Advanced Personality Development (Midterms)

Friday, October 4, 2024 4:39 AM

I. 16PF Personality Test

☺ The 16PF Personality Test is a comprehensive assessment tool that measures a broad variety of personality
qualities. It was developed by psychologist Raymond Cattell. The exam is based on Cattell's hypothesis,
which holds that there are 16 main elements that best explain human nature. He discovered these factors
through a statistical technique known as factor analysis.
The 16 PF measured by the test:
1. Warmth (A)
2. Reasoning (B)
3. Emotional Stability ©
4. Dominance (E)
5. Liveliness (F)
6. Rule-Consciousness (G)
7. Social Boldness (H)
8. Sensitivity (I)
9. Vigilance (L)
10. Abstractedness (M)
11. Privateness (N)
12. Apprehension (O)
13. Openness to Change (Q1)
14. Self-Reliance (Q2)
15. Perfectionism (Q3)
16. Tension (Q4)

II. SIV/SPV Personality Test

SIV (Self-Insight Value)
☺ This test focuses on an individual’s self-awareness and self-perception. It helps to evaluate how well a person
understands their own strengths, weaknesses, values, and beliefs. The SIV aims to provide insights into
personal identity and emotional intelligence, fostering a deeper understanding of one's motivations and
behaviors.

SPV (Social Perception Value)

☺ In contrast, the SPV test measures how individuals perceive and interpret the behavior and emotions of
others. It assesses interpersonal skills, empathy, and social awareness. The SPV is particularly useful for
understanding how a person interacts in social situations and their ability to read social cues effectively.

III. Foundations of Personality

A. Human Growth
☺ Refers to the physical changes people go through as they age, such as getting taller, gaining weight, and
maturing organs. These changes happen in a predictable pattern, but the speed and timing can be different for
everyone.

B. Human Growth and Development

☺ Human Development is broader than physical growth and includes changes in thinking, emotions, and social
skills. It happens in different phases throughout life:
→ Infancy = Fast growth, learning through senses, forming attachments.
→ Childhood = Learning to speak, think, and make friends.
→ Adolescence = Identity formation, independence, physical maturity.
→ Adulthood = Maturity in thinking and emotions, focus on work and relationships.
→ Aging = Slowing down physically, but more wisdom and reflection.

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 → Aging = Slowing down physically, but more wisdom and reflection.

C. Governing Principles
→ Development is Lifelong = personality continues to grow and change throughout life.
→ Multidimensionality = personality is shaped by biological, psychological, and social factors.
→ Plasticity = people can change at different stages in life, even as adults.
→ Cultural and Historical Impact = the society and time period a person lives in significantly affect
their personality.

II. Determinants of Personality

1. Biological Determinants
→ Genetics = traits like temperament can be inherited from parents.
→ Brain and Hormones = different brain areas and chemicals (like serotonin) influence behavior,
emotions, and personality.
2. Psychological Determinants
→ Cognitive Processes = the way a person thinks, remembers, and solves problems affects how they see
the world.
→ Emotions = feelings like joy, sadness, or anger shape how people behave and relate to others.
3. Social Determinants
→ Family and Peers = the people you grow up with and the friends you make play a major role in
shaping your personality.
→ Cultural Influences = different cultures value different traits (like independence or community focus),
which can shape personality.
4. Environmental Determinants
→ Life Experiences = significant events, like going to school, traveling, or experiencing loss, can shape
who we become.
→ Socialization = how society teaches you to behave, including your upbringing, education, and peer
influences.

III. Theories of Personality Development

1. Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis

☺ Id, Ego, Superego
→ Id: Seeks immediate gratification (pleasure principle).
→ Ego: Balances the id with reality (reality principle).
→ Superego: Morality, rules, and conscience.

☺ Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud believed that personality develops through childhood stages, where the focus of pleasure shifts to
different body areas:
→ Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure from sucking and eating.
→ Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on controlling bowel movements.
→ Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Oedipus/Electra complex (attraction to the opposite-sex parent).
→ Latency Stage (6-puberty): Dormant sexual energy; focus on learning.
→ Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Mature sexual relationships.

☺ Defense Mechanisms
Tools the ego uses to reduce anxiety, like:
→ Repression: Pushing away uncomfortable thoughts.
→ Denial: Refusing to believe something painful.

2. Melanie Klein – Object Relations Theory

→ Internal Objects: These are mental images or representations of people, especially our early caregivers
(like parents). They affect how we relate to others throughout life.
→ Splitting: Seeing others as either completely good or completely bad to manage conflicting emotions.
→ Mother-Child Bond: Klein emphasized how the bond between the child and their primary caregiver
(usually the mother) shapes future emotional health.

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3. Harry Stack Sullivan – Interpersonal Theory
→ Personality as Social: Sullivan believed that personality is shaped entirely by our relationships with
other people.
→ Anxiety: Interpersonal conflicts (relationship problems) are the main source of anxiety.
→ Developmental Stages: Each stage of life focuses on different relationship challenges, from relying on
caregivers as a child to forming close friendships and romantic relationships in adolescence.

