Phasor Examples A.

Stolp
rev,
Ex 1. Find V R, V L , and V C in polar phasor form. f 2 . kHz

4 rad
R 500. Ω ω 2 . π. f ω = 1.257 10
sec
V( jω )
j0 L 80. mH ZL j . ω. L Z L = 1.005j kΩ
6. V.e
f 2 . kHz
1
C 0.4 . µF ZC Z C = 0.199j kΩ
j ω. C
.

1
Z eq R j . ω. L Z eq = 500 + 806.366j Ω
j ω. C
.
2 2 806
500 806 = 948.491 atan = 58.187 deg Zeq = 948.5Ω / 58.2 o
500
j. 0
6.V .e 6.V
find the current: I magnitude: = 6.326 mA angle: 0 . deg 58.2. deg = 58.2 deg
Z eq 948.5. Ω
I = 6.326mA /-58.2 o
find the magnitude find the angle
VR I. R 6.326. mA. 500. Ω = 3.163 V 58.2. deg 0 . deg = 58.2 deg V R = 3.163V /-58.2 o

VL I. Z L 6.326. mA. 1005 . Ω = 6.358 V 58.2. deg 90. deg = 31.8 deg V L = 6.358V / 31.8o

VC I. Z C 6.326. mA. ( 199 ) . Ω = 1.259 V 58.2. deg ( 90 ) . deg = 31.8 deg V C = -1.259V / 31.8o
OR: 6.326. mA. ( 199 ) . Ω = 1.259 V 58.2. deg ( 90 ) . deg = 148.2 deg V C = 1.259V /-148.2o

OR, you can also find these voltages directly, using a voltage divider. I.E. to find V C directly:
1
j . ω. C . 6.V 1 .6.V 1 . 6.V
VC = =
1 R . ( j . ω. C ) j. ω. L. ( j . ω. C ) 1 R . ( j . ω. C )
2.
ω L. C
R j . ω. L 1
j ω. C
.

1 . 6.V 2
= 1 ω . L. C = 4.053 j . ω. R. C = 2.513j
2.
1 ω L. C j . ω. R . C
6.V . ( 4.053 2.513. j ) 6 . V . ( 4.053 2.513. j )
= =
4.053 .
2.513 j ( 4.053 2.513. j ) 2 2
( 4.053 ) 2.513
6 . V . ( 4.053 2.513. j ) = 24.318 15.078j V
2 2
( 4.053 ) 2.513 = 22.742
24.318 15.078 . j . V = 1.069
= 0.663j V
22.742 22.742

2 2
magnitude: 1.069 0.663 = 1.258
0.663
angle: atan = 31.81 deg
1.069
but this is actually in the third quadrant,
so modify your calculator's results:
31.81. deg 180. deg = 148.19 deg
= 1.258V /-148.2o
Phasor Examples p1
Phasor Examples p2 L1 2 . mH
4 rad
Ex 2. a) Find Zeq. f 2.5 . kHz ω 2 . π. f ω = 1.571 10
sec
j . ω. L 1 = 31.416j Ω
R 200. Ω
1
Z eq = j . ω. L 1
1 1 C 1 . µF
1 R j . ω. L 2 L2 8 . mH
j ω. C
.
j . ω. L 2 = 125.664j Ω
But it's easier to split the problem up
Left branch Right branch
1
Zl Z l = 63.662j Ω Zr j . ω. L 2 R Z r = 200 + 125.664j Ω
j ω. C
.
1 1
= j . ω. C = 0.01571i 1 3 3
1 Ω = 3.585 10 2.252 10 j
200 125.664 . j
j . ω. C
1 3 3 3 2 1
denominator: j . ω. C = 0.01571 . j 3.585. 10 2.252. 10 . j = 3.585 10 + 1.346 10 i
R j . ω. L 2 Ω

rectangular division:
1 . 3 2
1.346. 10 . j 3.585. 10
3 2
1.346. 10 . j
. 3.585 10 = = 18.479 69.381j Ω
3 2 3 2 4
3.585. 10 1.346. 10 . j 3.585. 10 1.346. 10 . j 1.94. 10
3 2 2 2 4
3.585. 10 1.346. 10 = 1.94 10

add: j . ω. L 1 = 31.416j Ω 31.416 . j ( 18.479 69.381 . j ) = 18.479 37.965j Ω

37.97
convert to polar (if needed): 2 2 atan = 64.048 deg Zeq = 42.23Ω /-64.05o
18.48 37.97 = 42.228 18.48

Another Way
Sometimes you might simplify a little before putting in numbers.
1 1 R j . ω. L 2
Z eq j . ω. L 1 = j . ω. L 1
1 1 1 = j . ω. L 1
j . ω. C 1 j . ω. C . R j . ω. L 2
R j . ω. L 2 1 R j . ω. L 2
j . ω. C R j . ω. L 2
= j . ω. L 1
2
1 ω .C.L 2 j . ω. C . R

