University of Lagos

School of Postgraduate Studies

Department of Business Administration

Programme: M.Sc. in Management (Part Time)

Course: Business Research Methods

Course Code: BUS 802

Name: Mujeeb Oluwafemi Aina

Matric No: 179023121

Date: 10th February, 2018

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Question 1: Write two pages of APA style of referencing.

APA style of referencing was first developed in 1929 by a group of social

scientists who wished to establish sound standards of communication. Since
that time, it has been adopted by leaders in many fields and has been used by
writers around the world.

APA style is one of several different writing formats which is the most common
referencing style rules often used for publications, papers, essays, and books in
the social sciences and also one of the most common styles taught at and used
by colleges and high schools

N.B: Referencing is a formal system which consists of rules and standards to

follow when formatting citations and references.

The Basics of APA Style:

Citation and References

Citations are necessary parts of APA style, as they show readers where your
ideas and research came from. Let's take a look. Within the main body of your
paper, you will need to refer to any other publications you used in composing
your argument or conducting your research with a citation. You will note these
citations using an author-date-page method, in which you list the author's last
name, the year of the publication, and the page number of the information
you're referencing. These are all separated by commas, and are placed within
parenthesis following your text. The page number is preceded by lower case 'p'
with a period after it.

If you state the author's name in your text, you only have to include the year of
publication and the page number. There are special cases that may cause this
format to change slightly, such as if there are several different authors of one
work, or if the author is unknown.

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The second component of this system is your reference list. Your reference
list is a summary of all the publications that you referred to in your paper. It
begins a new page after your main body, and is titled 'References' at the top of
the page. This list is alphabetical by the author's last name. Each reference gets
its own new line. These lines are arranged in hanging indentations, where the
first line is all the way flush to the left, but subsequent lines are indented about
five spaces.

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote
from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of
publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page
number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites
and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number.

References

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers
to listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 23(4), 245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners'

comprehension of foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University
of Colorado, Boulder.

Works by Multiple Authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the
following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple
authors in text.
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Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather
than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors'
names within a parenthetic citation, use &.

One author: (Field, 2005)

Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)

Three to five authors:

First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010)
Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010)

Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006)

Articles

Important Elements:

Author (last name, initials only for first & middle names)

Date of publication of article (year and month for monthly publications; year,
month and day for daily or weekly publications)

Title of article (capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper
nouns)

Title of publication in italics (i.e., Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Newsweek,

New York Times)

Volume number in italics and issue number, if given

Page numbers of article

For articles retrieved online, include URL or DOI, if available

Article in a monthly magazine:

Swedin, E. G. (2006, May/June). Designing babies: A eugenics race with

China? The Futurist, 40,18-21.
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Article in an online magazine:

Romm, J. (2008, February 27). The cold truth about climate

change. Salon.com. Retrieved from
http://www.salon.com/2008/02/27/global_warming_deniers

Question 2: (A) Write short notes on Meaning & Definition of Business

Research Method, Types of Research, and Research Cycle.

Simply research would be initiated in the business when something is not

going well, when a need for change is desired, when an organisation face any
issue/problem, when a business sought answers to specific questions, comes in
the process of research. The first step in research to know where and what is
the problem, once the problem is identified clearly, steps can be taken to
gather information relevant to the problem and issues. This entire process
where we try to solve a problem, search for answers to questions is called
research.

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic

investigation to establish facts.

Therefore, Business Research involves acquiring information and knowledge

for professional or commercial purposes such as determining opportunities
and goals for a business. An example of business research is gathering sales
information and writing a detailed report on marketing and sales.

Types of Business Research: There are two types of Business Research namely
1. Applied Business Research
2. Basic Business Research

Applied Business Research comes out from work related problems that need
timely solutions. For example a product may not be selling well and the
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manager might want to find the reasons for this in order to take action or
Business is facing problems in retaining employees, or there is higher degree of
absenteeism in the business. All these are problems that require the business
to find immediate solutions; otherwise the business would fail to run
smoothly. Thus research carried out with the intention of applying the results
of the findings to solve specific problems is applied business research.

