UNIT-1

1. What is a steady flow process and unsteady flow process? [2M]

A steady flow process is a thermodynamic process in which fluid properties at any given point
within the system remain constant over time.

An unsteady flow process occurs when the fluid properties vary with time at a particular
location.

2. What is an isolated system? Give example. [2M]

An isolated system is one in which there is no interaction between the system and the
surrounding. It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary.

3. Define the term “Thermodynamic system”. Discuss the type of thermodynamic system
by giving suitable example of it. [3M]

A thermodynamic system refers to a specific region or quantity of matter in space that is selected
for analysis in thermodynamics.

Types of Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic systems are classified based on whether energy and/or matter can cross their
boundaries. The three types are:

1. Open System

An open system allows both energy and mass to cross its boundary. The system exchanges
matter with its surroundings while also exchanging heat and work.

Example: Internal combustion engine: Fuel and air enter, exhaust gases exit, and
energy is transferred as heat and work.
2. Closed System

A closed system allows the transfer of energy (heat or work) but not mass across its boundary.
The amount of matter within the system remains constant.

Example: A sealed water bottle placed in the sun: Heat enters, but the water and air
inside do not leave.

3. Isolated System

An isolated system does not allow any transfer of energy or mass across its boundary. The
system is completely insulated from its surroundings.

Example: The universe (considered as an isolated system in thermodynamics).

4. Explain what you mean by the thermodynamic property of a system. How will you
classify it? [3M]

A thermodynamic property is a macroscopic characteristic of a thermodynamic system that can

be measured or calculated and used to define the system's state. These properties are used to
describe the behavior and energy content of the system.

Classification of Thermodynamic Properties

Thermodynamic properties can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Intensive Properties: Properties that do not depend on the mass or size of the system.

2. Extensive Properties: Properties that depend on the mass or size of the system.

5. What are the causes of irreversibility? [2M]

Causes of Irreversibility

Irreversibility arises due to various factors that create non-idealities in a process. The main
causes are:

1. Friction

2. Unrestrained Expansion

3. Heat Transfer through a Finite Temperature Difference

4. Mixing of Different Substances

5. Viscous Dissipation
6. Explain the term reversibility as applied to thermodynamic process. [2M]

Reversibility refers to an idealized condition in thermodynamics where a process can be reversed

without leaving any net change in the system or its surroundings. In other words, both the system
and its surroundings can be restored to their original states, and no energy is dissipated or lost.

While no process is perfectly reversible in practice, the concept is essential because:

1. Efficiency Benchmark

2. Thermodynamic Analysis

3. Minimizing Irreversibility

7. What are the conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium? [2M]

Conditions for Thermodynamic Equilibrium:

1. Thermal Equilibrium: Uniform temperature throughout the system; no heat flow.

2. Mechanical Equilibrium: Uniform pressure; no unbalanced forces or macroscopic
movement.
3. Chemical Equilibrium: Stable chemical composition with no net chemical reactions or
matter transfer.

UNIT-2
1. Define the path function and point functions? [3M]

A thermodynamic property that depends on the path between the initial and final state is known
as the path function.

A thermodynamic property that depends only on the initial and final state and does not depend
on the path taken to reach the final state or value is known as the state function or point
function.

2. State and explain First law of thermodynamics. [2M]

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.

The first law can be expressed as:

ΔU=Q−W

Where:
  ΔU: Change in the internal energy of the system.
 Q: Heat added to the system (positive when heat flows into the system).
 W: Work done by the system (positive when the system does work on its surroundings).

3. What is PMM-I. Justify with reason whether it is feasible or not? [2M]

There can be no machine which would continuously supply mechanical work without some other
form of energy disappearing simultaneously. Such a fictitious machine is called a perpetual
motion machine of the first kind, or in brief, PMMI. A PMM I is thus impossible.