4. Carl Rogers – Person-Centered Theory

→ Self-Concept: Your thoughts and feelings about who you are. A healthy self-concept helps you grow
and feel fulfilled.
→ Actualizing Tendency: The natural drive to reach your fullest potential.
→ Unconditional Positive Regard: Being loved and accepted without conditions (e.g., from parents)
helps people develop a healthy self-concept.
→ Conditions of Worth: When love or approval depends on behaving in a certain way, people might
distort their self-concept to please others, leading to problems.

5. Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology

→ Inferiority Complex
Feelings of being less capable than others, often from childhood experiences. People spend their lives
striving to overcome these feelings.
→ Striving for Superiority
Everyone is driven to succeed and improve themselves, not to be better than others, but to fulfill their
potential.
→ Social Interest
Adler believed that a healthy personality involves caring about the welfare of others and working to
improve society.

6. Erik Erikson – Post-Freudian Theory

☺ Psychosocial Stages of Development
Erikson expanded Freud’s ideas, proposing 8 stages from infancy to old age. Each stage presents a crisis
that shapes personality:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): Learning whether the world is safe and dependable.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood): Developing independence and self-
control.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age): Taking initiative in activities, with encouragement from
others.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): Developing a sense of competence through school and
activities.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Figuring out personal identity and goals.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): Forming intimate, trusting relationships.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): Contributing to society, work, and family.
8. Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age): Reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment or regret.

7. Erich Fromm – Humanistic Psychoanalysis

☺ Freedom and Responsibility
People have the freedom to make choices, but with that comes responsibility.

☺ Basic Human Needs:

→ Relatedness: The need for meaningful relationships.
→ Transcendence: The desire to create or rise above passive existence.
→ Rootedness: A sense of belonging and connection.
→ Sense of Identity: Knowing who you are as a unique individual.
→ A Frame of Orientation: A way of understanding the world and finding meaning.

8. Abraham Maslow – Holistic Dynamic Theory

☺ Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s pyramid shows the order in which human needs must be satisfied:
1. Physiological Needs: Food, water, sleep.
2. Safety Needs: Security, stability.

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 2. Safety Needs: Security, stability.
3. Love and Belonging: Relationships, affection.
4. Esteem Needs: Respect from others, self-esteem.
5. Self-Actualization: Realizing one’s full potential, creativity, and personal growth.

9. Carl Jung – Analytical Psychology

☺ Personal and Collective Unconscious
Jung believed there are two parts of the unconscious mind:
1. Personal Unconscious: Contains forgotten memories and repressed experiences unique to the
individual.
2. Collective Unconscious: A shared, universal aspect of the unconscious that contains archetypes
(inherited symbols and themes, like the "hero" or "mother").

☺ Archetypes
Universal patterns and symbols that shape how people perceive the world. Some major archetypes
include:
→ The Self: The unity of all aspects of a person.
→ The Shadow: The hidden, darker parts of our personality.
→ The Anima/Animus: The feminine aspect within men and the masculine aspect within women.
→ The Persona: The social mask people wear in public.

☺ Individuation
The process of integrating the conscious and unconscious parts of the personality to become whole.

10. Karen Horney – Psychoanalytic Social Theory

☺ Basic Anxiety
Horney believed that basic anxiety, caused by a feeling of helplessness and insecurity in childhood,
leads to neurotic behaviors.

☺ Neurotic Needs
Strategies to cope with basic anxiety that become unhealthy if they are too rigid or overused. These
include:
→ Moving Toward People: Seeking affection and approval (dependency).
→ Moving Against People: Trying to control others and gain power.
→ Moving Away from People: Withdrawing from relationships to avoid getting hurt.

☺ Feminine Psychology
Horney disagreed with Freud’s idea of “penis envy” and argued that women’s psychological
development is shaped by social and cultural factors, not biological differences.

11. Gordon Allport – Psychology of the Individual

☺ Traits
Allport believed that personality is made up of traits, which are consistent ways of thinking, feeling, and
behaving.
→ Cardinal Traits: Dominant traits that define a person’s life (e.g., Mother Teresa’s compassion).
→ Central Traits: General characteristics found to some degree in everyone (e.g., honesty,
kindness).
→ Secondary Traits: Traits that appear in certain situations but are not as consistent (e.g., shyness
in some situations).

☺ Functional Autonomy
As people mature, their behaviors become self-sustaining and independent of the motives from
childhood. For example, a child might start doing chores for rewards, but as an adult, they do them out
of a sense of responsibility.

☺ 12. B.F. Skinner – Behavioral Analysis

☺ Operant Conditioning
Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by its consequences, meaning:
→ Positive Reinforcement: Adding something positive to increase a behavior (e.g., praise for a job

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 → Positive Reinforcement: Adding something positive to increase a behavior (e.g., praise for a job
well done).
→ Negative Reinforcement: Removing something negative to increase a behavior (e.g., turning off
an annoying noise when a task is completed).
→ Punishment: Decreasing behavior by adding something unpleasant (e.g., giving a detention) or
removing something pleasant (e.g., taking away privileges).