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world,

rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. The goal of applied
research is to improve the human condition. It focuses on analysis and solving
social and real life problems. This research is generally conducted on a large
scale basis and is expensive. As such, it is often conducted with the support of
some financing agency like the national government, public corporation, World
Bank, UNICEF, UGC, Etc. According to Hunt, “applied research is an
investigation for ways of using scientific knowledge to solve practical
problems” for example:- improve agriculture crop production, treat or cure a
specific disease, improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, how can
communication among workers in large companies be improved.

Basic Business Research is where the motive is to generate a body of

knowledge by developing an understanding on how certain problems that
occur in the organizations could be solved. There is a definite possibility that
organizations might transfer the learning from the research to the workplace
for problem solving. For instance a research carried out at a university facility
on “Motivating Employees in times Recession with Low Pay” could be a useful
piece of work, and could be applied to practical settings when businesses are
facing downturn. Thus research done primarily to enhance understanding on
certain problems that commonly occur in organizations is called Basic,
fundamental or pure research.

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This research is conducted largely for the enhancement of knowledge, and is
research which does not have immediate commercial potential. The research
which is done for human welfare, animal welfare and plant kingdom welfare. It
is called basic, pure, fundamental research. The main motivation here is to
expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent something. According to
Travers, “Basic Research is designed to add to an organized body of scientific
knowledge and does not necessarily produce results of immediate practical
value.” Such a research is time and cost intensive. (Example: An experimental
research that may not be or will be helpful in the human progress.)

The Research Cycle:

The Research Cycle is an original idea of Jamie McKenzie that details how
students should complete research assignments, and how teachers should
teach their students to complete research assignments. The information below
will guide you to be what we believe is the best way for research work to be
completed.
The main steps in the Research Cycle are...

Questioning- determine the problem to be solved and the questions to ask to

get it done.
Planning- decide where to seek information and how to store it.
Gathering- refers to the plan and collects sources.
Sorting & Sifting- reduce the gathered information to that which is relevant
and insightful.
Synthesizing- information is reshaped into a new whole in order to find focus.
Evaluating- determination is made to move on to next stage or revise efforts
with another cycle.
Reporting- production of final work.

The focus of the Research Cycle is the initial step of Questioning. This is an
example of how the Research Cycle might be done.
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 Picture Credit McKenzie, J. (1999, December). The Research cycle. Retrieved
from http://www.fno.org/dec99/rcycle.html

Question 2: (B) Insecurity, a Threat to National Development in Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The research proffers a conceptual and theoretical investigation on insecurity a
threat to national development. The study is particularly important at such a
time of Nigeria’s history. The apparent challenge of insurgency, terrorism, arm
trafficking, ethnic crisis, arm robbery etc constitute a great threat to security
and national development. The research proffers measures to mitigate and
eliminate insecurity to foster national development.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The effects of violence and corruption etc, on a nation’s economy are
damaging. A nation in inundated with corruption cannot be viable
economically; neither can the system generate enough support/ affection
required for the survival of democratic system. This is a situation in Nigeria
where corruption has become part and parcel of the political culture.

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Corruption has indeed robbed Nigerians the benefit of economic development
because scarce available resources that should have been deployed to execute
development project have gone into private foreign accounts.
Corruption is widespread in Nigeria, not because the people are different from
other parts of the world, but because the conditions are ripe for it. There are
many reasons why this is so. The motivation to earn income from among the
populace is relatively stronger; exacerbated by poverty, unemployment and
low wages. In many developing countries Nigeria inclusive, accountability is
generally weak. Political competition and civil liberties are often restricted.
Laws and principles of ethics in governance are poorly developed and the legal
institutions charged with enforcing them are ill-prepared.147, 148.
The incidence of June 2011 bombing of the Nigeria Police Force Headquarters
as well as September bombing of United Nations building in Abuja has been
seen by many as a daring assault not only on the nation’s intelligence but as
pointer to the fact that no one is safe.
The general state of insecurity in Nigeria presently lends credence to the
report that kidnapping is an offshoot of the Niger Delta crisis. This insurgency
has thrown a huge cloak of insecurity not just over the entire south-south
geopolitical zone, but also the southeast, and southwest. Kidnapping gangs
have made the two zones their haven. No person is spared in this new wave of
crime that seems to have supplanted armed robbery and other non-contact
crimes. However, the security challenge this poses to the state of Nigeria is
better understood against existing evidence that even government officials and
traditional rulers are not spared.
This has led to some of these officials relocating their families outside the
geopolitical zone or outside the country. What the current trend of violence is
imprinting on the psyche of Nigerians is that the government security
apparatus is incapable of guaranteeing the safety and security of its people.
This would, therefore, impact on the human security of the people as the

