EUNION PARLIAMENT CHAPTER:1

Indian Parliament,
The Indian Parliament consists of the President and the two Houses, known as the House of the People (Lok
Sabha) and the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

President Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

(House of the PeoplelLower House) (Council of States/Upper House)

Items Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

Qualifications " Acitizen of India, name on electoral list, notSame as for Lok Sabha.
for Membership holding any office of profit under "Age: Minimum 30 years.
government, not a proclaimed offender.
"Age: Minimum 25 years.
Exclusive Powers Money Bill-their introduction and passage. " Declare a subject in State List of national
and Functions "Cabinet is responsible to Lok Sabha. importance and include it in the Union
List.
"Set up an All India Service.

530members to represent the States, 20 238 members to represents the States and
Composition Union Territories, and 12 to be nominated
members torepresent the Union Teritories, and| by the President.
2 members to be nominated by the
President.

dissolved before 5 years. 6 years. One-third of its members retire

Terms of office5years. It can be dissolved.
every two years. It cannot be
Vice-President
|POfficer
residing Speaker
Zero Hour
Question Hour
Legislative Procedure
Quorum
Parliamentary Procedures Motion
Session
Adjournment Motion
Adjournment and No Confidence Motion
Prorogation ofthe HoUse
 Speaker (Dresiding 0tticer of the Lok Sabha)
Election Elected from its own members soon after the newly electad House meet for the first timel
Term 5Years
Can resign on health and other grounds by submitting aletter of resignation to Deputs
Resignation
Speaker.
Removal Can be removed by passing a resolution by the najority of members.

DEPUTY SPEAKER
The Constitutionprovides for the office of the Deputy Speaker.
"Performs the duty of the Speaker in his/her absence.
" He/She is elected or is removed from the office in the same way as the Speaker.

Functions of the Speakers

Conduct business of the House SDisciplinary Functions
AdministrativeFunctions SMiscellaneous Functions

Powers and Functions of the Parligment

Legislative Financial Judicial Electoral mendment of Control over

Powers aRPowers RPowers Powers the Constitution the Executive

 EXECUTIVE (PRESIDENA
'AND VICE-PRESIDEND) CHAPTER: 2

PRESIDENT
The President is the head of the state and the supreme commander of the defence forces of India.
As per the 42nd Amendment Act, it is necessary for the President to exercise his/her functions in accordance
with the advice of the Council of Ministers.

VICE-PRESIDENT,
Article 63 stipulates that there shall be a Vice-President of India.

President Vice-President
Points
Qualification Should be a citizen of India. Should be a citizen of India.
.Should be minimum of 35 years of age. "Should be minimum of 35 years of age.
Qualified for the election as a member of Qualified for the election as a member of
the Lok Sabha. c the Rajya Sabha.
"Should not hold any office of profit under "Should not hold any office of profit under
Union or StateGovernment. Union or State Government.

5 Years 5 Years
Term of Office
" Discretionary powers" Ex-officio Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha.
Powers "Executive powers 9
"Emergency powers Taking over as the President on his death,
" Legislative powers removal and resignation.
"Financial powers (D Diplomatic powers
"Judicial powers " Military powers
Presidential candidate will have to be Should be proposed by at least 20 electors
Nomination A
Electoral College (MPs) and seconded by another 20 electors.
proposed by 50 members of
members.
and seconded by another 50
proportional Through the members of both the Houses
Election Done with the system of transferable with the system of proportional
representation by means of single representation.
ElectoralCollege.
votes by the members of
presence of the Chief Justice Takes oath before the President.
the
Oath of office Takes oath in absence the seniormost Judge
of India or in his
of the Supreme Court. Can be removed from office by
impeachment
office by impeachment
Impeachment Canbe removed from Constitution by resolution for violation of the
Constitution.
for violation of the
passed by both the Houses.
 Elected members of the Legislative
Elected members of both
Assemblies of states including
two union territories - Delhi and
the Houses of Parliament Puducherry.
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Composition of Electoral College )

The election of the President is held in accordance Nominated members of Rajya

with the system of Proportional representation by Sabha and State Assemblies
means of the single transferable vote and the are not eligible.
voting at such election is bysecret ballot.
 BE PRIMEMINESTER ANDN
TRE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS CHAPTER:3

The Constitution of India provides for a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as the head of the
government to aid and aduice the President of India.

