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Handbook of Machine
Learning for Computational
Optimization
Demystifying Technologies for
Computational Excellence: Moving
Towards Society 5.0
Series Editors
Vikram Bali and Vishal Bhatnagar
This series encompasses research work in the feld of Data Science, Edge Computing,
Deep Learning, Distributed Ledger Technology, Extended Reality, Quantum Computing,
Artifcial Intelligence, and various other related areas, such as natural language pro-
cessing and technologies, high-level computer vision, cognitive robotics, automated
reasoning, multivalent systems, symbolic learning theories and practice, knowledge rep-
resentation and the semantic web, intelligent tutoring systems, AI, and education.
The prime reason for developing and growing out this new book series is to focus
on the latest technological advancements – their impact on the society, the challenges
faced in implementation, and the drawbacks or reverse impact on the society due to
technological innovations. With the technological advancements, every individual has
personalized access to all the services, all devices connected with each other commu-
nicating among themselves, thanks to the technology for making our life simpler and
easier. These aspects will help us to overcome the drawbacks of the existing systems
and help in building new systems with latest technologies that will help the society in
various ways, proving Society 5.0 as one of the biggest revolutions in this era.
Edited by
Vishal Jain, Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, and
Ramani Kannan
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Vishal Jain, Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, and Ramani
Kannan; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable eforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. Te authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.
com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@
tandf.co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003138020
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................... vii
Editors....................................................................................................................... xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
v
vi Contents
Index...................................................................................................................... 279
Preface
Machine learning is a trusted technology over decades and has fourished on a
global scale touching the lives of each one of us. The modern-day decision making
and processes are all dependent on machine learning technology to make matured
short-term and long-term decisions. Machine learning is blessed to have phenomenal
support from the research community, and have landmark contributions, which is
enabling machine learning to fnd new applications every day. The dependency of
human processes on machine learning-driven systems is encompassing all spheres of
current state-of-the-art systems with the level of reliability it offers. There is a huge
potential in this domain to make the best use of machines in order to ensure the opti-
mal prediction, execution, and decision making. Although machine learning is not a
new feld, it has evolved with ages and the research community round the globe have
made remarkable contribution for the growth and trust of applications to incorporate
it. The predictive and futuristic approach, which is associated with machine learning,
makes it a promising tool for business processes as a sustainable solution. There is
an ample scope in the technology to propose and devise newer algorithms, which are
more effcient and reliable to give machine learning an entirely new dimension in dis-
covering certain latent domains of applications, it may support. This book will look
forward to addressing the issues, which can resolve the modern-day computational
bottom lines which need smarter and optimal machine learning-based intervention
to make processes even more effcient. This book presents innovative and improvised
machine learning techniques which can complement, enrich, and optimize the exist-
ing glossary of machine learning methods. This book also has contributions focusing
on the application-based innovative optimized machine learning solutions, which
will give the readers a vision of how innovation using machine learning may aid in
the optimization of human and business processes.
We have tried to knit this book as a read for all books wherein the learners and
researchers shall get insights about the possible dimensions to explore in their spe-
cifc areas of interest. The chapter-wise description is as follows:
Chapter 1 explores the basic concepts of random variables (single and multiple),
their role and applications in the specifed areas of machine learning.
Chapter 2 demonstrates Wigner-Ville transformation technique to extract the
time-frequency domain features from typical and atypical EMG signals – myopathy
(muscle disorder) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (neuro disorder). Nature inspired
feature selection algorithms, whale optimization algorithm (WOA), genetic algo-
rithm (GA), bat algorithm (BA), fre-fy optimization (FA), and particle swarm opti-
mization (PSO) are utilized to determine the relevant features from the constructed
features.
Chapter 3 presents various algorithms of machine learning (ML), which can be
used for breast cancer detection. Since these techniques are commonly used in many
areas, they are also used for making decisions regarding diagnostic diagnosis and
clinical studies.
vii
viii Preface
Chapter 4 measures the effciency and thoroughly explores the scope for opti-
mal utilization of the input resources owned by depots of the RSRTC. The new
slack model (NSM) of DEA is used as it enumerates the slacks for input and output
variables. The model satisfes the radial properties, unit invariance, and translation
invariance. This study enables policy-makers to evaluate inputs for consistent output
up to the optimum level and improve the performance of the ineffcient depots.
