DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

DEBRE MARKOS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Network Analysis and Synthesis

(ECEg3122)
For 2017 third year ECE students;
By: Muluken G.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 1

 Chapter-Five
Two- port Networks

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 2

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 3
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 4
• It has two terminal pairs acting as access points. The current entering
one terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the pair (fig b).

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 5

 Z –parameters(Impedance parameters)
• Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used in the
synthesis of filters.
• They are also useful in the design and analysis of impedance-
matching networks and power distribution networks.
• A two- port network may be voltage driven or current driven as
shown in figure c and d respectively .

Figure c figure d
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 6
• The terminal characteristics of a two-port network, having linear
elements and dependent sources, may be written as

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 7

• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting 𝑰𝟏 = 0 (input
port open-circuited) or 𝑰𝟐 = 0 (output port open-circuited) as shown
below

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 8

• Since the z parameters are obtained by open-circuiting the input or output port,
they are also called the open-circuit impedance parameters

• Sometimes 𝒁𝟏𝟏 and 𝒁𝟐𝟐 are called driving-point impedances, while

𝒁𝟏𝟐 and 𝒁𝟐𝟏 are called transfer impedances.

• When 𝒁𝟏𝟏 =𝒁𝟐𝟐 ,the two-port network is said to be symmetrical .

• When the two- port network is linear and has no dependent sources,
the transfer impedance are equal (𝒁𝟏𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐𝟏 ),and the two port is said
to be reciprocal
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 9
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 10
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 11
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 12
• For a reciprocal network, the T-equivalent circuit in fig below can be used.

• Exercise : 1 Determine the z- parameters for the circuit shown

2 . Find 𝑰𝟏 and 𝑰𝟐 in the circuit shown below

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 13

Y –parameter (Admittance parameter )
• In the previous section we saw that impedance parameters may
not exist for a two-port network
• So, there is a need for an alternative means of describing such
a network.
• Y – parameter also called admittance parameter and the units
is siemens (S).
• The “black box” that we want to replace with the Y-parameter
is shown below.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 14

• The terminal current can be expressed in term of terminal voltage as:

• The values of the parameters can be determined by setting V1 = 0 (input port short
circuited) or V2 = 0 (output port short-circuited). Thus,

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 15

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 16
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 17
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 18
• For a linear two-port network and has no dependent sources, the
transfer admittances are equal (y12 = y21), and the two port is said
to be reciprocal .
• For reciprocal network, the Π-equivalent circuit in fig below can
be used.

Fig : Π-equivalent circuit (for reciprocal case only)

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 19

 Exercise 2
• Obtain the y parameters for the T network shown in Fig below.

• Determine the y parameters for the two-port shown in fig below

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 20

 T(ABCD) parameter

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 21

• The equation is given by

• The values can be evaluated by setting ,I2 = 0 (input port open –

circuit and V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 22

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 23
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 24
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 25
 Hybrid (h) parameter
• The z and y parameters of a two-port network do not always exist.
So, there is a need for developing another set of parameters.
• This set of parameters is based on making V1 and I2 the dependent
variables. Thus, we obtain

• Or in matrix form

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 26

• The h terms are known as the hybrid parameters (or, h parameters)
because they are a hybrid combination of ratios.

• They are very useful for describing electronic devices such as

transistors; it is much easier to measure experimentally the h
parameters of such devices than to measure their z or y parameters.

• The values of the parameters are determined as

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 27

• The parameters h11, h12, h21 and h22, represent an impedance, a
voltage gain, a current gain, and an admittance, respectively.

• This is why they are called the hybrid parameters.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 28

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 29
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 30
 Relationships Between Parameters
• Since the six sets of parameters relate the same input and output terminal variables
of the same two-port network, they should be interrelated. Determine Y-parameter
in terms of Z-parameters.

• Also, from admittance equation

• Comparing the two equations ,we see that

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 31

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 32
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 33
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 34
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 35
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 36
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 37
12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 38
 Interconnection of Networks
• A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks for the
purposes of analysis and design.
• The subnetworks are modeled as two-port networks, interconnected to
form the original network.
• The interconnection can be in series, in parallel, or in cascade.
• The interconnected network can be described by any of the six parameter
sets for example,
• when the networks are in series, their individual z parameters add up to
give the z parameters of the larger network
• When they are in parallel; their individual y parameters add up to give the
y parameters of the larger network.
• When they are cascaded, their individual transmission parameters can be
multiplied together to get the transmission parameters of the larger
network.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 39

 Series connection of two-port networks
• Consider the two two-port networks (in Fig. below)
The networks are in series because their input
currents are the same and their voltages add. In
addition, each network has a common reference,
and when the circuits are placed in series, the
common reference points of each circuit are
connected together
• For network Na,

• For network Nb,

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 40

• And that

• Thus, z the parameter for the overall network are

Or

• z parameters for the overall network are the sum of the z parameters for the
individual networks. This can be extended to n networks in series.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 41

 Parallel connection of two-port networks
• Two two-port networks are in parallel when their
port voltages are equal and the port currents of the
larger network are the sums of the individual port
currents.
• In addition, each circuit must have a
common reference and when the networks are
connected together, they must all have their
common references tied together. The parallel
connection of two two-port networks is shown
below. For networks Na,

For network Nb,

From the above figure

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 42

• After substitution the equation becomes

• Thus ,the y parameter for the overall networks are

• Or

• It is showing that the y parameters of the overall network are the sum of
the y parameters of the individual networks.

• The result can be extended to n two-port networks in parallel.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 43

 Cascaded connection two-port networks
• Two networks are said to be cascaded when the output of one is the input of the other. The
connection of two two-port networks in cascade is shown in Fig below.

• For network Na,

• For network b,

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 44

• From the above figure

• Substitute this into network Na and Nb yields

• Thus, the transmission parameters for the overall network are the product of the
transmission parameters for the individual transmission parameters:

• Or

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 45

• Example :Determine the z- parameter and evaluate V2/Vs of the
given network.

• But

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 46

• Also ,at the input port

and at the output port

Substitute Equ.(3) and (4) into Equ.(1) gives

While substituting Equ. (4) into Equ.(2) yields

substitute Equ.(6) into Equ.(5) we get

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 47

• Find the y-parameter of the two -port network in fig below

• Let us refer to the upper network as Na and the lower one as Nb.
The two networks are connected in parallel. Comparing Na and Nb
with the circuit in Fig above we obtain

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 48

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 49
• Exercise: Find the transmission parameters for the circuit in fig
below.

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 50

12/2/2024 DMU; NTK:By Muluken G. 2017E.C. 51