4. Compare heat transfer with work transfer. [3M]

Heat Transfer Work Transfer

Energy transfer due to a temperature Energy transfer resulting from a force acting
difference. over a distance or volume change.

Flows from a high-temperature body to a low- Can be done by the system or on the system.
temperature body.

Path function Q, inexact differential δQ. Path function W inexact differential δW.

Positive when heat flows into the system, Positive when work is done by the system,
negative when it flows out. negative when done on the system.

5. Write the energy balance equation of a compressor? [2M]

A compressor is a device used to increase the pressure of a gas by performing work on it.

General Energy Balance for Open Systems:

Assumptions for a Compressor:

 1. Neglect Kinetic Energy Change

2. Neglect Potential Energy Change

3. Heat Loss

Under these assumptions, the energy balance simplifies to:

6. Define enthalpy. How is it related to internal energy? [2M]

Enthalpy (H) is a thermodynamic property of a system that represents the total heat content of
the system. It is defined as the sum of the system's internal energy (U) and the product of its
pressure (P) and volume (V).

H=U+PV

7. Why is the performance of a heat pump or a refrigerator not measured in terms of

thermal efficiency, but in terms of COP? [3M]

The performance of a heat pump or a refrigerator is measured in terms of the Coefficient of

Performance (COP) instead of thermal efficiency because these devices are designed to transfer
heat, not convert it into work.

UNIT-3
1. What is absolute thermodynamic temperature scale? [2M]

A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to
measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale.

2. Write a short note on PMM-II? [2M]

A Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind (PMM-II) is a hypothetical machine that
violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics by attempting to extract heat energy from a
single thermal reservoir and convert it entirely into work, without any other effect on the system
or surroundings.
3. What is meant by Clausius inequality. [2M]

The Clausius Inequality is a fundamental expression of the Second Law of Thermodynamics,

which provides a criterion for the irreversibility of thermodynamic processes. It states that for
any cyclic process:

4. What is Zeroth law of thermodynamics? [2M]

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics establishes the concept of temperature and thermal
equilibrium. It states:

If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

5. What is a cyclic heat engine? [2M]

A heat engine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle in which there is a net heat transfer to the system
and a net work transfer from the system. The system which executes a heat engine cycle is called
a heat engine.

6. What is available energy and unavailable energy? [2M]

The maximum work output obtainable from a certain heat input in a cyclic heat engine is called
the available energy (A.E).

The minimum energy that has to be rejected to the sink by the second law is called the
Unavailable energy (U.E).

7. Discuss the Limitations of first law of thermodynamics. [2M]

Limitations of first law of thermodynamics

1. Does Not Specify the Direction of Energy Transfer

2. Ignores Irreversibilities
3. Cannot Predict Efficiency of Devices
4. No Information on Heat Flow Direction
5. Does Not Account for Entropy
6. Cannot Explain Why Some Processes Occur Spontaneously

8. Define Third Law of Thermodynamics. [2M]

The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that as the temperature of a system approaches
absolute zero (0 Kelvin), the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance also approaches zero.

This is because, at absolute zero, a perfect crystal has only one possible microstate, resulting in
zero entropy.

UNIT-4
1. What is triple point? [2M]

The triple point is a unique condition of temperature and pressure where three phases of a
substance (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

2. Define a pure substance. Can air be treated as pure substance? Explain. [3M]

A pure substance is a material that has a constant chemical composition throughout.

Air is not a pure substance because it is a mixture of gases. However, it is often treated as a
pure substance in engineering and thermodynamic calculations for simplicity, provided its
components behave uniformly and phase separation is not significant.