Prime Minister

Appointment " Appointment by the President

Government
"The President invites the leader of the majorits parts in the Lok Sabha to form
" The members of the majorits partsor the coalition elect their leader to beappointed as
the Prime Minister.
is the real head of
Position Withthe backing of a majoritsinthe Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister
the state.
Power over the " Leader of the Cabinet
within the Council of Ministers
Cabinet Power to allocate portfolios and toreshuffle deparments
" Power to select or dismiss any minister

Inside the " Leader of the Lok Sabha

Parliament " Spokesperson of the government
"Defender of government policies
" Represernts the whole India
Aayog and the Atomic Energy Commission.
Leader of the
ex-officio Chairman of the Niti
nation " He is the
"Protects interests of the country
in the international forums.
countries.
"Maintains diplomatic relations with other

(ouncil of Ministers

advice of the Prime Minister

Appointed by the President on the

must be elected/nominated tothe

appointed as a minister, helshe
In case, anon-member Parliament within 6 months.

Deputy Ministers <

MinistersMinisters of State
Cabinet
 Cabinet Ministers policies of#L
portfolios and decide the
major
senior leaders who hold
departments.
of
Itis the bods lead their respective Ministere
Formation qovernment and appoints the Cabinet
Minister
advlce offthe Prime enjoy
AppointmentThe President on the
Council of Ministers remain in office so long as they the
Minister and the
The Prime Lok Sabha. Councilof Ministers. it
the
Term of 0fice majonitysupportin of no-confidence against the
passes a vote
If the Lok Sabha
collectively. the
Removal ( has to resign secrecy to the Prime Minister and
and
administers oath of office
The President
Oath Council of Ministers.
India.
law framed bythe Parliament of
It is decided by
Salary and
allowances
(abinet
Powers andFunctions of the
SFinancial Powers
Administrative Powers <
Emergency Powers
SLegislative Powers<

Individual and (ollective Responsibility

Aof the (ouncil of Ministers
on
responsible The President may dismiss any ministerhe/she
The Council of Ministers is collectively loses the advice of the Prime
Minister even if
tothe Parliament and has to resign if it may have confidence of the Lok
Sabha.
confidence of Parliament

THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AND THE CABINET

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
The (ouncil of Ministers The Cabinet
1 It consists of all the categories of Ministers like 1. It consists of only seniormost Ministers who are
Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State and
holding Cabinet portfolios.
Deputy Ministers. Council
2. The Council of Ministers is a large body. 2. The Cabinet is the innermost circle in the
It has about 60to 7OMinisters. of Ministers. It is smaller and more cohesive.
3. The meetings of the Council of Ministers are 3. The meetings of the Cabinet are regular.
OCCasional.
Cabinet
4. While taking important decisions, the Prime 4. The Prime Minister generally consults the
Minister may not consult the Council of Ministers. on almost all important issues.
5. The Council of Ministers is an unwiedly body. 5. The Cabinet is the real power centre. It advises
Inreality, it does not advise the Presidentin the President in discharge of his functions.
discharge of his functions.
 NHE UNIONJUDICIARY?
(RE SUPREME COURT) CHAPTER: 4

The Supreme (ourt (Facts)

It isat the apex of It settles the disputes It protects the Fundamental
between the centre and states. Rights of the citizens.
the entire Judicial System.

JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT

Points Explanation
Composition The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 33 other judges.
"Must be a citizen of India.
Qualification
two or more such cOurts in
Has been for at least 5 years a jvdge of a High Court or
SUCcession.
High Court or two or more such courts
"Has been for at least 10 years an advocate of a
in succession.
" Must be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of
the President.

Appointment |"Judges:
in consultation with the judges of the
All the judges are appointed by the President
Supreme Court and High Court besides the Council of Ministers.
President can appoint another judge of
When the CJI is unable to perform his duties the
Justice.
the Supreme Court as an acting Chief
" Ad-Hoc Judge:
appoint a judge of aHigh Court with consent of the President and the Chief
The CJI may of the Supreme Court.
Justiceof a High Court as anAd-Hoc Judge
hold office tillthe age of 65 years.
The Judge of the Supreme Court can
Terms of 0ffice
office by submitting his resignation to the President.
AJudge can resign from his
Resignation of the President on the
cannot be removed from the office except by an order
AJudge incapacity.
Impeachmernt ground of proved misbehaviour or
Chief Justice may decide with
Supreme Court sits in Delhi or in any other place as the
Seat of the The President.
Supreme Court the approval of the
 Jurisdiction of the Supreme (ourt s

