. The proposed
solution's goal is to reduce latency while maximizing resource utilization at the
edge. Simulation results show that the approach outperforms widely used Min-Min
and Max-Min scheduling algorithms, providing up to 40% better efficiency in
resource usage and a significant reduction in task execution time.

While the results demonstrate significant improvements, the proposed solution has
some limitations. The reliance on preference-based matching can complicate
implementation, especially in large-scale IoT environments with frequent
fluctuations in task and resource demands. Furthermore, centralized scheduling
models may introduce single points of failure, reducing the system's scalability and
resilience. To address these issues, future research could explore hybrid models that
combine centralized and distributed scheduling, dynamic preference adjustment
algorithms, and the integration of machine learning techniques to predict task
demands and optimize resource allocation in real time. Incorporating fault-tolerant
mechanisms would also improve the system's robustness, ensuring consistent
performance in large-scale IoT networks [2].

[3]The rapid urbanization of cities has exacerbated traffic congestion, leading to

delays and inefficiencies in transportation systems. Traditional traffic management
systems, like Google Maps, primarily target urban roads and highways and rely on
smart devices to provide real-time updates. However, these systems do not address
the unique traffic patterns of collector roads, which are more complex due to a mix
of vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles. Additionally, closed environments like
university campuses or hospitals face congestion during peak hours, but these
areas are often neglected in conventional traffic management approaches. This
research fills that gap by proposing an IoT-based system that can monitor traffic
conditions on collector roads and in closed campuses, delivering real-time updates
without the need for smart devices.
The research utilized a four-layer IoT architecture for the proposed system, which
includes a sensing layer, network layer, service layer, and application layer. The
sensing layer employed magnetic sensors to detect vehicles and measure road
occupancy. The network layer used NodeMCU (ESP8266) Wi-Fi-enabled
microcontrollers to transmit data to a central server, where it was processed on the
Thinger.io platform, an open-source IoT management platform. The application layer
communicated traffic updates through roadside message units to provide real-time
information to drivers without the need for smart devices. The system was
implemented and tested in a controlled environment within a university campus,
where traffic congestion was significant during peak hours.
The proposed system demonstrated high accuracy in vehicle detection, achieving
100% accuracy in detecting vehicles on the monitored roads. The estimation of road
occupancy, a key metric for measuring traffic congestion, had a relative error of
around 6.35%, indicating that the system performed well in real-world testing
scenarios. The system successfully broadcasted real-time traffic updates and
administrative messages on traffic incidents, allowing drivers to make informed
decisions and reduce time spent in congested areas. The modular architecture
ensured scalability, making the system adaptable for various environments,
including collector roads and campuses. Additionally, the use of low-cost magnetic
sensors and open-source platforms like Thinger.io made the solution cost-effective
and easy to implement.
One significant limitation of the system was its testing environment, which was
confined to single-lane roads and closed campuses. The system's ability to manage
traffic on multi-lane roads, where vehicle detection could be more complex, was not
addressed. Another drawback was the reliance on Wi-Fi for data transmission, which
could be unreliable over long distances or in areas with weak signals. Moreover, the
study did not focus on the energy consumption of the roadside units, which could be
a challenge for long-term deployment, particularly in environments where frequent
recharging or maintenance is not feasible.
To overcome the limitations related to single-lane roads, future iterations of the
system could incorporate additional vehicle detection technologies, such as video-
based monitoring or advanced sensors capable of handling multi-lane traffic. The
system could also be expanded to incorporate dynamic traffic signal control, which
would allow for automated adjustments to traffic lights based on real-time
congestion data. Addressing the challenge of Wi-Fi reliability, alternative
communication methods such as LoRaWAN or 5G could be explored to enhance data
transmission over longer distances. Additionally, integrating solar power or energy-
harvesting technologies into the roadside units could provide a sustainable energy
solution, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and recharging. [3]
[4] The paper discusses the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology with
traffic control systems to optimize traffic flow in urban environments. The
motivation behind the research is the increasing traffic congestion in metropolitan
areas and the inefficiencies in conventional traffic systems. Traditional systems
employ fixed timers for traffic signals, which are not responsive to real-time traffic
conditions. As IoT-enabled systems advance, there is a growing demand to integrate
such systems into transportation infrastructure to improve traffic management and
accommodate emerging technologies like autonomous vehicles. This paper
proposes a microcontroller-based traffic control system using ultrasonic sensors and
a Raspberry Pi to dynamically manage traffic signals according to real-time traffic
density. Additionally, the system offers live traffic updates through a web interface
accessible by users
The proposed system uses multiple ultrasonic sensors to detect vehicle density on
different lanes of an intersection. These sensors send data to a Raspberry Pi, which
processes the information and adjusts traffic signal timers based on traffic density
levels. The system distinguishes traffic into three levels—low, medium, and high—
based on sensor readings. Each level corresponds to a pre-defined signal timer,
ensuring that highly congested lanes receive more green-light time than less
congested ones. The traffic data is simultaneously uploaded to a website using
Flask, a lightweight Python web framework, providing real-time traffic updates to
users. The system also incorporates safety features, such as an alarm that sounds
when vehicles approach pedestrian crossings
The paper's experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in traffic
management efficiency. When compared to conventional fixed-timer systems, the
IoT-based system reduces the time vehicles spend at traffic signals, especially
during peak hours. The system adapts to real-time traffic conditions, ensuring that
each lane receives an appropriate amount of green-light time based on traffic
density. The live traffic updates provided through the website enable commuters to
make informed decisions about their routes, potentially avoiding congested
intersections. Additionally, the system supports future scalability and can be easily
upgraded to include more sensors or integrate advanced technologies like
autonomous vehicle networks.
Despite its promising results, the paper acknowledges several limitations in the
proposed system. First, the sensors used in the experiment have a limited range
and are susceptible to damage under real-world conditions such as extreme
weather. The current implementation relies heavily on wired connections, which
complicates the system's deployment and increases the chances of hardware
failure. The scalability of the system, while addressed, may be constrained by these
hardware limitations. Another drawback is the lack of robustness in dealing with
very large intersections, where traffic dynamics can be more complex than what the
current model supports.
To address these drawbacks, the authors suggest the use of more robust and
weather-resistant sensors with a higher range to handle larger intersections and
challenging environmental conditions. The paper also proposes moving from a wired
system to a printed circuit board (PCB) design, which would reduce the number of
connections and make the system more reliable and easier to install. Additionally,
incorporating wireless communication protocols would enhance the flexibility of the
system, allowing it to be easily scaled or integrated with other smart city
infrastructure. The use of advanced machine learning algorithms and long-term
data collection could also help the system adapt more effectively to changing traffic
patterns over time.[4]

