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Suspense
Ending
Unhappy ending- more common in literary fiction because it more closely mirrors
real life and forces readers to contemplate the complexities of life
Artistic Unity
Nothing that does not advance the central intention of the story.
Flat manipulation- unjustified turn in the plot by the situation or the characters
Deus machina- Latin for god from a machine the protagonist is rescued at the
last moment from some impossible situation by a god descending from heaven
Chance- the occurrence of an event that has no apparent cost in previous events
or in predisposition of character
Coincidence- the chance occurrence of two events that may have a peculiar
correspondence
Characterization
Direct presentation- readers are told straight out what the characters are like or
they have another character in the story describe them little emotional impact
Indirect presentation- the author shows as the characters through their actions
we determine what they are like by what they say or do. in good fiction
characters are dramatized
Principles of Characterization
Characters are consistent in their behavior unless there is a clear reason for the change.
Characters words and actions spring from motivations the reader can understand and
believe.
Characters must be plausible or life like not perfectly virtues or monsters of evil nor can
they have some impossible combination of contradictory traits. the character could have
existed so we have the illusion the person is real.
Flat characters- usually have only one or two predominant traits they can be
summed up in a sentence or two
Round characters- complex and many sided they have the three dimensional
quality of real people
Static characters- type of flat characters stereotype figures who have record so
often in fiction that we recognize them at once silent sheriff mad scientist
brilliant detective
the unifying generalization about life and stated or amplified by the story
Point of view- who tells the story and how much do they know about the thoughts of the
characters
Omniscient the story is told and first person by a narrator whose knowledge and
prerogatives are unlimited
Third person limited from the viewpoint of one character in the story no
knowledge of what other character says thinking or feeling
First person the author disappears into one of the characters who tells the story
and the first person. this may be either a minor or major character protagonist
tells the story or someone else tells it shares the limitation of the third person
limited point of view
Objective point of view dramatic pov the narrator disappears into a kind of roving
sound camera. this camera can go anywhere but can record only what is seen
and heard. it cannot comment interpret or enter a character's mind.
Symbol- something that means more than what is suggest on the surface. it may be an
object person situation action or other elements.
Name symbolism
Object symbolism
Action symbolism
Setting symbolism
The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically usually by
emphasis repetition or position.
The meaning of the literary symbol must be established and supported by the entire
context of the story.
Allegory- a story that has a second meaning beneath the surface adding significance
Humor- appears in the story many serious works usually conveyed through irony
Irony- a technique used to convey a truth about human experience by exposing some
and congruent of a characters behavior or a society's traditions. irony helps to critic the
world in which we live by laughing at the many varieties of human eccentricity and folly.
Dramatic irony- the contrast between what a character says or things and what the
reader knows to be true
Situational irony- the discrepancy is between appearance and reality expectation and
fulfillment or what is and what would seem appropriate
Style- the author's type of diction or choice of words syntax arrangement of words and
other linguistic features of a work
Themes- the central and dominating idea in a literary work the term also indicates a
message for moral implicit in any work of art.