Chapter 5 presents a binary error control coding scheme using weight-based
codes. This method is quite used for classifcation and employs the K nearest neigh-
bor algorithms. The paper also discussed the role of distance matrix with hamming
code evaluation.
Chapter 6 exhibits MRI images of the framed brain to create deep neural system
models that can be isolated between different types of heart tumors. To perform this
task, deep learning is used. It is a type of instrument-based learning where the lower
levels responsible for many types of higher-level defnitions appear above the differ-
ent levels of the screen.
Chapter 7 focuses on creating an affordable and effective warning system for driv-
ers that is able to detect the warning sign boards and speed limits in front of the mov-
ing vehicle, and prompt the driver to lower to safer speeds if required. The software
internally works on a deep learning-based modern neural network YOLO (You Only
Look Once) with certain modifcations, which allows it to detect the road signs really
quickly and accurately on low-powered ARM CPUs.
Chapter 8 presents an approach for the classifcation of lung cancer based on the
associated risks (high risk, low risk, high risk). The study was conducted using a lung
cancer classifcation scheme by studying micrographs and classifying them into a
deep neural network using machine learning (ML) framework.
Chapter 9 presents a statistical feedback evaluation system that allows to design an
effective questionnaire using statistical knowledge of the text. In this questionnaire,
questions and their weight are not pre-decided. It is established that questionnaire-
based feedback systems are traditional and quite straightforward, but these systems
are very static and restrictive. The proposed statistical feedback evaluation system
is helpful to the users and manufacturers in fnding the appropriate item as per their
choices.
Chapter 10 presents an experimental work based on the data collected on various
parameters on the scientifc measuring analytical software tools Air Veda instru-
ment and IoT-based sensors capturing the humidity and temperature data from atmo-
spheric air in certain interval of time to know the patterns of pollution increment or
decrement in atmosphere of nearby area.
Chapter 11 concerns with neural network representations and defning suitable
problems for neural network learning. It covers numerous substitute designs for the
primitive units making up an artifcial neural network, such as perceptron units,
sigmoid unit, and linear units. This chapter also covers the learning algorithms for
training single units. Backpropagation algorithm for multilayer perceptron training is
described in detail. Also, the general issues such as the representational capabilities
of ANNs, overftting problems, and substitutes to the backpropagation algorithm are
also explained.
Preface ix
Chapter 12 proposes a system which will make use of the machine learning
approach to predict a student’s performance. Based on student’s current performance
and some measurable past attributes, the end result can be predicted to classify them
among good or bad performers. The predictive models will make students aware who
are likely to struggle during the fnal examinations.
Chapter 13 presents a study that assists in assessing the awareness status of people
on the TB towards its mitigation and serves as contribution to the feld of health infor-
matics. Indeed, the majority of participants claimed that they had low awareness on
the TB and its associated issues in their communities. Though, the participants were
from Kano state, a strategic location in the northern part of Nigeria, which means
that the result of the experiment can represent major opinions of northern residents.
Chapter 14 deals with psychological data related to depression, anxiety, and stress
data to study how the classifcation and analysis is carried out on imbalanced data.
The proposed work not only contributes on providing practical information about
the balancing techniques like SMOTE, but also reveals the strategy for dealing
with working of many existing classifcation algorithms like SVM, Random Forest,
XGBoost etc. on imbalanced dataset.
Chapter 15 proposes the construction of segmented mask of MRI (magnetic reso-
nance image) using CNN approach with the implementation of ResNet framework.
The understanding of ResNet framework using layered approach will provide the
extensive anatomical information of higher-dimensional image for precise clinical
analysis for curative treatment of patients.