2. Positioning

1. Problem statement:
The current traffic management systems are unable to efficiently adapt
to real-time traffic conditions, leading to congestion, delays, and
 increased environmental impact. This project aims to develop a
dynamic resource allocation algorithm for IoT-enabled traffic
management systems to optimize traffic flow and reduce inefficiencies
in urban environments.

2. Product position statement:

For urban traffic management authorities and smart city planners, our IoT-based
traffic management system provides a dynamic, real-time resource allocation
solution that optimizes traffic flow and reduces congestion. Unlike traditional static
systems, our solution leverages cloud infrastructure and real-time sensor data to
intelligently allocate green signals, improving efficiency and sustainability while
minimizing delays and environmental impact.

Stakeholder Descriptions

City Traffic Management Authorities

These are the primary stakeholders responsible for overseeing and managing traffic
flow within urban environments. They have a vested interest in improving traffic
efficiency, reducing congestion, and enhancing safety. The success of the project
will positively impact their ability to make real-time, data-driven decisions, resulting
in smoother traffic flow and reduced environmental impact. Any failure in the
project may lead to continued inefficiencies and public dissatisfaction.

Smart City Planners and Urban Developers

These stakeholders are responsible for designing and implementing long-term
strategies for city development. They are interested in integrating innovative
solutions, like IoT-based traffic management, into their plans for smarter and more
sustainable urban living. A successful project aligns with their vision of developing
intelligent infrastructure that promotes environmental sustainability and efficiency.

Drivers and Commuters

As end users, drivers and commuters are directly affected by the traffic
management system. They will benefit from reduced congestion, shorter travel
times, and a smoother driving experience. However, poor execution of the project
could lead to frustration, delays, and potential safety risks during the
implementation phase.

Local Government and Policy Makers

Local government officials and policy makers are responsible for ensuring that the
city’s infrastructure serves its residents effectively. They are concerned with public
satisfaction, cost efficiency, and regulatory compliance. The project’s success could
bolster their initiatives for sustainable development, while failure may result in
public criticism and budgetary inefficiencies.

Environmental Advocacy Groups

These stakeholders are focused on reducing pollution and promoting sustainability.
A successful project that reduces vehicle idling and fuel consumption will align with
their goals of lowering emissions and improving air quality. If the project fails, it may
hinder efforts to reduce urban carbon footprints and set back sustainability
initiatives.