( 200 125.664 . j ) . Ω . 0.974 3.142. j ( 200 125.664 . j ) . ( 0.974 3.142. j )

Z eq = 31.416 . j . Ω = 31.416 . j . Ω
0.974 3.142. j 0.974 3.142. j 0.974
2
3.142
2

( ( 200. ( 0.974 ) 125.664 . ( 3.142 ) ) ( 125.664 . ( 0.974 ) 200. 3.142 ) . j ) . Ω

= 31.416 . j . Ω
2 2
0.974 3.142

( 200.036288 750.796736 . j ) . Ω
= 31.416 . j . Ω = 31.416 . j . Ω 18.486 . Ω 69.384 . j . Ω = 18.486 37.968j Ω
10.82084

2 2 37.97
18.49 37.97 = 42.233 atan = 64.036 deg Zeq = 42.23Ω /-64.04o
18.49
a little roundoff difference
Phasor Examples p2
 Ω

j. 20. deg
V in 12. V
b) V in 12. V . e Find IL1 , V C I L1 = 284.16 mA 20. deg ( 64.04 ) . deg = 84.04 deg
Z eq 42.23. Ω
I L1 = 284mA / 84.04o
2 2
VC I L1. ( 18.479 69.381. j ) . Ω 284. mA. 18.479 69.381 . Ω = 20.391 V
69.381
84.04. deg atan = 8.954 deg V C = 20.4V / 8.95o
18.479
You could then use another
voltage divider to find V R or V L2.
convert to rectangular (if needed): 20.391 . V . cos( 8.954. deg ) = 20.143 V
20.391 . V . sin( 8.954. deg ) = 3.174 V V C = 20.14 3.174. j V
Another Way
To find VC 1
directly: 1
j . ω. C
R j . ω. L 2
VC .V --> math --> V C = 20.153 + 3.178j V Same but for a little
1 in
j . ω. L 1 roundoff difference
1
j . ω. C
R j . ω. L 2

2 2 125.664
c) Let's find IL2 . Z r = 200 + 125.664j Ω 200 125.664 = 236.202 atan = 32.142 deg
200
VC j. 8.95. deg
20.4. V . e 20.4. V
I L2 = = / 8.95 - 32.142o = 86.4mA /-23.19
Zr 236.202 . Ω. e
j. 32.142. deg 236.202 . Ω

Another Way 1

Directly by R j . ω. L 2 1 I L1
I .I = .I =
Current divider: L2 1 L1
j . ω. C . R j . ω. L 2 1
L1 2
j . ω. C 1 ω . C. L 2 j . ω. C . R
R j . ω. L 2
real part is negative
/
denominator: 2 2 2 ω. C . R
1 ω . C. L 2 ( ω. C. R ) = 3.289 atan 180. deg = 107.224 deg
2
1 ω .C.L 2
j. 84.04. deg
284. mA. e 284. mA
I L2 = = / 84.04 - 107.224o = 86.4mA /-23.18o
j. 107.224. deg 3.289
3.289. e

VC 1
d) How about IC? IC = V C . j . ω. C = 20.4V / 8.95o 0.015708 / 90o = 320mA / 98.95o
1 Ω
j ω. C
.
j . ω. C .I
Another Way Could also be found directly by current divider: I C L1 = 320mA / 98.95o
1
j . ω. C
R j . ω. L 2
Something Weird
IC is greater than the input current ( IL1 ) . What's going on?
The angle between IC & IL2 is big enough that they somewhat cancel each other out (partially resonate).

Check Kirchoff's Current Law: IC I L2 = 29.485 + 282.569j mA = I L1 = 29.485 + 282.569j mA

Phasor Examples p3
Phasor Examples p4 rad
i( t ) = 25. mA. cos 377. . t 10. deg
Ex 3. a) Find Z2. sec

j. 10. deg
I 25. mA. e Z1 ( 120 60. j ) . Ω
V in = 10V /-20o
j. 20. deg
V in 10. V . e

V in R 50. Ω
10. V
ZT = / -20 - 10o = 400Ω /-30o
I 25. mA
Z2 = ?
Z T = 346.41 200j Ω

Z2 ZT R Z 1 = ( 346.41 200. j ) . Ω 50. Ω ( 120 60. j ) . Ω = 176.41 140j Ω

b) Circle 1: i) The source current leads the source voltage <--- answer, because 10o > -20o.
ii) The source voltage leads the source current

Ex 4. a) Find V in in polar form.

rad IT
IZ 100. mA Z ( 80 60. j ) . Ω ω 1000 . IR IZ = 100 / 0 o mA
sec
R 50. Ω
V in I Z. Z V in = 8 6j V
Z ( 80 60. j ) . Ω

2 2 6
8 6 = 10 atan = 36.87 deg
8
V in = 10V /-36.9o

V in 10. V 10. V . 10. V .

b) Find IT in polar form. IR = /-36.9o = cos( 36.9. deg ) j. sin( 36.9. deg ) = 160 120i mA
R 50. Ω 50. Ω 50. Ω

IT IR I Z = ( 160 120. j ) . mA 100. mA = 260 120j mA

120
2 2 atan = 24.78 deg IT = 286mA /-24.8o
260 120 = 286.356 260

c) Circle 1: i) The source current leads the source voltage answer i), -24.8o > -36.9o
ii) The source voltage leads the source current

d) The impedance Z (above) is made of two components in series. What are they and what are their values?
Z = 80 60j Ω
Must have a resistor because there is a real part.
R Re( Z ) R = 80 Ω

Must have a capacitor because the imaginary part is negative.