Editors
Vishal Jain is an Associate Professor in the Department of CSE at Sharda University,
Greater Noida, India. He has earlier worked with Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of
Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi, India (affliated
with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, and accredited by the All India
Council for Technical Education). He frst joined BVICAM as an Assistant Professor.
Before that, he has worked for several years at the Guru Premsukh Memorial College
of Engineering, Delhi, India. He has more than 350 research citation indices with
Google scholar (h-index score 9 and i-10 index 9). He has authored more than 70
research papers in reputed conferences and journals, including Web of Science and
Scopus. He has authored and edited more than 10 books with various reputed pub-
lishers, including Springer, Apple Academic Press, Scrivener, Emerald, and IGI-
Global. His research areas include information retrieval, semantic web, ontology
engineering, data mining, ad hoc networks, and sensor networks. He was recipient of
a Young Active Member Award for the year 2012–2013 from the Computer Society
of India, Best Faculty Award for the year 2017, and Best Researcher Award for the
year 2019 from BVICAM, New Delhi.
Sapna Juneja is a Professor in IMS, Ghaziabad, India. Earlier, she has worked as
a Professor in the Department of CSE at IITM Group of Institutions and BMIET,
Sonepat. She has more than 16 years of teaching experience. She completed her
doctorate and masters in Computer Science and Engineering from M.D. University,
Rohtak, in 2018 and 2010, respectively. Her broad area of research is Software
Reliability of Embedded System. Her areas of interest include Software Engineering,
Computer Networks, Operating System, Database Management Systems, and
Artifcial Intelligence etc. She has guided several research theses of UG and PG
students in Computer Science and Engineering. She is editing book on recent tech-
nological developments.
xi
xii Editors
Ramani Kannan is currently working as a Senior Lecturer, Center for Smart Grid
Energy Research, Institute of Autonomous system, University Teknologi PETRONAS
(UTP), Malaysia. Dr. Kannan completed Ph.D. (Power Electronics and Drives) from
Anna University, India, in 2012; M.E. (Power Electronics and Drives) from Anna
University, India, in 2006; B.E. (Electronics and Communication) from Bharathiyar
University, India, in 2004. He has more than 15 years of experience in prestigious
educational institutes. Dr. Kannan has published more than 130 papers in various
reputed national and international journals and conferences. He is the editor, co-edi-
tor, guest editor, and reviewer of various books, including Springer Nature, Elsevier
etc. He has received award for best presenter in CENCON 2019, IEEE Conference on
Energy Conversion (CENCON 2019), Indonesia.
Contributors
Shivi Agarwal Renu Jain
Department of Mathematics University Institute of Engineering and
BITS Pilani Technology
Pilani, Rajasthan, India CSJM University
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Amala Ann K. A.
Data Science Department Abhinav Juneja
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) KIET Group of Institutions
Bangalore, India Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
xiii
xiv Contributors
»Amen…
»Ja tulkoon kaikkivaltiaan Jumalan (†) Isän (†) Pojan (†) ja Pyhän
Hengen (†) siunaus teidän ylitsenne.
»Amen.»
*****
Ihmisaallot alhaalla olivat hiljaa. Koko torilla pylväskäytäviin asti
väki oli polvillaan äänettömänä, ja ainoastaan sotilaiden painettien
kalina kuului, kun rukouksen viimeisen sanan kaikuessa pyssyt
kilahtivat katukäytävään.
»Sinä voit saada hänet Trinità dei Montille, jos tahdot», sanoi
paroni. Ja sitten he saapuivat synkkään valtaistuinsaliin, jossa vanha
nojatuoli oli työnnetty seinää vastaan, kuten se oli ollut siitä lähtien,
kun vanha raajarikko pankkiiri oli lakannut vastaanottamasta paaveja
ja uneksimasta uusien paavien vaalia.
»Oh! 'Ja tapahtui, että hän rakasti naista Sorekin laaksossa, jonka
nimi oli Delilah…' Äiti?»
»Mitä, poikaseni?»
»Oh!»