3. Find the saturation temperature, entropy and enthalpy of steam at 1 MPa. [2M]

Use steam tables to find the values Tsat = 179.910C, Sg = 6.584 KJ/Kg K, hg = 2778.1 KJ/Kg

4. Draw the phase diagram on p-v diagrams with water as pure substance. [2M]

5. What is meant by dryness fraction? [2M]

The dryness fraction (denoted as x) is a property of wet steam that indicates the proportion of
the mass of vapor (dry steam) in a mixture of liquid water and steam. It is a dimensionless
quantity and is defined as:

6. Explain the difference between saturated liquid and compressed liquid? [2M]
A saturated liquid is a liquid that is at the saturation temperature and pressure. This means
the liquid is about to begin boiling or vaporizing but has not yet transitioned into a vapor phase.

A compressed liquid, also known as a subcooled liquid, is a liquid that is at a temperature

below the saturation temperature for a given pressure. It is "compressed" because it is at a
higher pressure than its saturation pressure at that temperature.

7. Explain the term (a) Latent heat (b)sensible heat [2M]

Latent heat is the heat absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change (e.g., solid to liquid,
liquid to gas) without changing its temperature.

Sensible heat is the heat absorbed or released by a substance that causes a temperature change, but
does not involve a phase change.

8. Is it true that water boils at higher temperatures at higher pressures? Explain. [2M]

Yes, it is true that water boils at a higher temperature at higher pressure. As external pressure is
increased, water molecules require more energy to escape, causing an increase in the boiling
point.

9. Explain the term critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure. [2M]

Critical point is defined as the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are
identical.

Critical temperature (T_c) is the highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid,
regardless of pressure. Above this temperature, the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how
much pressure is applied.

Critical pressure (P_c) is the pressure required to liquefy a substance at its critical temperature.
It is the pressure at which the gas and liquid phases can coexist at the critical temperature.

UNIT-5
1. Explain C.O.P of refrigerator. [2M]

C.O.P of refrigerator is defined as the ratio of the heat removed from the refrigerated space
(Qc) to the work input (W) required to accomplish this transfer.

2. Explain the term ``Tonne of refrigeration ``. [2M]

A tonne of refrigeration is a unit of refrigeration capacity. It is defined as the amount of heat

removed to freeze 1 tonne (1000 kg) of water at 0°C into ice at 0°C in 24 hours.
1 tonne of refrigeration is equal to the heat removal rate of 3.5 kW or 12000 BTU/hour.

3. What are essential properties of a good refrigerant? [2M]

Note: Write any five properties

A good refrigerant should possess the following properties:

Thermodynamic Properties:

1. Low Boiling Point: To ensure it vaporizes easily at low temperatures.

2. High Latent Heat of Vaporization: To absorb more heat per unit mass during phase change.
3. Moderate Condensing Pressure: To operate efficiently without excessive compression.
4. High Critical Temperature: To remain in the gaseous state at practical operating conditions.

Physical Properties:

5. Low Specific Volume of Vapor: To minimize compressor size and improve efficiency.
6. Non-flammable and Non-explosive: For safe handling and operation.
7. Non-corrosive: To prevent damage to system components.

Chemical Properties:

8. Non-toxic: To ensure safety in case of leaks.

4. `` The COP of an air refrigeration cycle is very low, but still air refrigeration system is
most common in the Air craft ``, discuss the statement. [2M]

Although the air refrigeration cycle has a low C.O.P., its advantages in terms of weight,
simplicity, safety, and adaptability to high-altitude conditions make it the preferred choice for
aircraft refrigeration systems. These factors outweigh the inefficiency in energy use.

5. What is meant by relative humidity? [2M]

Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the air to the maximum
amount of water vapor the air can hold at a specific temperature, expressed as a percentage.

6. Define DBT and WBT. [2M]

Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT):

 DBT is the temperature of air measured by a standard thermometer exposed to the air but
shielded from radiation and moisture.

Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT):

WBT is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer with its bulb covered by a wet
wick or cloth and exposed to an airflow.

8. Define specific humidity. [2M]

Specific humidity is the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of air, usually expressed in
grams of water vapor per kilogram of air (g/kg). It is a measure of the amount of moisture in the
air, independent of temperature and pressure.