Technology Providers and IoT Device Manufacturers

These stakeholders supply the hardware and software required for the project, such
as IoT sensors, cloud platforms, and traffic management systems. A successful
implementation opens opportunities for further collaboration and expansion into
other smart city projects, while failure could damage their reputation and market
opportunities.

Public Safety Officials

Police, emergency responders, and other public safety entities rely on efficient
traffic systems for quick response times. They are interested in the project’s ability
to enhance traffic management in ways that support faster emergency response
and improved road safety.

3. User stakeholders:

Drivers and Vehicle Owners

As the primary users of the road system, drivers will benefit directly from reduced
traffic congestion and shorter travel times. The real-time optimization of traffic
signals will make their commutes smoother and more efficient, reducing frustration
and fuel consumption.

Public Transport Operators

Bus drivers and other public transport operators will experience more predictable
traffic patterns, allowing them to stick to schedules more efficiently. The optimized
system will help them provide better service to passengers by reducing delays
caused by heavy traffic.

Emergency Service Personnel

Ambulance drivers, firefighters, and police officers will use the improved traffic flow
to reach emergency situations faster. Dynamic green signal allocation will reduce
their response times, potentially saving lives and improving overall public safety.

Logistics and Delivery Services

Couriers and delivery drivers will benefit from more efficient routes, allowing them
to complete deliveries faster and with fewer delays. This will improve customer
satisfaction and reduce operational costs related to fuel and time.

3. Project overview:

This project aims to develop a smart traffic management system that utilizes an
optimized resource allocation algorithm to manage traffic flow efficiently using IoT-
enabled devices. The primary goal is to reduce traffic congestion, improve vehicle
movement, and lower environmental impact by dynamically adjusting traffic signals
based on real-time data collected from sensors at traffic intersections. The system
will process data from all four lanes, analyze traffic conditions, and allocate green
signals accordingly, ensuring smoother traffic flow and shorter waiting times. By
leveraging cloud infrastructure, the system will be scalable and adaptable to
varying traffic demands in urban environments. The project seeks to demonstrate
how real-time IoT data can be used to enhance traffic efficiency and contribute to
the broader goal of creating smart, sustainable cities.

To achieve these objectives, the project will be developed in phases, beginning with
the integration of IoT sensors at intersections to collect real-time traffic data. This
data will then be fed into a cloud-based platform where the resource allocation
algorithm will dynamically adjust signal timings. The project will also involve testing
the system’s efficiency in managing traffic flow under different conditions, such as
peak hours or emergencies. The expected outcomes include a significant reduction
in traffic congestion, improved fuel efficiency, and enhanced response times for
emergency services. The project will be managed within a defined budget for
hardware, software development, and cloud resources, and will follow a structured
schedule that includes development, testing, and deployment phases.
 1. Objectives:

Develop an Efficient Resource Allocation Algorithm

Design and implement a highly efficient resource allocation algorithm that optimally
manages traffic signal timings based on real-time IoT data inputs from sensors at
intersections. The algorithm should improve overall traffic flow and reduce
congestion by at least 20% within 6 months.

Minimize Computational and Network Overhead

Ensure that the resource allocation algorithm is lightweight and operates efficiently
in distributed IoT environments, minimizing both computational power and network
latency while processing real-time traffic data from multiple sources.

Dynamic Adaptation to Traffic Conditions

Create an algorithm that can dynamically adjust its resource allocation strategies in
response to changing traffic conditions, such as peak hours, emergencies, or
roadblock scenarios. This adaptability should result in at least a 15% improvement
in traffic management efficiency.

Optimize Energy Usage of IoT Devices

Ensure the algorithm optimizes the energy consumption of IoT devices, extending
the battery life of traffic sensors and reducing maintenance costs by 20% over the
first year of deployment.

Scalable Algorithm for Large-Scale IoT Networks

Develop a scalable resource allocation algorithm that can be easily deployed across
multiple intersections and handle the data from hundreds of IoT devices in a large
urban environment without compromising performance.

Real-Time Decision Making

The algorithm must process incoming data in real-time, making decisions on
resource allocation (such as traffic signal changes) within a latency of less than 2
seconds, ensuring smooth and responsive traffic management.
 2. Goals:

Develop a High-Performance Resource Allocation Algorithm

Create an advanced resource allocation algorithm specifically designed for IoT-
enabled traffic management systems, ensuring optimal distribution of resources
(such as traffic signal control) based on real-time data from IoT sensors at
intersections.

Optimize IoT Device Efficiency

Ensure the resource allocation algorithm minimizes energy consumption and
network bandwidth of IoT devices, leading to longer device lifespans and reduced
operational costs, making the solution sustainable for large-scale deployments in
urban settings.