»Giuseppe, sinä olet hyvin paha poika tänään. Etkö sinä luvannut
oppia läksysi, jos antaisin sinun lukea Simsonista setä Rossin
raamatusta?»
»Davido-setä! Se on Davido-setä!»
»Niin, rouva, hän on vapaa. Minä näin, kun hänet vangittiin, ja näin
myöskin, kun hänet vapautettiin.»
»Todellako? Ettekö voisi kertoa siitä? Sepä hyvä! Olen kuullut niin
vähän siitä, mitä tapahtui, mutta en ole poikani kanssa kumminkaan
voinut ajatella mitään muuta. Istukaa, herra!»
»Kun poliisi vei hänet Borgon asemalle», sanoi vieras, »koetti
kansa pelastaa hänet, ja siinä olisikin epäilemättä onnistuttu, ellei
hän itse olisi sitä estänyt».
»Hän siis kielsi, eikö niin? Olen varma, että hän kielsi.»
»Näin. Olin itse aivan äskettäin vielä valtion virassa, ja siitä syystä
minun sallittiin mennä poliisiasemalle, ja kun palauttamiskäsky tuli,
olin läsnä ja kuulin kaikki. 'Herra parlamentin jäsen', sanoi
poliisiupseeri, 'minulla on kunnia ilmoittaa teille, että olette vapaa.'
'Mutta ennenkuin menen, täytyy minun sanoa jotain', sanoi Rossi.
'Minulla on ainoastaan käsky vapauttaa teidät', sanoi upseeri. 'Joka
tapauksessa minun täytyy tavata ministeriä', sanoi herra Rossi.
Mutta väki oli tunkeutunut sisään ja ympäröi hänet, ja
silmänräpäyksen kuluttua ihmiset olivat vetäneet hänet kadulle
huutaen ja hurraten ja heilutellen hattujaan innostuksen pyörteessä.
Ja nyt hänet kuljetetaan väkisin katujen läpi hurjassa, iloisessa,
villissä juhlakulkueessa.»
»Oh, en! Olen vain erään hänen ystävänsä vaimo», vastasi hän.
»Ei kukaan voi olla häntä ihailematta, herra. Hän on niin hyvä, niin
epäitsekäs. Hän on aivan täydellinen — hänessä ei tosiaankaan ole
mitään vikaa. Hän on —»
Hän vaikeni, sillä tuon miehen katseessa oli jotain, joka esti häntä
puhumasta.
»Vankilassa?»
»Oravia?»
»Mitä?»
»Kenelle?»
»Giuseppe, nyt sinä taas olet ollut paha poika! Minun pikku poikani
leikkii ovenvartijaa, ja nyt hän on saanut isänsä ongenvavan ja
repinyt palasiksi nenäliinansa laittaakseen siitä tupsun
ovenvartijakeppiinsä.» Sitten hän jatkoi osoittaen ympärilleen:
»Kaikki lahjoja, herra. Hän saa lahjoja kaikkialta ympäri maailmaa.
Piano on Englannista, mutta koska kukaan ei soita sitä, ei sitä ole
koskaan avattu. Kirjat ovat Saksasta, ja tuo pronssikuva on
Ranskasta, mutta omituisin kapine on tuo.»
»Fonografi?»
Vieras seisoi siinä, mihin vaimo oli hänet jättänyt, pieni taulu
kädessään, ja sillä aikaa kuin ihmiset ulkona lauloivat Garibaldi-
hymniä ja marssivat sen mukaan, hän luki mitä taulun lasin alla oli
kirjoitettuna englanninkielellä:
D.L. — — Lontoo.»
III.
»Paroni sai myöskin läksyn», sanoi eräs mies, jolla oli valkoinen
paperiliuska kädessä. »Hän toivoo saavansa korkean kunniamerkin
siitä.»
»Mutta nyt hän tietää, ettei ole yhtä hyvä hallita poliisipäällikön
avulla kuin parlamentin avulla.»
»Jos mies tuo suden huoneeseen lasten sekaan, niin hänen täytyy
ymmärtää, että he rupeavat itkemään», sanoi Bruno.