c++

Lecture 1

Tc :Hadeel Al Garadi
 Lecture 1

C++ Syntax
Let's break up the following code to understand it better:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

C++ Output (Print Text)

The cout object, together with the << operator, is used to output
values/print text:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

Example explained
Line 1: #include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us
work with input and output objects, such as cout (used in line 5).
Header files add functionality to C++ programs.

Line 2: using namespace std means that we can use names for
objects and variables from the standard library.
Don't worry if you don't understand how #include
<iostream> and using namespace std works. Just think of it as
something that (almost) always appears in your program.

Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space.

Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ program, is int

main(). This is called a function. Any code inside its curly
brackets {} will be executed.

Line 5: cout (pronounced "see-out") is an object used to output/print

text. In our example it will output "Hello World".

Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon ;.

Note: The body of int main() could also been written as:
int main () { cout << "Hello World! "; return 0; }

Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. However, multiple

lines makes the code more readable.

Line 6: return 0 ends the main function.

Omitting Namespace
You might see some C++ programs that runs without the standard
namespace library. The using namespace std line can be omitted and
replaced with the std keyword, followed by the :: operator for some
objects:

Example
#include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}

It is up to you if you want to include the standard namespace library or

not.
C++ Variables :
In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with different
keywords), for example:

 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such

as 123 or -123
 double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as
19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are
surrounded by single quotes
 string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are
surrounded by double quotes
 bool - stores values with two states: true or false

Declaring (Creating) Variables

To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value:

Syntax
type variable = value;

Where type is one of C++ types (such as int), and variable is the
name of the variable (such as x or myName). The equal sign is used
to assign values to the variable.

To create a variable that should store a number, look at the following

example:

Example
Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the
value 15:

int myNum = 15;

cout << myNum;

You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign
the value later:
Example
int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;

Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will

overwrite the previous value:

Example
int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15
myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
cout << myNum; // Outputs 10

Constants
However, you can add the const keyword if you don't want others (or
yourself) to override existing values (this will declare the variable as
"constant", which means unchangeable and read-only):

Example
const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15
myNum = 10; // error: assignment of read-only variable 'myNum'

Other Types
A demonstration of other data types:

Example
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without
decimals)
double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with
decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)
Display Variables
The cout object is used together with the << operator to display
variables.

To combine both text and a variable, separate them with

the << operator:

Example
int myAge = 35;
cout << "I am " << myAge << " years old.";

Add Variables Together

To add a variable to another variable, you can use the + operator:

Example
int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y;
cout << sum;

Declare Many Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, you can use a
comma-separated list:

Example
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;

C++ Identifiers
All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive

names (age, sum, totalVolume).
Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create
understandable and maintainable code.

The general rules for constructing names for variables (unique

identifiers) are:

 Names can contain letters, digits and underscores

 Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
 Names are case sensitive (myVar and myvar are different
variables)
 Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !,
#, %, etc.
 Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be
used as names

C++ User Input

You have already learned that cout is used to output (print) values.
Now we will use cin to get user input.

cin is a predefined variable that reads data from the keyboard with the
extraction operator (>>).

In the following example, the user can input a number, which is stored
in the variable x. Then we print the value of x:

Example
int x;
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and press enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard
cout << "Your number is: " << x; // Display the input value

In this example, the user needs to input two numbers, and then we
print the sum:

Example
int x, y;
int sum;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> x;
cout << "Type another number: ";
cin >> y;
sum = x + y;
cout << "Sum is: " << sum;
C++ Data Types
As explained in the Variables chapter, a variable in C++ must be a
specified data type:

Example
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number)
float myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number
double myDoubleNum = 9.98; // Floating point number
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean
string myText = "Hello"; // String

int
int myNum = 1000;
cout << myNum;

float
float myNum = 5.75;
cout << myNum;

double
double myNum = 19.99;
cout << myNum;

float vs. double

The precision of a floating point value indicates how many digits the
value can have after the decimal point. The precision of float is only
six or seven decimal digits, while double variables have a precision of
about 15 digits. Therefore it is safer to use double for most calculations.

Scientific Numbers
A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to
indicate the power of 10:
Example
float f1 = 35e3;
double d1 = 12E4;
cout << f1;
cout << d1;

Booleans
A boolean data type is declared with the bool keyword and can only
take the values true or false. When the value is
returned, true = 1 and false = 0.

Example
bool isCodingFun = true;
bool isFishTasty = false;
cout << isCodingFun; // Outputs 1 (true)
cout << isFishTasty; // Outputs 0 (false)

Boolean values are mostly used for conditional testing, which you will
learn more about in a later chapter.

Characters
The char data type is used to store a single character. The character
must be surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c':

Example
char myGrade = 'B';
cout << myGrade;

Example
char a = 65, b = 66, c = 67;
cout << a;
cout << b;
cout << c;
Strings
The string type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). This is
not a built-in type, but it behaves like one in its most basic usage.
String values must be surrounded by double quotes:

Example
string greeting = "Hello";
cout << greeting;

To use strings, you must include an additional header file in the source
code, the <string> library:

Example
// Include the string library
#include <string>

// Create a string variable

string greeting = "Hello";

// Output string value

cout << greeting;