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situation promotes fear, while at the same time limiting the peoples’ ability to
develop economically. The state’s capacity to attract investors becomes limited
as a result of the insecurity.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The increase wave of violence of terrorism, insurgency, arms trafficking,
kidnappings, arm robbery, ethnic crisis etc, constitute a devastating threat to
the security of lives and property of the citizenry.
This research intends to investigate insecurity as a threat to national
development.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What are the causes and effect of insecurity in Nigeria?
2. What are the measures to mitigate and eliminate insecurity in Nigeria?
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To find the specific causes and fundamental effects of Insecurity in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain the extent to which crime fighting facilities are provided to
Nigerians.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study shall provide an analysis of the nature, causes and effect of
insecurity on national development in Nigeria with a view to determine
measures to mitigate and eliminate the trend.
It shall also serve a veritable source of information on issues of insecurity and
national development in Nigeria.
1.6 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Hypotheses I
H0: There is no significant relationship between Nigeria’s insecurity and her
slow socio-economic growth
H1: There is a significant relationship between Nigeria’s insecurity and her
slow socio-economic growth

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Hypotheses II
H0: Crime fighting facilities do not have direct link with the insecurity situation
in the country.
H1: Crime fighting facilities have direct link with the insecurity situation in the
country.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research is focused on appraising insecurity as a threat to national
development in Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
THREAT:
Fay (2007); states that threat is any circumstance of event with the potential to
cause harm to a system in the form of destruction, disclosure, modification of
data or denial of service. This suggest that threat may be in deed or word and
it includes activities that constitute danger, risk, hazards and menace which are
capable of intimidating an individual.
DEVELOPMENT:
ROGER (1976); describes development as the type of social change in which
new ideas are introduce within a social system to produce higher capital
incomes and levels of living through more production, Method and improved
social organization.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This chapter reviews the relevant literature on conceptual framework,
empirical studies and theoretical framework in the area of security and
economic growth
The concept of security:

Security is a very important issue in the survival of any Nation. Without

adequate security of lives and property, the system will be rife with
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lawlessness, chaos and eventual disintegration. This is why security is
considered as a dynamic condition, which involves the relative ability of a state
to counter threats to its core values and interests. The security so concerned
with by states, is multifarious. It might be military, economic, ideological or
cultural.

Accordingly, the security for any state embodies a notion of order, or of the
conditions necessary to maintain the smooth functioning and reproduction of
an existing society.

According to McGrew (1988:101), the security of a nation is predicated on two

central pillars. On one hand, it entails the maintenance and protection of the
socio-economic order in the face of internal and external threat. On the other,
it entails the promotion of a preferred international order, which minimize the
threat to core values and interests, as well as to the domestic order.

CHAPTER 3

RESEACH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Design implies outlining the name of the equipment, sample size and sampling
technique, study design, scope and other materials the researcher intends
using and applying same to successfully execute the practical aspect of the
research.

Odo (1992:43) opined that design serves as a plan showing what the
researcher will carry out in a step by step procedure of carrying out the entire
study. Based on this premise, the methodology adopted by the researcher was
designed in such a way as to collect data that will give a broader knowledge on
the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, the challenges and the relevance
of the Nigerian police as a panacea.

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3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data to be used in the study will be collected from the primary and
secondary sources of data collection. A structured questionnaire will be based
on one major sampling technique, which is the stratified random sampling
technique.

REFERENCES

Andrew, C. and Kennedy, M. (2003), Root Causes of Human

Insecurity, A New Security Paradigm: The Cambridge Security,
University of Cambridge Press UK.

Nwolise, O.B.C (2006), National security and Sustainable

Democracy. In, Ojo, E. O. edited, Challenges of Sustainable
Democracy in Nigeria. Nigeria, Ibadan: John Arche

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