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class 12 project on whstone broridge by karan

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Karan Kaithvas
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125 views

class 12 project on whstone broridge by karan

Uploaded by

Karan Kaithvas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:


KARAN (12 A) MR. ADITYA SIR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that KARAN a student of CLASS
12, NIMISHA CONVENT SCHOOL has
successfully completed the project title
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE During the academic
year 2024-2025 towards partial fulfillment of
PHYSICS practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL


EXAMINAR EXAMINAR

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I place my humble gratitude to my parents for supporting


me in the completion of this project.

I thank Mr. Aditya Sir for supporting us in all ways to


complete this project.

I take this opportunity to thank our principal Mrs. Reena


Mishra for providing us the necessary infrastructure,
facilities and guidance for the successful completion of the
project.
AIM

TO STUDY THE CONSTRUCTION AND


APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPONENTS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
3. CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WHEATSTONE

BRIDGE
5. EXAMPLE CIRCUIT
6. APPLICATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
7. LIMITATIONS OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
8. SUMMARY
9. PRECAUTIONS
INTRODUCTION
A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit design dating back to the
early 1800's. It is named for its most famous user, Sir Charles
Wheatstone.The Wheatstone bridge circuitwas invented by Samuel
Hunter Christie (1784-1865) and first described in 1831 . Sir Wheatstone
actually called thecircuit a “Differential Resistance Measurer.”
The Wheatstone bridge is one of the most sensitive and precise methods
of measuring small changes in resistance. This is possible through its
use of transducers (devices which change one form of energy into
another, such as mechanical to electrical or electrical to mechanical).
The Wheatstone bridge incorporates one or more electrical transducers
that change resistance as a result of an environmental change or input
(e.g., temperature, pressure,stress). This change is sensed by the
circuitry of the Wheatstone bridge which provides a useable electrical
output (voltage) representative of the input.
The Wheatstone bridge is widely used today in both macro-sized and
micro-sized sensors. This unit will describe the basics of the
Wheatstone bridge circuit.
COMPONENTS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

 A resistor with an unknown resistance value

 Two resistors (with known resistance value)

 Rheostat

 Voltage/ DC source

 Galvanometer

 Connecting wires

 Circuit construction

 Construction of wheatstone bridge


CIRCUIT
CONSTRUCTION

A wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type structure having fourresistors ,


three of known and one of unknown value.

Here R1 , R2 , and R3 have known values among which R2 is adjustable and


finally Rx is the value to be measured. Along with these resistances, a
galvanometer (Vg) is there betweenB and D, and a DC supply between A and
C.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Now according to the wheastone bridge principle if the ratio of the two
resistances (R1/R2) on one edge is equal to the ratio of the two
resistances (R3/Rx) on another edge then there will be no flow of current
between the midpoints of thetwo edges of resistance. This condition of the
bridge is known as the balanced bridge condition.

In the balanced bridge condition, the current through thegalvanometer


is zero and also the voltage difference between the points B&D becomes
zero, i.e., at both pints voltage level would be the same.

Writing equations for the balance bridge condition wouldlook like:


R1/R2=R3/Rx (or) R1*Rx=R2*R3Thus,
Rx=R3*(R2/R1)
This detection of zero current in galvanometer is of high precision of
known values, the unknown resistance can befound with the highest
rate of accuracy and precision.

In the wheatstone bridge experiment, one resistor should always be


variable in order to obtain a balanced condition.The circuit performs at its
best when the regulated voltagesource is used, instead of the current with
repelling characteristics.
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT
Let us consider the below circuit where the bridge is in an unbalanced
condition and we need to calculate the voltagedifference between Q1
and Q2, i.e, volt and hence the valueof R4 needed to make the bridge
balanced.

Example of wheatstone bridge as per the voltage divisionlaw,


Vq1=(R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs , where Vs=100 volts (voltagesource)
Putting values of R3 =40 ohms , R1=50 ohms , and Vs=100volts , we get
Vq1= 44.4 volts
Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs
Putting the values , R4= 50ohms , R2= 100 ohms , and VS=100 volts,
we get
Vq2=33.3
Thus ,volt can be found as,
Volt=Vq1-Vq2
So, volt=44.4 - 33.3 = 11.1 volts
Now to make the bridge balanced , we can find a suitablevalue for R4
as done below:
R4 = R2 * (R3/R1)
Putting the values of R1 , R2 , and R3 , we haveR4 = 100 *
(40/50)
R4 = 80 volts
Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value of resistor which shouldbe used to
make the bridge in a balanced condition.
APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
 Used in Light detecting devices.

 For measuring the changes in the pressure.

 For measuring the changes in the strain of the


circuit.

 Used for the sensing of mechanical and


electrical quantities.

 Also, photo resistive devices use this circuit.

 Thermometers also use wheatstone bridges for


the temperature measurements which need to
be accurate.

 Value like capacitance , inductance ,


impedance , etc. can be measured with some
variations in the wheatstone bridge circuit.
LIMITATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Along with all these advantages , there are afew limitations


of the wheatstone bridge as well, such as:

Reading may be inaccurate under unbalancedconditions.

The range of measured resistance varies froma few ohms to


mega ohms.

Susceptibility for high DC current is not there.


SUMMARY

 Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s

 Wheatstone bridges are one of the best methods of measuring

resistance due to the basic mathematicalratio involved.

 Accurate standards with sensitive enough voltmeter,

measurements of resistance within .05% can be reached.

 Many calibration laboratories still use this methodtoday.

 The Wheatstone Bridge are replaceable; however, forits


simplicity and versatility the circuit is an indispensible piece of
technology.
PRECAUTIONS

 Clean the connecting wires properly.

 Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire.

 All connections should be neat and tight.

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