Topics for Master's State Final Exam

Familiarity with the mathematics taught in Bachelor’s degree courses is expected.

Below is a list of questions the students will be asked at the state final exam. Students
should particularly prove good knowledge of the last three questions of the topic area
related to their final project.

I Theory of graphs, logic and mathematical structures

1) Graphs: representation of graphs, subgraphs, vertex degree, paths and cycles,

connectivity of graphs, isomorphism of graphs.
2) Special graphs: trees, planar graphs, chromatic number of a graph, Hamiltonian and
Eulerian graphs.
3) Optimization problems on graphs: algorithms for problems solvable in a polynomial
time (minimal spanning tree, shortest paths in graphs, maximal flow in a network).
4) Propositional calculus: logical connectives and formulas, duality principle,
applications (electrical circuits), complete systems and bases of connectives,
axiomatization of propositional calculus, completeness theorem.
5) Predicate calculus: languages (terms, atomic formulas, and formulas) and semantics
(language implementation and variable valuation), logically valid formulas.
6) Axiomatic system of predicate calculus: axioms and derivation rules, proving
formulas, theorem on deduction, theorems on completeness and consistency.
7) Multi-valued logic: Lukasiewicz logic, T-norm, T-conorm.

8) NP complete problems: travelling salesman problem, heuristic methods of solution.

9) Verbal models: verbal variable, verbal model, inferential engine, verbal model of
a function, ordering of verbal models of a function, verbal model of a relation,
generalized implications.
10) Mathematical structures: objects and morphisms, threads, sub-objects and factor
objects, initial objects and products, final objects and sums.

II Functions of complex variable, differential equations and geometry

1) Functions of complex variable: limit, continuity, definition and properties of

elementary functions in the complex domain.
2) Derivatives of functions in the complex domain: derivative and its geometric
meaning, holomorphic functions, Taylor and Laurent series, singular points.
3) Integral in complex domain: antiderivative, independence of the integration path,
Cauchy theorem, Cauchy integral formula, theorem on the uniqueness of
holomorphic functions, residua and their use.
4) Conformal mappings: theorem on the preservation of angles, conformal equivalence
of areas, Riemann theorem.
5) Classical theory of partial differential equations: first-order partial differential
equations, classification of second-order equations: elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic
equations.
 6) Solution of second-order partial differential equations: classical solution methods
and properties of solutions (area of dependency, smoothness of solutions, principle
of maximum).
7) Equations of mathematical physics: basics a constitutional relations, string
oscillation and wave equations, heat conduction and diffusion equations, equation of
the deflection of a membrane, their derivation. Formulations of initial and boundary-
value problems and their physical interpretations.

8) Modern solution methods for partial differential equations: spaces of functions,

weak and variational formulation of elliptic problems, Lax-Milgram lemma, specific
features of nonlinear problems.
9) Finite-dimensional approximation of partial differential equations: Galerkin and Ritz
approximation, basic principles of the finite-element method.
10) Differential geometry: Curves: basics, Frenet formulas, curvature and torsion of
a curve. Surfaces: basics, first and second basic forms, Gauss and mean curvature.

III Optimization, variational calculus and fuzzy sets

1) Finite-dimensional optimization of linear problems – basics: convex and polyhedral

sets, formulation of LP problems.
2) Finite-dimensional optimization of linear problems – solution methods:
representation of the set of feasible solutions, criteria for optimality, simplex
method.
3) Finite-dimensional optimization of nonlinear problems – basics: convex functions
and their properties, formulation of NLP problems.
4) Finite-dimensional optimization of nonlinear problems – solution methods: Ka-
rush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the existence of extremes and their geometric
interpretation, basic numerical algorithms.
5) Solution of variational calculus problems: minimization of a functional, basic lemma,
Euler equation, second variation and adjoint points, generalized problems,
applications.
6) Optimal control of dynamic systems: eligible and optimal regulations, basic problem
of optimal control, maximum principle, transversality conditions, applications.
7) Fuzzy sets: basics, inclusion and operation, T-norms and T-conorms, strong negation,
alpha cuts, extension principle, real fuzzy numbers and operations.