☺ Behavior is Learned
Skinner argued that personality is not about internal thoughts or unconscious forces but about learned
behaviors based on rewards and punishments in the environment.

13. Dan McAdams – Narrative Identity

☺ Life Stories
McAdams suggested that people create a “narrative identity” by developing life stories that give their
lives meaning and coherence.
☺ Three Layers of Personality:
1. Dispositional Traits: Broad traits (like the Big Five—extraversion, agreeableness, etc.).
2. Characteristic Adaptations: Goals, values, and coping strategies that people develop in response
to life experiences.
3. Narrative Identity: The internalized life story that integrates the past, present, and future into a
coherent self.
☺ Redemption and Contamination Stories
People often tell stories of either personal redemption (overcoming adversity) or contamination (good
events turning bad), which shape their self-identity.

14. Rollo May – Existential Psychology

☺ Existentialism
May’s approach to psychology was influenced by existential philosophy, which focuses on human
freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning in life.

☺ Anxiety and Authenticity

May believed that anxiety arises when people are confronted with the choices and responsibilities of
creating their own lives. Living an “authentic” life, true to one’s values and desires, helps reduce
existential anxiety.

☺ Freedom and Responsibility

May emphasized that with freedom comes responsibility, and individuals must take charge of their
actions and the consequences of those actions.

☺ The Daimonic
A central concept in May’s theory, this refers to any natural drive or force that can take over a person,
such as anger or creativity. The goal is to integrate and balance these forces rather than suppress them.

VI. PROPONENTS

1. Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)

☺ (1856–1939), Austrian
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing unconscious forces like sexual and aggressive drives
in shaping personality. He proposed the mind's structure as the id, ego, and superego, along with the five
psychosexual stages of development.

2. Melanie Klein (Object Relations Theory)

☺ (1882–1960), Austrian-British
Melanie Klein focused on early childhood relationships, proposing that interactions with caregivers shape
one's internal emotional world. Her Object Relations Theory emphasizes how early emotional bonds
influence later relationships.

3. Harry Stack Sullivan (Interpersonal Theory)

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3. Harry Stack Sullivan (Interpersonal Theory)
☺ (1892–1949), American
Sullivan believed personality is shaped by social interactions, suggesting that interpersonal relationships play
a central role in personality development and mental health.

4. Carl Rogers (Person-Centered Theory)

☺ (1902–1987), American
Carl Rogers emphasized self-actualization and the importance of a supportive environment with empathy and
unconditional positive regard. His theory focuses on aligning the real self with the ideal self for healthy
growth.

5. Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)

☺ (1870–1937), Austrian
Adler highlighted social factors in personality, proposing the concept of striving for superiority and the
inferiority complex. He also stressed the influence of birth order on personality.

6. Erik Erikson (Post-Freudian Theory)

☺ (1902–1994), German-American
Erikson developed the eight psychosocial stages of development, each marked by a conflict that must be
resolved for healthy growth. He introduced the idea of identity crises during adolescence.

7. Erich Fromm (Humanistic Psychoanalysis)

☺ (1900–1980), German-American
Fromm combined psychoanalysis with social theory, focusing on the balance between freedom and
belonging. He explored how societal influences affect personality and emphasized human creativity and love.

8. Abraham Maslow (Holistic Dynamic Theory)

☺ (1908–1970), American
Maslow is known for his Hierarchy of Needs, where individuals are motivated by needs that culminate in
self-actualization. His theory focused on personal growth and fulfillment as the ultimate human goal.

9. Carl Jung (Analytical Psychology)

☺ (1875–1961), Swiss
Jung introduced the collective unconscious and archetypes, believing that personality development involves
integrating conscious and unconscious aspects through individuation.

10. Karen Horney (Psychoanalytic Social Theory)

☺ (1885–1952), German-American
Horney challenged Freud's ideas, focusing on social and cultural factors in personality. She emphasized
childhood anxiety and neurotic needs, proposing that gender differences were more social than biological.

11. Gordon Allport (Psychology of the Individual)

☺ (1897–1967), American
Allport emphasized the uniqueness of the individual and categorized personality traits into cardinal, central,
and secondary traits. He introduced functional autonomy, where motives evolve beyond their original
purpose.

12. B.F. Skinner (Behavioral Analysis)

☺ (1904–1990), American
Skinner's theory of operant conditioning emphasized that behavior is shaped by reinforcement and
punishment. He focused on how environmental factors influence behavior through learning.

13. Dan McAdams (Narrative Identity)

☺ (1954–Present), American
McAdams proposed that individuals construct life stories to create a sense of identity, which provides
coherence and meaning. His narrative identity theory highlights the role of personal stories in shaping
personality over time.

14. Rollo May (Existential Psychology)

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14. Rollo May (Existential Psychology)
☺ (1909–1994), American
Rollo May's existential psychology focused on themes like freedom, responsibility, and the search for
meaning. He believed that anxiety stems from the challenges of living an authentic and meaningful life.

GOD BLESS! KAYA MO NA!

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