Enhance Real-Time Decision Making

Enable real-time, low-latency decision-making within the algorithm to ensure that
traffic signals adjust dynamically and efficiently in response to traffic conditions,
minimizing delays and improving overall traffic flow.

Adapt to Dynamic Traffic Conditions

Design the algorithm to be adaptive, allowing it to handle variable traffic patterns,
including peak hours, emergencies, and unexpected roadblocks, improving traffic
management efficiency by at least 15% under varying conditions.

Scalability and Interoperability

Ensure that the resource allocation algorithm is scalable and can be deployed
across multiple intersections with a large number of IoT devices. It should also be
interoperable with other smart city systems, making it a foundational element for
future smart city infrastructure.

3. Feasibility Study:
Technical Feasibility
The project involves developing a resource allocation algorithm for IoT-based traffic
management systems. Although real-time traffic data from actual intersections is
unavailable due to authorization limitations, the technical feasibility remains high.
We will generate mock data based on real-world traffic patterns to simulate real-
time conditions, allowing us to test and optimize the algorithm. Modern IoT devices,
such as traffic sensors and cloud infrastructure, are readily available and can be
used to simulate and process traffic data efficiently. The project can leverage cloud
computing for scalability and low-latency operations, ensuring that the algorithm
can handle large volumes of data when deployed in real scenarios.

Economic Feasibility
Since the project does not require access to expensive real-time data, and we will
use mock data for simulations, the economic burden is minimized. The development
costs primarily include resources for IoT devices, infrastructure for data processing,
and software development tools. The use of mock data reduces the need for
expensive partnerships or data acquisition. Moreover, by simulating conditions, we
can prove the effectiveness of the algorithm before full-scale deployment, avoiding
any premature investments in live testing. The return on investment is promising,
as a successful algorithm will improve traffic efficiency, reduce environmental costs,
and lead to potential collaboration opportunities with urban traffic management
authorities.

Legal Feasibility
The project faces no significant legal barriers, as it does not rely on restricted or
sensitive real-time traffic data from government or municipal agencies. Using
simulated data for the development and testing phase ensures that there are no
legal issues concerning data privacy or security. In the future, when collaborating
with city traffic systems, proper data-sharing agreements can be established to
legally integrate the algorithm with real traffic data.

Scheduling Feasibility
The project timeline is feasible given the nature of the work. The generation of
mock data, development of the resource allocation algorithm, and simulations can
be done in a controlled environment. This allows us to define a clear schedule with
milestones for algorithm development, data simulation, testing, and optimization.
Without dependency on external real-time data, the project is not constrained by
potential delays in data access, ensuring timely completion.
4. Alternatives: A Project Alternative is another combination of the project's
costs, schedules, resources, and risks that allow achieving the same results
as compared to the project baseline.
5. Budget: Project cost estimation is the process of predicting the quantity,
cost, and price of the resources required by the scope of a project. Since cost
estimation is about the prediction of costs rather than counting the actual
cost, a certain degree of uncertainty is involved. This uncertainty arises from
the fact that the project scope definition is never entirely complete until the
project has been finished, at which point all expenses have been made and
an accountant can determine the exact amount of money spent on resources.
6. Key deliverables: Project deliverables refer to all of the outputs—tangible or
intangible—that are submitted within the scope of a project. While the term
may initially bring to mind the final outputs that get submitted at the end of a
project, it actually refers to any project-related output submitted during any
of the project phases.
7. Necessary materials: Material resources tend to vary depending on the
nature of the project and the complexities involved. Here are a few project
resources that are commonly required. Machinery or equipment, Web
resources, Hardware devices etc. and Stationary for documentation.
8. Methodology:
This project aims to implement and demonstrate a dynamic resource allocation
algorithm for IoT-based traffic management systems. The core components of this
system are the Raspberry Pi, which acts as both a storage and resource allocation
device, and Arduino boards, which simulate traffic signals (red, yellow, green LEDs)
as slave devices. The project simulates various traffic scenarios to demonstrate how
the Raspberry Pi's algorithm allocates resources dynamically to optimize traffic flow.
Below is a detailed methodology based on the provided flow diagram and modus
operandi.

1. Data Collection (Real-Time or Mock Data Simulation)

 Data Source: The project will use real-time traffic data obtained through
external APIs if authorization is granted. The Raspberry Pi will receive this
data asynchronously, which includes information such as traffic flow,
congestion levels, and signal timings.
 Mock Data Simulation: In the absence of real-time data access, mock traffic
data will be generated to simulate real-world traffic conditions. The mock
data will include various traffic scenarios, such as peak traffic hours,
emergency routes, and roadblocks. This data will be stored in a PostgreSQL
database on the Raspberry Pi and serve as the basis for resource allocation
decisions.