8) Lagrange and Hamilton formalism of variational calculus: relationship between

Euler and canonical equations, Legendre transformation, Hamilton-Jacobi equation,
complete solution of first-order partial equations.
9) Linear problem of time optimization: necessary and sufficient optimality conditions,
basic properties of optimal regulations and trajectories.
10) Application of fuzzy sets: fuzzy relations, fuzzy functions, linguistic variable and
operators, fuzzy logic (fuzzification and de-fuzzification), fuzzy regulations.
IV Functional analysis and numerical methods

1) Measure and integral: volume and measure of a set, measurable sets and functions,
Lebesgue integral, interchanging limit and integration.
2) Metric spaces: metric, open and closed sets, convergent and Cauchy sequences,
complete and compact metric spaces, Banach fixed-point theorem and its
applications, examples of metric spaces.
3) Linear spaces: axioms, linear independence, basis and dimension, linear functionals.
4) Normed and unitary spaces: norm, Banach space, continuous linear functionals,
scalar product, Hilbert space, complete orthogonal sequence, examples of Banach
and Hilbert spaces (𝑹𝑛 , spaces of sequences and spaces of integrable functions).
5) Numerical methods for solving algebraic equations: solving a single non-linear
equation, solving systems of non-linear solutions, solving systems of linear equations
(direct and iteration method).
6) Interpolation and approximation, numerical differentiation and integration: notions
of interpolation and approximation, Lagrange and Hermit interpolation polynomials
in one and multiple unknowns, interpolation splines, least-squares method,
numerical differentiation and integration.
7) Numerical methods solving initial problems for ODE: discretization of a differential
equation, single-step and multiple-step methods.

8) Spaces of functions: Lebesgue spaces (norms, introduction, dual spaces), Sobolev

spaces (norms, introduction, traces, embeddings).
9) Numerical methods solving initial problems for ODE: difference method, finite-
volume method, finite-element method.
10) Numerical methods solving initial problems for PDE: space discretization of
a differential equation (difference method, finite-volume method and finite-element
method), time discretization, stability.

V Probability, statistics and digital image processing

1) Probability: random events, fields of events, axiomatic probability, properties of

probability, conditional probability, independence.
2) Random variable: definition, distribution function, discrete and continuous random
variables, numerical parameters of random variables and their properties, quantiles,
basic probability distributions (Bi, H, Po, N, W), characteristic functions.
3) Random vector: definition, simultaneous distribution function, discrete and
continuous random vector, marginal and conditional distribution, independence,
numerical parameters, transformations of random vectors, law of large numbers,
central limit theorem.
4) Basics of statistics: random sample, statistics, point and interval estimation of
parameters, unbiased, consistent and efficient estimates, maximally credible
estimates, estimation by the method of moments, hypothesis testing.
5) Regression analysis: linear regression model, least-square method, point and interval
parameter estimators, regression coefficient hypothesis testing, regression
diagnostics, non-linear model, correlation analysis.
6) Statistical analysis: testing hypothesis on the normal distribution parameters (t-test
and F-test), analysis of variance, non-parameter testing, goodness-of-fit testing,
analysis of categorical data.
7) Digital image: principles of reflection sensing and calibration, additive, impulse, and
multiplicative noise – mathematical model, analysis, filtration.

8) Stochastic processes: definition and trajectory, system of distribution functions,

moment characteristics, strict and weak stationarity, spectral density, Markov
processes and chains, decomposition and identification of a time series, linear
prediction, ARMA processes.
9) Image filtering: discrete two-dimensional convolution: high-pass and low-pass filters,
discrete two-dimensional Fourier transformation and its relationship with two-
dimensional convolution, transitional characteristic of contrast, visualization of
images with high dynamic range.
10) Segmentation and recognition of objects: segmentation of images, morphologic
operations, objects, recognition and classification of objects – Fourier descriptors,
method of moments.

Prof. RNDr. Josef Šlapal, CSc.

director of IM FME BUT