Appellate Advisory Revisory

Original

Powers and Functions of the Supreme Court

Court of Record Enforcement of the Judicial Review

Settlemernt of Disputes Fundamental Rights and Writs
It is a Court of It has the power to
It hears appeals in review laws passed by
Record whose It has the power to
respect of its original issue various writs for the Parliament / State
and appelate judgements are
recorded for the enforcement of the Legislatures and can
jurisdictions. declare a law null and
evidence and Fundamental Rights.
testimony. void, if it is against the
spirit of the constitution.
 THE STATE JUDICEARY
(THE MIG COVRI) CHAPTER:5
High Court (Facts)
The highest court in the state There are 25 High Courts in India. AmongUnion Territories Delhi has its
and stands at the apex of the Own High Court, Goa, Daman and Diu
State Judicial Administration. have a Judicial Commisioner while
other UT's comes under jurisdiction of
different High Courts.
JUDGES OF THE HIGH (OURT
Points Explanation
Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges as the President of India
Composition S@ 8may appoint from time to time.
Qualification Should be acitizen of India.
of Judges "Should not be over 62 years of age.
. Should have held a Judicial office in the territory of India for at least 10 years.
" Has been an advocate of a High Court for 10 years.
. Should have been a distinguished jurist.
Appointmernt of . The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India in consultation
Judges 000 with the CJI and the Governor of the concerned state.
"Other judges are appointed by the President in the consultation with CJI, the Governor
the High Court.
of the state and the Chief Justiceof
exceeding 2
The President can appoint additional judges for a temporary period not
years.
the age of 62 uears.
Retirement He/She can remain in office till helshe has attained
resignation letter to the President.
Resignation He/She can resign from his/her post by sending his/her
ground of proved misbehaviour or
Removal He/She can be removed by the President on the
incapacity through impeachment.
Court are paid a monthly salary as decided
Salaries and The Chief Justice and other Judges of a High
bythe Parliament.
Emoluments
Jurisdiction of the High (ourtaf
Appellate Advisory E) Revisory
Original
 THE STATE JUDICIARY
(THE SUBORDINATE COURI) CHAPTER:6

Courts belowthe High Court.

The Subordinate Courts are the District
level)
|Types of Courts (District
Revenue Courts<
CivilCourts S Criminal Courts <
Jurisdiction in the cases related
Jurisdiction in the cases related
Jurisdiction in the cases toassessrnent andcollection of
related to land, property to murder, robbery theft, land revenue and
money, marriage, divorce assault, etc. property tax.
and cases related to will.

Structure of (ourts at District level

Criminal Courts Revenue Courts<

Civil Courts

District Judge's or the Sessions Judge's or Additional Board of Revenue

Additional District Judge's Court Sessions Judge's Court

Commissioner's Court
Court of CivilJudge Chief Metropolitan Magistrate

Munsif's Court or Court Metropolitan Collector's Court

of Sub-Judge Magistrates

Court of Small Causes Second Class Judicial Tehsildar's Court

Magistrates
JUDGES AT DISTRICT LEVEL
District Judge Other Judges
Qualification " Must be an Indian Citizen Must have passed the competitive exams
" An advocate for 7 years in any court of for State Judicial Services held by the
\aw. State Public Service Commission.
Appointment Appointed by the Governor in consultationAppointment is made by the Governor in
ywith the Chlef Justice of the High Court of consultation with High Court of the
the concerned state. concerned state.
 Lot Adalats 1
People's Courts set up by legal service in 1987

These are voluntary forums consisting of few enlightened Citizens, Retired Judges,
Lawyers, Law Students, etc.

Working of Lok Adalats

Both parties in dispute should The judgements are final

Presided over by a There is no and cannot be appealed
sitting/retired judicial cOurt fee. agree for settlement through against in any other court.
officer as the Chairman, Lok Adalat and abide by a
Its decision.
with two other members.

|Advantages of Lok Adalats

Settle disputes
Reduce load Provide social justice and or ciaims through
Deliver fast and legal aid to weaker sections
on the courts negotiation
inexpensive Judgement of the society
8-8