1 1
Im( Z ) = 60 Ω = C C = 16.667 µF
ω. C ω. Im( Z )

Phasor Examples p4
 ω ω

Phasor Examples p5
Ex 5. The impedance Z = 80 60j Ω is made of two components in parallel. What are they and what are their values?
Must have a resistor because there is a real part.
Must have an capacitor because the imaginary part is negative.
1 1 1 . 80 60. j 80 60. j 80 60. j . 1
Z = = = =
1 Z ( 80 . .
60 j ) Ω 80 60. j 80
2
60
2 10 , 000 Ω
j . ω. C
R
1 1 1
= 0.008 + 0.006i Ω = j . ω. C
Z R

1 1 1
= .008. R R = 125 Ω
R Ω .008. Ω
1

1
1 .006. Ω
ω. C = .006. C C = 6 µF R = 125 Ω
Ω ω

Positive imaginary parts would require inductors

Ex 6. a) Find I1
voltage
. rad V Z1 ( 8 5.j ) .V
ω 20000
sec
j. 30. deg R 250. Ω
V in 20. V . e
j. 20. deg
I2 20. mA. e

V in 20. V . j. 30. deg j. 30. deg

I1 = e = 80. mA. e I1
R 250. Ω
polar division

b) Circle 1: i) V in leads I2 ii) V in lags I2

Why? Show numbers: __30__ > __20__ _______ < _______

c) Find Z2 in polar form

Convert V in to rectangular coordinates
20. V . cos( 30. deg ) = 17.321 V 20. V . sin( 30. deg ) = 10 V pol to rect
V in = 17.321 + 10j V

V Z2 V in V Z1 V Z2 = 9.321 + 15j V subtract

2 2 = V Z2 = 17.66 V
rect to pol 9.321 15
15
atan = arg V Z2 = 58.145 deg
9.321
V Z2 17.66. V
div Z2 = 883 Ω / 58.145 . deg 20. deg = 38.145 deg Z2 = 883 / 38.15o Ω
I2 20. mA

Z 2 = 694.436 + 545.379j Ω Phasor Examples p5

 Ω

Ex 7. You need to design a circuit in which the "output"

Phasor Examples p6
voltage leads the input voltage (vS(t)) by 40o of phase. R 400. Ω
a) What should go in the box: R, L, C?

Z box
Vo= .V
S v S( t )
R Z box v o( t )

Z box f 1 . kHz
angle of is 40o.
R Z box ω 2 . π. f
3 rad
This can only happen if the angle of Z box is positive, ω = 6.283 10
sec
so Zbox is a inductor

j . ω. L . j . ω. L ω. L
b) Find its value. V o = Vo= VS angle is 90 atan = 40o.
R j . ω. L R j . ω. L R

ω. L ω. L R. 1.192
So: atan = 50o = tan( 50. deg ) = 1.192 L = = 75.9 mH
R R ω

c) Repeat if the "output" voltage should lag the input voltage (vS(t)) by 20o of phase.

Z box
angle of is -20o. This can only happen if the angle of Z box is negative,
R Z box
so Zbox is a capacitor

1 1 1
j ω. C
.
.V j ω. C
. ω. C 1
Vo= S angle is 90 atan = 90 atan
1 1 R ω C. R
.
R R
j ω. C
. j ω. C
.

1 1 1
atan = -70 o. = tan( 70. deg ) = 2.747 C = = 0.145 µF
ω C. R
. ω C. R
. . .
ω R 2.747

Ex 8. Find V O in the circuit shown. Express it

as a magnitude and phase angle (polar).

Z1 25. Ω 35j. Ω
j. 18. deg
VS 6.V. e
j. 60. deg
Z2 80. Ω. e
Z2
VO .V Simple voltage divider
S V O= ?
Z1 Z2

Z 2 . cos( 60. deg ) = 40 Ω Z 2 . sin( 60. deg ) = 69.282 Ω Z 2 = 40 69.282j Ω

j. 27.81. deg
Z1 Z 2 = 25. Ω 35j. Ω 40. Ω 69.282. j. Ω = 65 34.282j Ω = 73.486 . Ω. e

Z2 j. 60. deg
80. Ω. e . 6 . V . ej. 18. deg
VO .V
S = 80. Ω . . . j. ( 60 ( 27.81) 18). deg j. 14.2. deg
Z1 Z2 j. 27.81. deg = 6Ve = 6.53. V . e
73.486 . Ω . e 73.486 . Ω

Phasor Examples p6