2. Raspberry Pi as Central Processing and Storage Unit

 Processing Unit: The Raspberry Pi will act as the central control node, where
the dynamic resource allocation algorithm will be executed. It will receive
 real-time or simulated traffic data and store this data in its PostgreSQL
database.
 Internal API Server: The Raspberry Pi will also function as an Internal API
Server, enabling communication between the database, external traffic data
sources, and the resource allocation system. This API server facilitates the
smooth transfer of data between different system components, ensuring that
the real-time or mock traffic data is processed without delay.

3. Implementation of Dynamic Resource Allocation Algorithm

 Algorithm Execution: The dynamic resource allocation algorithm will be
implemented on the Raspberry Pi. The algorithm will take the incoming traffic
data and process it to make resource allocation decisions for traffic signals at
various intersections.
 Traffic Signal Simulation: The allocation process will focus on the traffic signal
management system, where the Arduino boards act as slave devices to
simulate traffic lights. Each Arduino board will control a set of LEDs (red,
yellow, green), representing the traffic signals at intersections.
 Processes in Resource Allocation:
Process 1: Data pre-processing, where the traffic data (from either real-time
sources or mock simulations) is filtered and formatted for analysis.
Process 2: The algorithm will analyze the data, predict traffic flow patterns,
and identify areas that require priority resource allocation (such as congested
roads or emergency vehicle routes).
Process 3: Resource allocation decisions will be communicated to the Arduino
boards, where traffic lights will be controlled based on the predicted traffic
needs.

4. Communication Between Raspberry Pi and Arduino Boards (Slave

Devices)
 The Raspberry Pi will send processed traffic data to the Arduino boards
through wired or wireless communication protocols. Based on the decisions
made by the resource allocation algorithm, the Arduino boards will control the
LEDs (traffic signals) to simulate the management of traffic flow.
 For example, during heavy traffic flow at a specific intersection, the algorithm
may allocate more green light time to clear congestion, and this decision will
be reflected by the Arduino board controlling the traffic signals at that
intersection.

5. Resource Allocation Dashboard

  A Resource Allocation Dashboard will provide real-time visualization of traffic
data, resource allocation decisions, and the status of Arduino-controlled
traffic signals. This dashboard will be available on the Raspberry Pi and will
display metrics such as the number of cars passing through intersections,
current signal timings, and predicted congestion.
 Monitoring and Control: The dashboard will allow users to manually intervene,
adjust traffic light timings, or monitor the system's automatic decisions made
by the algorithm.

6. Simulating Traffic Conditions Using Mock Data

 Since access to real-time traffic data might not be available, the system will
use mock data to simulate various traffic conditions. This mock data will help
demonstrate the algorithm’s capability to allocate resources dynamically in
scenarios such as peak traffic hours, low-traffic periods, emergency
situations, and roadblocks.
 LED-based Simulation: The Arduino boards will visually represent the traffic
light system, where the green, yellow, and red LEDs simulate signal changes
based on the algorithm's decisions. The Raspberry Pi will send instructions to
the Arduino boards to adjust the signal timings accordingly.

7. Testing and Evaluation

 Simulated Testing: The system will undergo extensive testing with mock
traffic data to evaluate how efficiently the Raspberry Pi can allocate resources
and manage the traffic signal system. Various traffic scenarios will be tested
to ensure the algorithm's robustness and flexibility in managing resources
dynamically.
 Performance Metrics: Metrics such as average vehicle wait time, the number
of vehicles passing through an intersection, and signal change frequency will
be tracked to evaluate the system’s effectiveness.

Modules identified: A "module" is a high-level description of a functional area,

consisting of a group of processes describing the functionality of the module and a
group of packages implementing the functionality.

4. Conclusions:
A conclusion is the last part of something, it means "finally, to sum up," and is used
to introduce some final comments at the end of writing.

5. References:

1. G. Alves Araújo, S. F. da Costa Bezerra, and A. R. da Rocha, “Resource

Allocation Based on Task Priority and Resource Consumption in Edge
Computing,” Journal of Internet Services and Applications, vol. 15, pp. 1–25,
Sept. 2024.
2. A. Bandyopadhyay, V. Mishra, S. Swain, K. Chatterjee, S. Dey, S. Mallik, A. Al-
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Scheduling IoT-Edge Tasks with Multiple Criteria Using Game Theory," IEEE
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